1
|
Limaye A, Perumal V, Karner CM, Arinzeh TL. Plant-Derived Zein as an Alternative to Animal-Derived Gelatin for Use as a Tissue Engineering Scaffold. Adv Nanobiomed Res 2024; 4:2300104. [PMID: 38665311 PMCID: PMC11045004 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural biomaterials are commonly used as tissue engineering scaffolds due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Plant-derived materials have also gained significant interest due to their abundance and as a sustainable resource. This study evaluates the corn-derived protein zein as a plant-derived substitute for animal-derived gelatin, which is widely used for its favorable cell adhesion properties. Limited studies exist evaluating pure zein for tissue engineering. Herein, fibrous zein scaffolds are evaluated in vitro for cell adhesion, growth, and infiltration into the scaffold in comparison to gelatin scaffolds and are further studied in a subcutaneous model in vivo. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on zein scaffolds express focal adhesion kinase and integrins such as αvβ3, α4, and β1 similar to gelatin scaffolds. MSCs also infiltrate zein scaffolds with a greater penetration depth than cells on gelatin scaffolds. Cells loaded onto zein scaffolds in vivo show higher cell proliferation and CD31 expression, as an indicator of blood vessel formation. Findings also demonstrate the capability of zein scaffolds to maintain the multipotent capability of MSCs. Overall, findings demonstrate plant-derived zein may be a suitable alternative to the animalderived gelatin and demonstrates zein's potential as a scaffold for tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Limaye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Venkatesan Perumal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stratton S, Wang S, Hashemi S, Pressman Y, Nanchanatt J, Oudega M, Arinzeh TL. A scaffold containing zinc oxide for Schwann cell-mediated axon growth. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:066009. [PMID: 37931311 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad0a00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Schwann cells (SCs) transplanted in damaged nervous tissue promote axon growth, which may support the recovery of function lost after injury. However, SC transplant-mediated axon growth is often limited and lacks direction.Approach.We have developed a zinc oxide (ZnO) containing fibrous scaffold consisting of aligned fibers of polycaprolactone (PCL) with embedded ZnO nanoparticles as a biodegradable, bifunctional scaffold for promoting and guiding axon growth. This scaffold has bifunctional properties wherein zinc is released providing bioactivity and ZnO has well-known piezoelectric properties where piezoelectric materials generate electrical activity in response to minute deformations. In this study, SC growth, SC-mediated axon extension, and the presence of myelin basic protein (MBP), as an indicator of myelination, were evaluated on the scaffolds containing varying concentrations of ZnOin vitro. SCs and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were cultured, either alone or in co-culture, on the scaffolds.Main results.Findings demonstrated that scaffolds with 1 wt.% ZnO promoted the greatest SC growth and SC-mediated axon extension. The presence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was also determined. BDNF increased in co-cultures for all scaffolds as compared to SCs or DRGs cultured alone on all scaffolds. For co-cultures, cells on scaffolds with low levels of ZnO (0.5 wt.% ZnO) had the highest amount of BDNF as compared to cells on higher ZnO-containing scaffolds (1 and 2 wt.%). MBP immunostaining was only detected in co-cultures on PCL control scaffolds (without ZnO).Significance.The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the ZnO-containing scaffolds for SC-mediated axon growth and its potential for use in nervous tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Stratton
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Shuo Wang
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Sharareh Hashemi
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Yelena Pressman
- The Miami Project, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - James Nanchanatt
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Martin Oudega
- Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences and Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL, United States of America
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Menezes R, Sherman L, Rameshwar P, Arinzeh TL. Scaffolds containing GAG-mimetic cellulose sulfate promote TGF-β interaction and MSC Chondrogenesis over native GAGs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1135-1150. [PMID: 36708060 PMCID: PMC10277227 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering strategies seek to repair damaged tissue using approaches that include scaffolds containing components of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Articular cartilage consists of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are known to sequester growth factors. In order to more closely mimic the native ECM, this study evaluated the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a promising cell source for cartilage regeneration, on fibrous scaffolds that contained the GAG-mimetic cellulose sulfate. The degree of sulfation was evaluated, examining partially sulfated cellulose (pSC) and fully sulfated cellulose (NaCS). Comparisons were made with scaffolds containing native GAGs (chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C and heparin). Transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3) sequestration, as measured by rate of association, was higher for sulfated cellulose-containing scaffolds as compared to native GAGs. In addition, TGF-β3 sequestration and retention over time was highest for NaCS-containing scaffolds. Sulfated cellulose-containing scaffolds loaded with TGF-β3 showed enhanced chondrogenesis as indicated by a higher Collagen Type II:I ratio over native GAGs. NaCS-containing scaffolds loaded with TGF-β3 had the highest expression of chondrogenic markers and a reduction of hypertrophic markers in dynamic loading conditions, which more closely mimic in vivo conditions. Studies also demonstrated that TGF-β3 mediated its effect through the Smad2/3 signaling pathway where the specificity of TGF-β receptor (TGF- βRI)-phosphorylated SMAD2/3 was verified with a receptor inhibitor. Therefore, studies demonstrate that scaffolds containing cellulose sulfate enhance TGF-β3-induced MSC chondrogenic differentiation and show promise for promoting cartilage tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Menezes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lauren Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers University School of Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers University School of Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Menezes R, Vincent R, Osorno L, Hu P, Arinzeh TL. Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Approaches using Glycosaminoglycans for Tissue Repair: Lessons Learned from the Native Extracellular Matrix. Acta Biomater 2022; 163:210-227. [PMID: 36182056 PMCID: PMC10043054 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the extracellular matrix as they influence cell behavior and have been sought for tissue regeneration, biomaterials, and drug delivery applications. GAGs are known to interact with growth factors and other bioactive molecules and impact tissue mechanics. This review will provide an overview of native GAGs, their structure, and properties, specifically their interaction with proteins, their effect on cell behavior, and their mechanical role in the ECM. GAGs' function in the extracellular environment is still being understood however, promising studies have led to the development of medical devices and therapies. Native GAGs, including hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin, have been widely explored in tissue engineering and biomaterial approaches for tissue repair or replacement. This review will focus on orthopaedic and wound healing applications. The use of GAGs in these applications have had significant advances leading to clinical use. Promising studies using GAG mimetics and future directions will also be discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the native extracellular matrix and have shown promise in medical devices and therapies. This review emphasizes the structure and properties of native GAGs, their role in the ECM providing biochemical and mechanical cues that influence cell behavior, and their use in tissue regeneration and biomaterial approaches for orthopaedic and wound healing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Menezes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Richard Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Laura Osorno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Phillip Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Calcutt R, Vincent R, Dean D, Arinzeh TL, Dixit R. Plant cell adhesion and growth on artificial fibrous scaffolds as an in vitro model for plant development. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj1469. [PMID: 34669469 PMCID: PMC8528414 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of plant development would benefit from an in vitro model that mimics the endogenous physical interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Here, we present artificial scaffolds to which both solid- and liquid-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells adhere without perturbing cell morphology, division, and cortical microtubule organization. Scaffolds consisting of polyvinylidene tri-fluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) were prepared to mimic the cell wall’s fibrillar structure and its relative hydrophobicity and piezoelectric property. We found that cells adhered best to scaffolds consisting of nanosized aligned fibers. In addition, poling of PVDF-TrFE, which orients the fiber dipoles and renders the scaffold more piezoelectric, increased cell adhesion. Enzymatic treatments revealed that the plant cell wall polysaccharide, pectin, is largely responsible for cell adhesion to scaffolds, analogous to pectin-mediated cell adhesion in plant tissues. Together, this work establishes the first plant biomimetic scaffolds that will enable studies of how cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions affect plant developmental pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Calcutt
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Richard Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Derrick Dean
- Biomedical Engineering Program and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36014, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang S, Hashemi S, Stratton S, Arinzeh TL. The Effect of Physical Cues of Biomaterial Scaffolds on Stem Cell Behavior. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001244. [PMID: 33274860 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have been sought as a promising cell source in the tissue engineering field due to their proliferative capacity as well as differentiation potential. Biomaterials have been utilized to facilitate the delivery of stem cells in order to improve their engraftment and long-term viability upon implantation. Biomaterials also have been developed as scaffolds to promote stem cell induced tissue regeneration. This review focuses on the latter where the biomaterial scaffold is designed to provide physical cues to stem cells in order to promote their behavior for tissue formation. Recent work that explores the effect of scaffold physical properties, topography, mechanical properties and electrical properties, is discussed. Although still being elucidated, the biological mechanisms, including cell shape, focal adhesion distribution, and nuclear shape, are presented. This review also discusses emerging areas and challenges in clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Sharareh Hashemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Scott Stratton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khader A, Arinzeh TL. Biodegradable zinc oxide composite scaffolds promote osteochondral differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:194-209. [PMID: 31544962 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) involves the degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The capacity of articular cartilage to repair and regenerate is limited. A biodegradable, fibrous scaffold containing zinc oxide (ZnO) was fabricated and evaluated for osteochondral tissue engineering applications. ZnO has shown promise for a variety of biomedical applications but has had limited use in tissue engineering. Composite scaffolds consisted of ZnO nanoparticles embedded in slow degrading, polycaprolactone to allow for dissolution of zinc ions over time. Zinc has well-known insulin-mimetic properties and can be beneficial for cartilage and bone regeneration. Fibrous ZnO composite scaffolds, having varying concentrations of 1-10 wt.% ZnO, were fabricated using the electrospinning technique and evaluated for human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation along chondrocyte and osteoblast lineages. Slow release of the zinc was observed for all ZnO composite scaffolds. MSC chondrogenic differentiation was promoted on low percentage ZnO composite scaffolds as indicated by the highest collagen type II production and expression of cartilage-specific genes, while osteogenic differentiation was promoted on high percentage ZnO composite scaffolds as indicated by the highest alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen production, and expression of bone-specific genes. This study demonstrates the feasibility of ZnO-containing composites as a potential scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ateka Khader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu S, Chen MS, Maurel P, Lee YS, Bunge MB, Arinzeh TL. Aligned fibrous PVDF-TrFE scaffolds with Schwann cells support neurite extension and myelination in vitro. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:056010. [PMID: 29794323 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aac77f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE), which is a piezoelectric, biocompatible polymer, holds promise as a scaffold in combination with Schwann cells (SCs) for spinal cord repair. Piezoelectric materials can generate electrical activity in response to mechanical deformation, which could potentially stimulate spinal cord axon regeneration. Our goal in this study was to investigate PVDF-TrFE scaffolds consisting of aligned fibers in supporting SC growth and SC-supported neurite extension and myelination in vitro. APPROACH Aligned fibers of PVDF-TrFE were fabricated using the electrospinning technique. SCs and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants were co-cultured to evaluate SC-supported neurite extension and myelination on PVDF-TrFE scaffolds. MAIN RESULTS PVDF-TrFE scaffolds supported SC growth and neurite extension, which was further enhanced by coating the scaffolds with Matrigel. SCs were oriented and neurites extended along the length of the aligned fibers. SCs in co-culture with DRGs on PVDF-TrFE scaffolds promoted longer neurite extension as compared to scaffolds without SCs. In addition to promoting neurite extension, SCs also formed myelin around DRG neurites on PVDF-TrFE scaffolds. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated PVDF-TrFE scaffolds containing aligned fibers supported SC-neurite extension and myelination. The combination of SCs and PVDF-TrFE scaffolds may be a promising tissue engineering strategy for spinal cord repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Wu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee YS, Wu S, Arinzeh TL, Bunge MB. Transplantation of Schwann Cells Inside PVDF-TrFE Conduits to Bridge Transected Rat Spinal Cord Stumps to Promote Axon Regeneration Across the Gap. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155759 DOI: 10.3791/56077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among various models for spinal cord injury in rats, the contusion model is the most often used because it is the most common type of human spinal cord injury. The complete transection model, although not as clinically relevant as the contusion model, is the most rigorous method to evaluate axon regeneration. In the contusion model, it is difficult to distinguish regenerated from sprouted or spared axons due to the presence of remaining tissue post injury. In the complete transection model, a bridging method is necessary to fill the gap and create continuity from the rostral to the caudal stumps in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments. A reliable bridging surgery is essential to test outcome measures by reducing the variability due to the surgical method. The protocols described here are used to prepare Schwann cells (SCs) and conduits prior to transplantation, complete transection of the spinal cord at thoracic level 8 (T8), insert the conduit, and transplant SCs into the conduit. This approach also uses in situ gelling of an injectable basement membrane matrix with SC transplantation that allows improved axon growth across the rostral and caudal interfaces with the host tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shuan Lee
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Siliang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology
| | | | - Mary Bartlett Bunge
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Damaraju SM, Shen Y, Elele E, Khusid B, Eshghinejad A, Li J, Jaffe M, Arinzeh TL. Three-dimensional piezoelectric fibrous scaffolds selectively promote mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 2017; 149:51-62. [PMID: 28992510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of electric fields in biological tissues has led to efforts in developing technologies utilizing electrical stimulation for therapeutic applications. Native tissues, such as cartilage and bone, exhibit piezoelectric behavior, wherein electrical activity can be generated due to mechanical deformation. Yet, the use of piezoelectric materials have largely been unexplored as a potential strategy in tissue engineering, wherein a piezoelectric biomaterial acts as a scaffold to promote cell behavior and the formation of large tissues. Here we show, for the first time, that piezoelectric materials can be fabricated into flexible, three-dimensional fibrous scaffolds and can be used to stimulate human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and corresponding extracellular matrix/tissue formation in physiological loading conditions. Piezoelectric scaffolds that exhibit low voltage output, or streaming potential, promoted chondrogenic differentiation and piezoelectric scaffolds with a high voltage output promoted osteogenic differentiation. Electromechanical stimulus promoted greater differentiation than mechanical loading alone. Results demonstrate the additive effect of electromechanical stimulus on stem cell differentiation, which is an important design consideration for tissue engineering scaffolds. Piezoelectric, smart materials are attractive as scaffolds for regenerative medicine strategies due to their inherent electrical properties without the need for external power sources for electrical stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sita M Damaraju
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Yueyang Shen
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Ezinwa Elele
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Boris Khusid
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Ahmad Eshghinejad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Michael Jaffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang GP, Molina A, Tran N, Collins G, Arinzeh TL. Investigating cellulose derived glycosaminoglycan mimetic scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e592-e603. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Portocarrero Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA
| | - A. Molina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA
| | - N. Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA
| | - G. Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schussler SD, Uske K, Marwah P, Kemp FW, Bogden JD, Lin SS, Livingston Arinzeh T. Controlled Release of Vanadium from a Composite Scaffold Stimulates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteochondrogenesis. AAPS J 2017; 19:1017-1028. [PMID: 28332167 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Large bone defects often require the use of autograft, allograft, or synthetic bone graft augmentation; however, these treatments can result in delayed osseous integration. A tissue engineering strategy would be the use of a scaffold that could promote the normal fracture healing process of endochondral ossification, where an intermediate cartilage phase is later transformed to bone. This study investigated vanadyl acetylacetonate (VAC), an insulin mimetic, combined with a fibrous composite scaffold, consisting of polycaprolactone with nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate, as a potential bone tissue engineering scaffold. The differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was evaluated on 0.05 and 0.025 wt% VAC containing composite scaffolds (VAC composites) in vitro using three different induction media: osteogenic (OS), chondrogenic (CCM), and chondrogenic/osteogenic (C/O) media, which mimics endochondral ossification. The controlled release of VAC was achieved over 28 days for the VAC composites, where approximately 30% of the VAC was released over this period. MSCs cultured on the VAC composites in C/O media had increased alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin production, and collagen synthesis over the composite scaffold without VAC. In addition, gene expressions for chondrogenesis (Sox9) and hypertrophic markers (VEGF, MMP-13, and collagen X) were the highest on VAC composites. Almost a 1000-fold increase in VEGF gene expression and VEGF formation, as indicated by immunostaining, was achieved for cells cultured on VAC composites in C/O media, suggesting VAC will promote angiogenesis in vivo. These results demonstrate the potential of VAC composite scaffolds in supporting endochondral ossification as a bone tissue engineering strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Schussler
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - K Uske
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - P Marwah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - F W Kemp
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - J D Bogden
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - S S Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
This review describes the normal healing process for bone, ligaments, and tendons, including primary and secondary healing as well as bone-to-bone fusion. It depicts the important mediators and cell types involved in the inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling stages of each healing process. It also describes the main challenges for clinicians when trying to repair bone, ligaments, and tendons with a specific emphasis on Charcot neuropathy, fifth metatarsal fractures, arthrodesis, and tendon sheath and adhesions. Current treatment options and research areas are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07101, USA.
| | - Jessica Cardenas Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Medical Sciences Building, Room E-659, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
This review describes the normal healing process for bone, ligaments, and tendons, including primary and secondary healing as well as bone-to-bone fusion. It depicts the important mediators and cell types involved in the inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling stages of each healing process. It also describes the main challenges for clinicians when trying to repair bone, ligaments, and tendons with a specific emphasis on Charcot neuropathy, fifth metatarsal fractures, arthrodesis, and tendon sheath and adhesions. Current treatment options and research areas are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07101, USA.
| | - Jessica Cardenas Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Medical Sciences Building, Room E-659, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee YS, Wu S, Arinzeh TL, Bunge MB. Enhanced noradrenergic axon regeneration into schwann cell-filled PVDF-TrFE conduits after complete spinal cord transection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:444-456. [PMID: 27570167 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation has been utilized for spinal cord repair and demonstrated to be a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of combining SC transplantation with novel conduits to bridge the completely transected adult rat spinal cord. This is the first and initial study to evaluate the potential of using a fibrous piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) conduit with SCs for spinal cord repair. PVDF-TrFE has been shown to enhance neurite growth in vitro and peripheral nerve repair in vivo. In this study, SCs adhered and proliferated when seeded onto PVDF-TrFE scaffolds in vitro. SCs and PVDF-TrFE conduits, consisting of random or aligned fibrous inner walls, were transplanted into transected rat spinal cords for 3 weeks to examine early repair. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocyte processes and GFP (green fluorescent protein)-SCs were interdigitated at both rostral and caudal spinal cord/SC transplant interfaces in both types of conduits, indicative of permissivity to axon growth. More noradrenergic/DβH+ (dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) brainstem axons regenerated across the transplant when greater numbers of GFAP+ astrocyte processes were present. Aligned conduits promoted extension of DβH+ axons and GFAP+ processes farther into the transplant than random conduits. Sensory CGRP+ (calcitonin gene-related peptide) axons were present at the caudal interface. Blood vessels formed throughout the transplant in both conduits. This study demonstrates that PVDF-TrFE conduits harboring SCs are promising for spinal cord repair and deserve further investigation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 444-456. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shuan Lee
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Lois Pope LIFE Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Mail locator R-48, Miami, Florida 33101
| | - Siliang Wu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Mary Bartlett Bunge
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Lois Pope LIFE Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960, Mail locator R-48, Miami, Florida 33101.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Briggs T, Matos J, Collins G, Arinzeh TL. Evaluating protein incorporation and release in electrospun composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3117-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonye Briggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102
| | - Jeffrey Matos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102
| | - George Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang GP, Shanmugasundaram S, Masih P, Pandya D, Amara S, Collins G, Arinzeh TL. An investigation of common crosslinking agents on the stability of electrospun collagen scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:762-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Portocarrero Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| | - Shobana Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| | - Pallavi Masih
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| | - Deep Pandya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| | - Suwah Amara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| | - George Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patlolla A, Arinzeh TL. Evaluating apatite formation and osteogenic activity of electrospun composites for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:1000-17. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajitha Patlolla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 614 Fenster Hall Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 614 Fenster Hall Newark New Jersey 07102-1982
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF) is being investigated as a potential scaffold for bone tissue engineering because of its proven biocompatibility and piezoelectric property, wherein it can generate electrical activity when mechanically deformed. In this study, PVDF scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning using different voltages (12-30 kV), evaluated for the presence of the piezoelectric β-crystal phase and its effect on biological function. Electrospun PVDF was compared with unprocessed/raw PVDF, films and melt-spun fibers for the presence of the piezoelectric β-phase using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was evaluated on scaffolds electrospun at 12 and 25 kV (PVDF-12 kV and PVDF-25 kV, respectively) and compared to tissue culture polystyrene (TCP). Electrospinning PVDF resulted in the formation of the piezoelectric β-phase with the highest β-phase fraction of 72% for electrospun PVDF at 25 kV. MSCs cultured on both the scaffolds were well attached as indicated by a spread morphology. Cells on PVDF-25 kV scaffolds had the greatest alkaline phosphatase activity and early mineralization by day 10 as compared to TCP and PVDF-12 kV. The results demonstrate the potential for the use of PVDF scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sita M Damaraju
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Briggs T, Arinzeh TL. Examining the formulation of emulsion electrospinning for improving the release of bioactive proteins from electrospun fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:674-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonye Briggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 614 Fenster Hall Newark New Jersey 07102
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 614 Fenster Hall Newark New Jersey 07102
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNSCs/NPCs) are a promising cell source for neural tissue engineering because of their ability to differentiate into various neural lineages. In this study, hNSC/NPC differentiation was evaluated on piezoelectric, fibrous scaffolds. These smart materials have an intrinsic material property where transient electric potential can be generated in the material upon minute mechanical deformation. hNSCs/NPCs cultured on the scaffolds and films differentiated into β-III tubulin-positive cells, a neuronal cell marker, with or without the presence of inductive factors. In contrast, hNSCs/NPCs cultured on laminin-coated plates were predominantly nestin positive, a NSC marker, in the control medium. Gene expression results suggest that the scaffolds may have promoted the formation of mature neural cells exhibiting neuron-like characteristics. hNSCs/NPCs differentiated mostly into β-III tubulin-positive cells and had the greatest average neurite length on micron-sized, annealed (more piezoelectric), aligned scaffolds, demonstrating their potential for neural tissue-engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shuan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Lee YS, Collins G, Arinzeh TL. Neurite extension of primary neurons on electrospun piezoelectric scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3877-86. [PMID: 21810489 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering may be a promising option for neural repair treatment, for which a well-designed scaffold is essential. Smart materials that can stimulate neurite extension and outgrowth have been investigated as potential scaffolding materials. A piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) was used to fabricate electrospun aligned and random scaffolds having nano- or micron-sized fiber dimensions. The advantage of using a piezoelectric polymer is its intrinsic electrical properties. The piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF-TrFE scaffolds were shown to be enhanced by annealing. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons attached to all fibrous scaffolds. Neurites extended radially on random scaffolds, whereas aligned scaffolds directed neurite outgrowth for all fiber dimensions. Neurite extension was greatest on aligned, annealed PVDF-TrFE having micron-sized fiber dimensions in comparison with annealed and as-spun random PVDF-TrFE scaffolds. DRG on micron-sized aligned, as-spun and annealed PVDF-TrFE also had the lowest aspect ratio amongst all scaffolds, including non-piezoelectric PVDF and collagen-coated substrates. Findings from this study demonstrate the potential use of a piezoelectric fibrous scaffold for neural repair applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shuan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shanmugasundaram S, Chaudhry H, Arinzeh TL. Microscale versus nanoscale scaffold architecture for mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 17:831-40. [PMID: 20973751 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofiber scaffolds, produced by the electrospinning technique, have gained widespread attention in tissue engineering due to their morphological similarities to the native extracellular matrix. For cartilage repair, studies have examined their feasibility; however these studies have been limited, excluding the influence of other scaffold design features. This study evaluated the effect of scaffold design, specifically examining a range of nano to micron-sized fibers and resulting pore size and mechanical properties, on human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the adult bone marrow during chondrogenesis. MSC differentiation was examined on these scaffolds with an emphasis on temporal gene expression of chondrogenic markers and the pluripotent gene, Sox2, which has yet to be explored for MSCs during chondrogenesis and in combination with tissue engineering scaffolds. Chondrogenic markers of aggrecan, chondroadherin, sox9, and collagen type II were highest for cells on micron-sized fibers (5 and 9 μm) with pore sizes of 27 and 29 μm, respectively, in comparison to cells on nano-sized fibers (300 nm and 600 to 1400 nm) having pore sizes of 2 and 3 μm, respectively. Undifferentiated MSCs expressed high levels of the Sox2 gene but displayed negligible levels on all scaffolds with or without the presence of inductive factors, suggesting that the physical features of the scaffold play an important role in differentiation. Micron-sized fibers with large pore structures and mechanical properties comparable to the cartilage ECM enhanced chondrogenesis, demonstrating architectural features as well as mechanical properties of electrospun fibrous scaffolds enhance differentiation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Breitbart EA, Meade S, Azad V, Yeh S, Al-Zube L, Lee YS, Benevenia J, Arinzeh TL, Lin SS. Mesenchymal stem cells accelerate bone allograft incorporation in the presence of diabetes mellitus. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:942-9. [PMID: 20058266 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Allograft (Allo) incorporation in the presence of a systemic disease like diabetes mellitus (DM) is becoming a major issue in the orthopedic community. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent stem cells that may be derived from adult, whole bone marrow and have been shown to induce bone formation in segmental defects when combined with the appropriate carrier/scaffold. The objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of DM upon Allo incorporation in a segmental rat femoral defect and to also investigate MSC augmentation of Allo incorporation. Segmental (5 mm) femoral defects were created in non-DM and DM rats and treated with Allo containing demineralized bone matrix (DBM) or DBM with MSC augmentation. Histological scoring at 4 weeks demonstrated less mature bone in the DM/DBM group compared to its non-DM counterpart (p < 0.001). However, there was significantly more mature bone in the DM/MSC group when compared to the DM/DBM group at both 4 and 8 weeks (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004). Furthermore, significantly more bone formation was observed in the DM/MSC group compared to the DM/DBM group at the 4-week time point (p < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that MSC are a potential adjunct for bone regeneration when implanted in an orthotopic site in the presence of DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Breitbart
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, , Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Briggs T, Treiser MD, Holmes PF, Kohn J, Moghe PV, Arinzeh TL. Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on poly(ethylene glycol)-variant biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 91:975-84. [PMID: 19097152 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on tyrosine-derived polycarbonates copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to determine their potential as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. The addition of PEG in the backbone of polycarbonates has been shown to alter mechanical properties, degradation rates, degree of protein adsorption, and subsequent cell adhesion and motility in mature cell phenotypes. Its effect on MSC behavior is unknown. MSC morphology, motility, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated on polycarbonates containing 0-5% PEG over a 14 day culture. MSCs on polycarbonates containing 0% or 3% PEG content upregulated the expression of osteogenic markers as demonstrated by alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin expression although at different stages in the 14 day culture. Cells on polycarbonates containing no PEG were characterized as having early onset of cell spreading and osteogenic differentiation. Cells on 3% PEG surfaces were delayed in cell spreading and osteogenic differentiation, but had the highest motility as compared with cells on substrates containing no PEG and substrates containing 5% PEG at early time points. Throughout the culture, cells on polycarbonates containing 5% PEG had the lowest levels of osteogenic markers, displayed poor cell-substrate adhesion, and established cell-cell aggregates. Thus, designing substrates with minute variations in PEG may serve as a tool to guide MSC adhesion and motility accompanying osteogenic differentiation, and may be beneficial for abundant bone tissue formation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonye Briggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), derived from adult bone marrow, are multi-potent stem cells capable of differentiating along several lineage pathways. From a small bone marrow aspirate, MSCs can be readily isolated and easily expanded. Therefore, MSCs are thought to be a readily available source of cells for many tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. This review covers preclinical models that evaluate the efficacy of MSC-loaded scaffolds in large bone defects as a potential substitute for autologous and allogeneic bone grafts. This review also covers new approaches to clinical use of MSC technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- New Jersey Institute of Technology Biomedical Engineering, 614 East Building, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Arinzeh TL, Peter SJ, Archambault MP, van den Bos C, Gordon S, Kraus K, Smith A, Kadiyala S. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells regenerate bone in a critical-sized canine segmental defect. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85:1927-35. [PMID: 14563800 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200310000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells from adult bone marrow are multipotent cells capable of forming bone, cartilage, and other connective tissues. In a previous study, we demonstrated that autologous mesenchymal stem cells could repair a critical-sized bone defect in the dog. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells could heal a critical-sized bone defect in the femoral diaphysis in dogs without the use of immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS A critical-sized segmental bone defect, 21 mm in length, was created in the mid-portion of the femoral diaphysis of twelve adult dogs that weighed between 22 and 25 kg. Each defect was treated with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells loaded onto a hollow ceramic cylinder consisting of hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate. A complete mismatch between donor stem cells and recipient dogs was identified by dog leukocyte antigen typing prior to implantation. The healing response was evaluated histologically and radiographically at four, eight, and sixteen weeks after implantation. The radiographic and histological results at sixteen weeks were compared with the historical data for the control defects, which included defects that had been treated with a cylinder loaded with autologous mesenchymal stem cells, defects treated with a cylinder without mesenchymal stem cells, and defects that had been left untreated (empty). The systemic immune response was evaluated by the analysis of recipient serum for production of antibodies against allogeneic cells. RESULTS For defects treated with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell implants, no adverse host response could be detected at any time-point. Histologically, no lymphocytic infiltration occurred and no antibodies against allogeneic cells were detected. Histologically, by eight weeks, a callus spanned the length of the defect, and lamellar bone filled the pores of the implant at the host bone-implant interface. Fluorescently labeled allogeneic cells were also detected. At sixteen weeks, new bone had formed throughout the implant. These results were consistent with those seen in implants loaded with autologous cells. Implants loaded with allogeneic or autologous stem cells had significantly greater amounts of bone within the available pore space than did cell-free implants at sixteen weeks (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated that allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells loaded on hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate implants enhanced the repair of a critical-sized segmental defect in the canine femur without the use of immunosuppressive therapy. No adverse immune response was detected in this model.
Collapse
|