1
|
Santos D, Matos M, Coimbra AM. Developmental toxicity of endocrine disruptors in early life stages of zebrafish, a genetic and embryogenesis study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 46:18-25. [PMID: 25172296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are capable of interfering with the endocrine system and are increasingly widespread in the aquatic environments. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae were used to assess how EDCs may interfere with embryogenesis. Therefore, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2: 0.4, 2, 4 and 20 ng/L), genistein (Gen: 2, 20, 200 and 2000 ng/L) and fadrozole (Fad: 2, 10, 50 and 250 μg/L), between 2 and 144 h post-fertilization (hpf). Somite development, heartbeat, malformations, mortality and hatching rates were evaluated. In parallel, the expression patterns of hormone receptors (esr1, esr2a, esr2b and ar) and apoptotic pathways related genes (p53 and c-jun) were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Results showed that EE2, Gen and Fad caused a higher mortality and also malformations in larvae compared with control. A significant toxic effect was observed in the heartbeat rate, at 144 hpf, in larvae exposed to EE2 and Fad. QPCR revealed alterations in the expression levels of all the evaluated genes, at different time points. esr1 and c-jun genes were upregulated by EE2 and Gen exposure while the expression of esr2a, esr2b and ar genes was downregulated. Fad exposure decreased esr1, p53 and c-jun expression levels. This study shows a toxic effect of EE2, Gen and Fad to vertebrate embryogenesis and a relation between hormones action and apoptosis pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dércia Santos
- Life Sciences and Environment School, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Manuela Matos
- Life Sciences and Environment School, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology (IBB/CGB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Coimbra
- Life Sciences and Environment School, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, He X, Chen L, Zhang C, Gao X, Yang Z, Liu G. Synergistic regulation of p53 by Mdm2 and Mdm4 is critical in cardiac endocardial cushion morphogenesis during heart development. J Pathol 2012; 228:416-28. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
3
|
Zhao X, Wu N, Ding L, Liu M, Liu H, Lin X. Zebrafish p53 protein enhances the translation of its own mRNA in response to UV irradiation and CPT treatment. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1220-5. [PMID: 22575659 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
p53 protein is an important regulatory factor involved in cell growth and development. In our previous study, we demonstrated that recombined zebrafish p53 protein could specifically bind to its own mRNA in vitro. To determine if a similar interaction exists in zebrafish and if this interaction affects zebrafish development, in the present study, we investigated the interaction of p53 protein and its mRNA in zebrafish embryos. Our results revealed that expressed zebrafish p53 protein could bind with its own mRNA in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, the endogenous activated or ectopically expressed p53 protein could enhance the relative activity of Renilla luciferase fused with p53 3'UTR in response to UV irradiation and CPT treatment, and retarded development of zebrafish embryos was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Rare Diseases of Shandong Province, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan 250062, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thurow HS, Haack R, Hartwig FP, de Oliveira IO, Dellagostin OA, Gigante DP, Horta BL, Collares T, Seixas FK. TP53 gene polymorphism: Importance to cancer, ethnicity and birth weight in a Brazilian cohort. J Biosci 2011; 36:823-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
5
|
Danilova N, Kumagai A, Lin J. p53 upregulation is a frequent response to deficiency of cell-essential genes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15938. [PMID: 21209837 PMCID: PMC3013139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of p53 in the prevention of development of embryos damaged by genotoxic factors is well recognized. However, whether p53 plays an analogous role in preventing birth defects from genetic mutations remains an unanswered question. Genetic screens for mutations affecting development show that only a fraction of developmentally lethal mutations leads to specific phenotypes while the majority results in similar recurrent phenotypes characterized by neuronal apoptosis and developmental delay. Mutations in cell-essential genes typically fall into this group. The observation that mutations in diverse housekeeping genes lead to a similar phenotype suggests a common mechanism underlying this phenotype. For some mutants, p53 inhibition was shown to attenuate the phenotype. Methodology/Principal Findings To find out how common p53 involvement is in this phenotype, we analyzed zebrafish mutants from various categories of cell essential genes. Several thousand zebrafish mutants have been identified; many of them are kept at stock centers and available for the research community. We selected mutants for genes functioning in DNA replication, transcription, telomere maintenance, ribosome biogenesis, splicing, chaperoning, endocytosis, and cellular transport. We found that mutants have similar phenotypes including neural apoptosis, failure to develop structures originated from the neural crest cells, and hematopoietic defects. All mutants share p53 upregulation and similar changes in several p53-dependent and independent molecular pathways. Conclusion/Significance Our results suggest that mutations in housekeeping genes often canalize on the p53-mediated phenotype. p53 prevents the development of embryos with defects in such genes. p53-mediated changes in gene expression may also contribute to many human congenital malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Danilova
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Torchinsky A, Toder V. Mechanisms of the embryo's response to embryopathic stressors: a focus on p53. J Reprod Immunol 2010; 85:76-80. [PMID: 20227113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether the embryo develops normally or not depends not only on the mechanisms regulating embryonic development, but also on the mechanisms acting to resist and repair injures in the embryo due to harmful maternal stimuli or exposure to developmental toxicants. The key role of p53 in the regulation of the embryo's response to embryopathic stress inducing DNA damage is beyond doubt. Yet, the question why p53 in some cases acts as a suppressor of teratogenesis, whereas in other cases it induces teratogenesis, remains unanswered. In this minireview we analyze studies in which organogenesis-stage embryos were exposed to various developmental toxicants and suggest a model unifying the teratogenesis-suppressing and teratogenesis-promoting role of p53. This model predicts that p53 protects embryos from developmental toxicant inducing oxidative stress and promotes the process of maldevelopment induced by developmental toxicants activating apoptotic machinery. Certainly, many questions must be answered before concluding the extent to which this model is correct. Yet, it does allow us to explain some discrepancies obtained in studies performed to date. Also, the model might be useful in choosing molecular targets for further studies addressing p53-controlled and p53-independent mechanisms, which determine the embryo's resistance to embryopathic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Torchinsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Apart from playing a crucial role in tumor suppression, the p53 signaling pathway also has important functions in the regulation of metabolism, organ development, and cellular senescence. A recent important advance in the p53 field is the uncovering of presence of various p53 isoforms in vivo. Although full-length p53 is well known to promote cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, the roles of p53 isoforms in these processes are still elusive. In this review, we summarized the recent studies on the p53 isoform Delta113p53 regarding its regulation and function in zebrafish and discussed the potential use of Tg(Delta113p53:gfp) transgenic fish for identification of novel factors involved in the p53 pathway and for screening of new compounds for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Geatrell JC, Mui (Iryn) Gan P, Mansergh FC, Kisiswa L, Jarrin M, Williams LA, Evans MJ, Boulton ME, Wride MA. Apoptosis gene profiling reveals spatio-temporal regulated expression of the p53/Mdm2 pathway during lens development. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88:1137-51. [PMID: 19450442 PMCID: PMC2706329 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging for apoptosis gene expression in the lens during development. Therefore, here we used a filter array to assess expression of 243 apoptosis-related genes in the developing postnatal mouse lens using (33)P labelled cDNA synthesized from p7 and p14 mouse lenses. We demonstrated that 161 apoptosis-related genes were expressed at levels significantly above background and 20 genes were potentially significantly differentially expressed (P<0.05) by at least 2-fold between p7 and p14. We used RT-PCR to confirm expression of these genes in newborn, p7, p14 and 4 wk mouse lens cDNA samples. Expression of 19/20 of the genes examined was confirmed, while 5 genes (Huntingtin, Mdm2, Dffa, galectin-3 and Mcl-1) were confirmed as differentially regulated between p7 and p14. RT-PCR was also used to examine the expression of the chick homologues of the most-highly expressed and/or potentially differentially regulated genes in chick embryo lenses at E6-E16. The majority of genes expressed in the postnatal mouse lens were also expressed in the chick embryo lens. Western blotting confirmed developmentally regulated expression of Axl and Mcl-1 during mouse lens development and of Mdm2, Mdm4/X and p53 during mouse and chick lens development. Western blotting also revealed the presence of p53 and Mdm4/X splice variants and/or proteolytic cleavage products in the developing lens. Since Mdm2 is a regulator of the tumour suppressor gene p53, we chose to thoroughly investigate the spatio-temporal expression patterns of p53, Mdm2 and the functionally related Mdm4/X in mouse lens development at E12.5-E16.5 using immunocytochemistry. We also examined Mdm2 expression patterns during chick lens development at E6-E16 and Mdm4/X and p53 at E14. Expression of Mdm2, Mdm4/X and p53 was spatio-temporally regulated in various compartments of the developing lens in both mouse and chick, including lens epithelial and lens fibre cells, indicating potential roles for these factors in regulation of lens epithelial cell proliferation and/or lens fibre cell differentiation This study provides a thorough initial analysis of apoptosis gene expression in the postnatal mouse lens and provides a resource for further investigation of the roles in lens development of the apoptosis genes identified. Furthermore, building on the array studies, we present the first spatio-temporal analysis of expression of p53 pathway molecules (p53, Mdm2 and Mdm4/X) in both developing mouse and chick lenses, suggesting a potential role for the p53/Mdm2 pathway in lens development, which merits further functional analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. Geatrell
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
| | - Peng Mui (Iryn) Gan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
| | - Fiona C. Mansergh
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3US, UK
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
| | - Miguel Jarrin
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
- Mason Eye Institute, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Columbia University, MO 65212, USA
| | - Llinos A. Williams
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
| | - Martin J. Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3US, UK
| | - Mike E. Boulton
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael A. Wride
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales CF24 3LU, UK
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|