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Zhao X, Li Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Dong G, Liu Q, Wang C. A broadband multi-frequency microwave combined biological exposure setup. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:044702. [PMID: 38557878 DOI: 10.1063/5.0196908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid popularization of wireless electronic devices, there has been an increasing concern about the impacts of the electromagnetic environment on health. However, most research reports on the biological effects of microwaves have focused on a single frequency point. In reality, people are exposed to complex electromagnetic environments that consist of multiple frequency microwave signals in their daily lives. It is important to investigate whether multi-frequency combined microwave energies have different biological effects compared with single frequency microwave energy. Unfortunately, there are limited reports on this topic due to the lack of suitable platforms for research on multi-frequency microwave energy combined with biological exposure. To address this issue, this study presents a setup that has a very wide working frequency bandwidth and can be compatible with single frequency and multi-frequency microwave combined exposure. Moreover, it can achieve relatively equal exposure to multiple biological samples at any frequency point in the working frequency range, which is crucial for electromagnetic biology research. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results, confirming its capability to facilitate the study of complex electromagnetic environment effects on organisms.
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Kim HS, Lee YH, Choi HD, Lee AK, Jeon SB, Pack JK, Kim N, Ahn YH. Effect of Exposure to a Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Body Temperature in Anesthetized and Non-Anesthetized Rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 41:104-112. [PMID: 31828817 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a radiofrequency (RF) signal at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg can increase the body temperature by more than 1 °C. In this study, we investigated the effect of anesthesia on the body temperature of rats after exposure to an RF electromagnetic field at 4 W/kg SAR. We also evaluated the influence of body mass on rats' body temperature. Rats weighing 225 and 339 g were divided into sham- and RF-exposure groups. Each of the resulting four groups was subdivided into anesthetized and non-anesthetized groups. The free-moving rats in the four RF-exposure groups were subjected to a 915 MHz RF identification signal at 4 W/kg whole-body SAR for 8 h. The rectal temperature was measured at 1-h intervals during RF exposure using a small-animal temperature probe. The body temperatures of non-anesthetized, mobile 225 and 339 g rats were not significantly affected by exposure to an RF signal. However, the body temperatures of anesthetized 225 and 339 g rats increased by 1.9 °C and 3.3 °C from baseline at 5 and 6 h of RF exposure, respectively. Three of the five 339 g anesthetized and exposed rats died after 6 h of RF exposure. Thus, anesthesia and body mass influenced RF exposure-induced changes in the body temperature of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:104-112. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Hee Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Kyoung Lee
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bong Jeon
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Pack
- Department of Radio Sciences and Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwan Ahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Evaluations of the Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Growth and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Microbiol 2012; 2012:587293. [PMID: 22577384 PMCID: PMC3335185 DOI: 10.1155/2012/587293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (2 mT; 50 Hz) on the growth rate and antibiotic sensitivity of E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The electromagnetic field treatment significantly influenced the growth rate of both strains when incubated in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of kanamycin (1 μg/mL) and amikacin (0.5 μg/mL), respectively. In particular, at 4, 6, and 8 h of incubation the number of cells was significantly decreased in bacteria exposed to electromagnetic field when compared with the control. Additionally, at 24 h of incubation, the percentage of cells increased (P. aeruginosa∼42%; E. coli∼5%) in treated groups with respect to control groups suggesting a progressive adaptive response. By contrast, no remarkable differences were found in the antibiotic susceptibility and on the growth rate of both bacteria comparing exposed groups with control groups.
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Masuda H, Hirata A, Kawai H, Wake K, Watanabe S, Arima T, Poulletier de Gannes F, Lagroye I, Veyret B. Local exposure of the rat cortex to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields increases local cerebral blood flow along with temperature. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:142-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01035.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have shown that local exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF) induces intensity-dependent physiological changes, especially in the brain. The aim of the present study was to detect reproducible responses to local RF exposure in the parietal cortex of anesthetized rats and to determine their dependence on RF intensity. The target cortex tissue was locally exposed to 2-GHz RF using a figure-eight loop antenna within a range of averaged specific absorption rates (10.5, 40.3, 130, and 263 W/kg averaged over 4.04 mg) in the target area. Local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and temperatures in three regions (target area, rectum, and calf hypodermis) were measured using optical fiber blood flow meters and thermometers during RF exposure. All parameters except for the calf hypodermis temperature increased significantly in exposed animals compared with sham-exposed ones during 18-min exposures. Dependence of parameter values on exposure intensity was analyzed using linear regression models. The elevation of local CBF was correlated with temperature rise in both target and rectum at the end of RF exposure. However, the local CBF elevation seemed to be elevated by the rise in target temperature, but not by that of the rectal temperature, in the early part of RF exposure or at low-intensity RF exposure. These findings suggest that local RF exposure of the rat cortex drives a regulation of CBF accompanied by a local temperature rise, and our findings may be helpful for discussing physiological changes in the local cortex region, which is locally exposed to RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masuda
- University of Bordeaux, IMS Laboratory, Pessac cedex, France
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawai
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Group, Applied Electromagnetic Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Wake
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Group, Applied Electromagnetic Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichi Watanabe
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Group, Applied Electromagnetic Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Arima
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Group, Applied Electromagnetic Research Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | | | - Isabelle Lagroye
- University of Bordeaux, IMS Laboratory, Pessac cedex, France
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Pessac cedex, France
| | - Bernard Veyret
- University of Bordeaux, IMS Laboratory, Pessac cedex, France
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Pessac cedex, France
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