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Alkis ME, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S. Effects of Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation on Oxidant-Antioxidant Parameters and DNA Damage in the Liver of Rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 42:76-85. [PMID: 33368426 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuously increasing usage of cell phones has raised concerns about the adverse effects of microwave radiation (MWR) emitted by cell phones on health. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have claimed that MWR may cause various kinds of damage in tissues. The aim of this study is to examine the possible effects of exposure to low-intensity MWR on DNA and oxidative damage in the livers of rats. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three equal groups randomly (n = 6). Group 1 (Sham-control): rats were kept under conditions the same as those of other groups, except for MWR exposure. Group 2: rats exposed to 1800 MHz (SAR: 0.62 W/kg) at 0.127 ± 0.04 mW/cm2 power density, and Group 3: rats exposed to 2,100 MHz (SAR: 0.2 W/kg) at 0.038 ± 0.03 mW/cm2 power density. Microwave application groups were exposed to MWR 2 h/day for 7 months. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed and DNA damage, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and total oxidant-antioxidant parameter analyses were conducted in their liver tissue samples. It was found that 1800 and 2100 MHz low-intensity MWR caused a significant increase in MDA, 8-OHdG, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and comet assay tail intensity (P < 0.05), while total antioxidant status levels (P < 0.05) decreased. The results of our study showed that whole-body exposure to 1800 and 2100 MHz low-intensity MWR emitted by cell phones can induce oxidative stress by altering oxidant-antioxidant parameters and lead to DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage in the liver of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:76-85. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet E Alkis
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Health School of Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Z Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Leszczynski D. Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:493-515. [PMID: 32829319 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The currently ongoing deployment if the fifth generation of the wireless communication technology, the 5G technology, has reignited the health debate around the new kind of radiation that will be used/emitted by the 5G devices and networks - the millimeter-waves. The new aspect of the 5G technology, that is of concern to some of the future users, is that both, antennas and devices will be continuously in a very close proximity of the users' bodies. Skin is the only organ of the human body, besides the eyes, that will be directly exposed to the mm-waves of the 5G technology. However, the whole scientific evidence on the possible effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells, currently consists of only some 99 studies. This clearly indicates that the scientific evidence concerning the possible effects of millimeter-waves on humans is insufficient to devise science-based exposure limits and to develop science-based human health policies. The sufficient research has not been done and, therefore, precautionary measures should be considered for the deployment of the 5G, before the sufficient number of quality research studies will be executed and health risk, or lack of it, scientifically established.
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Habauzit D, Nugue G, Bourbon F, Martin C, Del Vecchio F, Maunoir-Regimbal S, Poyot T, Valente M, Jaoui R, Crouzier D, Le Dréan Y, Debouzy JC. Evaluation of the Effect of Chronic 94 GHz Exposure on Gene Expression in the Skin of Hairless Rats In Vivo. Radiat Res 2020; 193:351-358. [PMID: 32126188 DOI: 10.1667/rr15470.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Millimeter waves (MMW) are broadband frequencies that have recently been used in several applications in wireless communications, medical devices and nonlethal weapons [i.e., the nonlethal weapon, Active Denial Systems, (ADS) operating at 94-95 GHz, CW]. However, little information is available on their potential effects on humans. These radio-frequencies are absorbed and stopped by the first layer of the skin. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 94 GHz on the gene expression of skin cells. Two rat populations consisting of 17 young animals and 14 adults were subjected to chronic long-term 94 GHz MMW exposure. Each group of animals was divided into exposed and sham subgroups. The two independent exposure experiments were conducted for 5 months with rats exposed 3 h per day for 3 days per week to an incident power density of 10 mW/cm2, which corresponded to twice the ICNIRP limit of occupational exposure for humans. At the end of the experiment, skin explants were collected and RNA was extracted. Then, the modifications to the whole gene expression profile were analyzed with a gene expression microarray. Without modification of the animal's temperature, long-term chronic 94 GHz-MMW exposure did not significantly modify the gene expression of the skin on either the young or adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Habauzit
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Nugue
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Frédéric Bourbon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Catherine Martin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Flavia Del Vecchio
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | | | - Thomas Poyot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Marco Valente
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Rachid Jaoui
- Direction générale de l'armement (DGA/TA), F-31131 Balma, France
| | - David Crouzier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean Claude Debouzy
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), F-91223 Brétigny, France
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Furman O, Komoshvili K, Levitan J, Yahalom A, Marks H, Borodin D, Liberman-Aronov S. The Lack of Toxic Effect of High-Power Short-Pulse 101 GHz Millimeter Waves on Healthy Mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:188-199. [PMID: 31951042 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of cancer cells by non-ionizing millimeter waves (MMW) causes increased cell mortality. We examined if MMW have toxic effects on healthy mice. To that end, the skin of healthy C57BL/6 mice was irradiated locally at the right flank with 101 GHz MMW in a pulsed (5-10 µs) regime using a free electron laser. Irradiation was performed in a dose-dependent manner, with 20-50 pulses and a power range of 0.5-1.5 kW. Physical, physiological, and pathological parameters as well as behavior were examined before and after irradiation. Our results showed that all parameters were within normal range for all experimental mice groups and for the control group. No significant changes were noted in the physical, physiological, or behavioral status of the mice following irradiation as compared with the control group. In addition, no significant changes were found in locomotor, exploratory behavior, or anxiety of the irradiated mice and no pathological changes were noted following the hematological and biochemical blood analysis. Our results indicate that irradiation of healthy mice with MMW does not cause any general toxic effects. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Furman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Jakob Levitan
- Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Asher Yahalom
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Harry Marks
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Dmitri Borodin
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Kharlanov AV. Forced acoustic oscillations of biological cell. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 38:613-617. [PMID: 28836692 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This article considers the possibility of excitation of acoustic oscillations in a cell by electromagnetic waves. In this process, not only the frequency but also the length of a wave is of great importance. It is also reported that the pulse signal can be more effective than harmonic signal, and the pulse length is not essential. In accordance with this fact, it is possible to explain the biological effects of electromagnetic waves and to develop new medical electronic devices. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:613-617, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Soubere Mahamoud Y, Aite M, Martin C, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. Additive Effects of Millimeter Waves and 2-Deoxyglucose Co-Exposure on the Human Keratinocyte Transcriptome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160810. [PMID: 27529420 PMCID: PMC4986955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millimeter Waves (MMW) will be used in the next-generation of high-speed wireless technologies, especially in future Ultra-Broadband small cells in 5G cellular networks. Therefore, their biocompatibilities must be evaluated prior to their massive deployment. Using a microarray-based approach, we analyzed modifications to the whole genome of a human keratinocyte model that was exposed at 60.4 GHz-MMW at an incident power density (IPD) of 20 mW/cm2 for 3 hours in athermic conditions. No keratinocyte transcriptome modifications were observed. We tested the effects of MMWs on cell metabolism by co-treating MMW-exposed cells with a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2dG, 20 mM for 3 hours), and whole genome expression was evaluated along with the ATP content. We found that the 2dG treatment decreased the cellular ATP content and induced a high modification in the transcriptome (632 coding genes). The affected genes were associated with transcriptional repression, cellular communication and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. The MMW/2dG co-treatment did not alter the keratinocyte ATP content, but it did slightly alter the transcriptome, which reflected the capacity of MMW to interfere with the bioenergetic stress response. The RT-PCR-based validation confirmed 6 MMW-sensitive genes (SOCS3, SPRY2, TRIB1, FAM46A, CSRNP1 and PPP1R15A) during the 2dG treatment. These 6 genes encoded transcription factors or inhibitors of cytokine pathways, which raised questions regarding the potential impact of long-term or chronic MMW exposure on metabolically stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonis Soubere Mahamoud
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,University of Djibouti, Djibouti City, Djibouti
| | - Meziane Aite
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Martin
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Gapeyev AB, Lukyanova NA. Pulse-modulated extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation protects cellular DNA from the damaging effects of physical and chemical factors in vitro. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350915050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ayrapetyan S. The role of cell hydration in realization of biological effects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR). Electromagn Biol Med 2015; 34:197-210. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1076443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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9
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Wu T, Rappaport TS, Collins CM. Safe for Generations to Come. IEEE MICROWAVE MAGAZINE 2015; 16:65-84. [PMID: 26539066 PMCID: PMC4629874 DOI: 10.1109/mmm.2014.2377587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- New York University (NYU) WIRELESS, the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States. ( )
| | - Theodore S Rappaport
- NYU WIRELESS, the NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States, and the NYU Department of Radiology, New York, United States. ( )
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Gapeyev AB, Aripovsky AV, Kulagina TP. Modifying effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on content and composition of fatty acids in thymus of mice exposed to X-rays. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:277-85. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.980467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Hydrogen peroxide induced by modulated electromagnetic radiation protects the cells from DNA damage. Open Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-014-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIt is believed that non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and low-level hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may change nonspecific resistance and modify DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. To check this assumption, the combined effects of extremely high-frequency EMR (EHF EMR) and X-rays on induction of DNA damage in mouse whole blood leukocytes were studied. The cells were exposed to X-rays with or without preliminary treatment with EHF EMR or low-level H2O2. With the use of enhanced chemiluminescence, it was shown for the first time that pulse-modulated EHF EMR (42.2 GHz, incident power density of 0.1 mW/cm2, exposure duration of 20 min, modulation frequency of 1 Hz) induced H2O2 at a concentration of 4.6 ± 0.3 nM L−1 in physiological saline. With the use of an alkaline comet assay, it was found that the exposure of cells to the pulse-modulated EHF EMR, 25 min prior to treatment with X-rays at a dose of 4 Gy reduced the level of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Continuous EHF EMR was inefficient. In turn, it was shown that low-level H2O2 (30–500 nM L−1) protected the cells against X-irradiation. Thus, the mechanisms of radiation protective effect of EHF EMR are connected with the induction of the adaptive response by nanomolar concentrations of reactive oxygen species formed by pulse-modulated EHF EMR.
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Afrasiabi A, Riazi GH, Abbasi S, Dadras A, Ghalandari B, Seidkhani H, Modaresi SMS, Masoudian N, Amani A, Ahmadian S. Synaptosomal acetylcholinesterase activity variation pattern in the presence of electromagnetic fields. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gapeyev AB, Romanova NA, Chemeris NK. Changes in the chromatin structure of lymphoid cells under the influence of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation against the background of inflammatory process. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350911040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gapeyev AB, Kulagina TP, Aripovsky AV, Chemeris NK. The role of fatty acids in anti-inflammatory effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 32:388-95. [PMID: 21287568 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR; 42.2 GHz, 0.1 mW/cm(2) , exposure duration 20 min) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of thymic cells and blood plasma in normal mice and in mice with peritoneal inflammation were studied. It was found that the exposure of normal mice to EHF EMR increased the content of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) (eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic) in thymic cells. Using a model of zymosan-induced peritoneal inflammation, it was shown that the exposure of mice to EHF EMR significantly increased the content of PUFAs (dihomo-γ-linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic) and reduced the content of monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) (palmitoleic and oleic) in thymic cells. Changes in the FA composition in the blood plasma were less pronounced and manifested themselves as an increase in the level of saturated FAs during the inflammation. The data obtained support the notion that MUFAs are replaced by PUFAs that can enter into the thymic cells from the external media. Taking into account the fact that the metabolites of PUFAs are lipid messengers actively involved in inflammatory and immune reactions, we assume that the increase in the content of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in phospholipids of cellular membranes facilitates the realization of anti-inflammatory effects of EHF EMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Gapeyev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Gapeyev AB, Sirota NP, Kudryavtsev AA, Chemeris NK. Responses of thymocytes and splenocytes to low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation in normal mice and in mice with systemic inflammation. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091004010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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