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Martin C, Evrard B, Percevault F, Ryder K, Darde T, Lardenois A, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Chalmel F, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. Transcriptional landscape of human keratinocyte models exposed to 60-GHz millimeter-waves. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105808. [PMID: 38484921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The use of millimeter waves (MMW) will exponentially grow in the coming years due to their future utilization in 5G/6G networks. The question of possible biological effects at these frequencies has been raised. In this present study, we aimed to investigate gene expression changes under exposure to MMW using the Bulk RNA Barcoding and sequencing (BRB-seq) technology. To address this issue, three exposure scenarios were performed aiming at: i) comparing the cellular response of two primary culture of keratinocytes (HEK and NHEK) and one keratinocyte derivate cell line (HaCaT) exposed to MMW; ii) exploring the incident power density dose-effect on gene expression in HaCaT cell line; and, iii) studying the exposure duration at the new ICNIRP exposure limit for the general population. With the exception of heat effect induced by high power MMW (over 10 mW/cm2), those exposure scenarios have not enabled us to demonstrate important gene expression changes in the different cell populations studied. Very few differentially genes were observed between MMW exposed samples and heat shock control, and most of them were significantly associated with heat shock response that may reflect small differences in the heat generation. Together these results show that acute exposure to MMW has no effects on the transcriptional landscape of human keratinocyte models under athermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Martin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Percevault
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Kate Ryder
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Darde
- SciLicium, 10 rue de la Sauvaie, 35200 Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique), UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique), UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France.
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Gaugain G, Quéguiner L, Bikson M, Sauleau R, Zhadobov M, Modolo J, Nikolayev D. Quasi-static approximation error of electric field analysis for transcranial current stimulation. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36621858 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb14d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Numerical modeling of electric fields induced by transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is currently a part of the standard procedure to predict and understand neural response. Quasi-static approximation (QSA) for electric field calculations is generally applied to reduce the computational cost. Here, we aimed to analyze and quantify the validity of the approximation over a broad frequency range.Approach.We performed electromagnetic modeling studies using an anatomical head model and considered approximations assuming either a purely ohmic medium (i.e. static formulation) or a lossy dielectric medium (QS formulation). The results were compared with the solution of Maxwell's equations in the cases of harmonic and pulsed signals. Finally, we analyzed the effect of electrode positioning on these errors.Main results.Our findings demonstrate that the QSA is valid and produces a relative error below 1% up to 1.43 MHz. The largest error is introduced in the static case, where the error is over 1% across the entire considered spectrum and as high as 20% in the brain at 10 Hz. We also highlight the special importance of considering the capacitive effect of tissues for pulsed waveforms, which prevents signal distortion induced by the purely ohmic approximation. At the neuron level, the results point a difference of sense electric field as high as 22% at focusing point, impacting pyramidal cells firing times.Significance.QSA remains valid in the frequency range currently used for tACS. However, neglecting permittivity (static formulation) introduces significant error for both harmonic and non-harmonic signals. It points out that reliable low frequency dielectric data are needed for accurate transcranial current stimulation numerical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gaugain
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'électronique et des technologies du numérique) - UMR 6164, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Lorette Quéguiner
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'électronique et des technologies du numérique) - UMR 6164, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'électronique et des technologies du numérique) - UMR 6164, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'électronique et des technologies du numérique) - UMR 6164, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Julien Modolo
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, LTSI (Laboratoire traitement du signal et de l'image) - U1099, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Denys Nikolayev
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'électronique et des technologies du numérique) - UMR 6164, 35000 Rennes, France
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Vu TL, Barlerin S, Stricot Y, Sauleau R, Ettorre M, González-Ovejero D. Experimental characterization of bending effects for solid and hollow dielectric waveguides at V-band. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20679. [PMID: 34667206 PMCID: PMC8526621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mm-wave dielectric waveguides are a promising and low-cost technology for the transmission of ultra-high data rates. Besides the attenuation (losses) and group delay, the bending loss of the dielectric waveguides is also one of the key parameters to establish the capacity and energy efficiency of such wired links, when deployed in realistic scenarios. In this context, we report the experimental characterizations of bending effects for various solid and hollow commercially available dielectric waveguides at V-band (50–75 GHz). A wide-band transition has been designed to carry out the measurements using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and extension modules. The measured results are in very good agreement with full-wave simulations. Our experimental results show an average bending loss of 1.46 dB over the entire V-band for the fundamental \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${HE}_{11}^{y}$$\end{document}HE11y mode of a PTFE solid dielectric waveguide (core diameter of 3.06 mm) with a 90° bending angle and 25 mm radius of curvature. This value rises up to 2.88 dB (or 3.25 dB) when bending radius is changed to 15 mm (or bending angle grows up to 140°). The measurements also show that the measured bending losses increase significantly for hollow dielectric waveguides, in particular when the inner to outer diameter ratio gets larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Luan Vu
- UMR 6164, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et des Technologies du numéRique), CNRS, Université de Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France. .,APTIV, 28230, Épernon, France.
| | | | | | - Ronan Sauleau
- UMR 6164, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et des Technologies du numéRique), CNRS, Université de Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Mauro Ettorre
- UMR 6164, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et des Technologies du numéRique), CNRS, Université de Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - David González-Ovejero
- UMR 6164, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et des Technologies du numéRique), CNRS, Université de Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
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Iliopoulos I, Meo SD, Pasian M, Zhadobov M, Pouliguen P, Potier P, Perregrini L, Sauleau R, Ettorre M. Enhancement of Penetration of Millimeter Waves by Field Focusing Applied to Breast Cancer Detection. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:959-966. [PMID: 32749959 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3014277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potentialities of improving the penetration of millimeter waves for breast cancer imaging are here explored. METHODS A field focusing technique based on a convex optimization method is proposed, capable of increasing the field level inside a breast-emulating stratification. RESULTS The theoretical results are numerically validated via the design and simulation of two circularly polarized antennas. The experimental validation of the designed antennas, using tissue-mimicking phantoms, is provided, being in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. CONCLUSION The possibility of focusing, within a lossy medium, the electromagnetic power at millimeter-wave frequencies is demonstrated. SIGNIFICANCE Field focusing can be a key for using millimeter waves for breast cancer detection.
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Bantavis P, Garcia Gonzalez C, Sauleau R, Goussetis G, Tubau S, Legay H. Broadband graded index Gutman lens with a wide field of view utilizing artificial dielectrics: a design methodology. Opt Express 2020; 28:14648-14661. [PMID: 32403502 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel all-metal graded index Gutman lens is proposed. It exploits an interleaved metasurface unit-cell with glide symmetry that can provide high values of equivalent refractive index with low frequency dispersion. The result is a compact lens with broadband performance and a wide field of view up to ±70°. The proposed lens exhibits low loss, directive beams and is an appealing candidate for space applications. The design approach introduced can be applied to other graded index lenses with circular symmetry using rectangular or circular periodic structures.
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Khadir Fall A, Lemoine C, Besnier P, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Zhadobov M. Exposure Assessment in Millimeter-Wave Reverberation Chamber Using Murine Phantoms. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:121-135. [PMID: 31943296 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the design and calibration of the first mode-stirred reverberation chamber (RC) in the 60-GHz-band adapted for in vivo bioelectromagnetic studies. In addition to the interface for electromagnetic and thermal dosimetry, the interfaces for lighting and ventilation were integrated into the RC walls while preserving acceptable shielding. The RC with mechanical and electronic steering capabilities is characterized in the 55-65 GHz range. To this end, murine skin-equivalent phantoms of realistic shape were designed and fabricated. Their complex permittivity is within ±12% of the target value of murine skin (6.19-j5.81 at 60 GHz). The quality factor of the RC loaded with an animal cage, bedding litter, and five murine phantoms was found to be 1.2 × 104 . The losses inside the RC were analyzed, and it was demonstrated that the main sources of the power dissipation were the phantoms and mice cage. The input power required to reach the average incident power density of 1 and 5 mW/cm2 was found to be 0.23 and 1.14 W, respectively. Surface heating of the mice models was measured in the infrared (IR) range using a specifically designed interface, transparent at IR and opaque at millimeter waves (mmW). Experimental results were compared with an analytical solution of the heat transfer equation and to full-wave computations. Analytical and numerical results were in very good agreement with measurements (the relative deviation after 90 min of exposure was within 4.2%). Finally, a parametric study was performed to assess the impact of the thermophysical parameters on the resulting heating. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:121-135. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Khadir Fall
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, IETR-UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Philippe Besnier
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, IETR-UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, IETR-UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- IRSET-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, IETR-UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Orlacchio R, Zhadobov M, Alekseev SI, Nikolayev D, Sauleau R, Le Page Y, Le Dréan Y. Millimeter-Wave Heating in In Vitro Studies: Effect of Convection in Continuous and Pulse-Modulated Regimes. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:553-568. [PMID: 31579965 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shallow penetration of millimeter waves (MMW) and non-uniform illumination in in vitro experiments result in a non-uniform distribution of the specific absorption rate (SAR). These SAR gradients trigger convective currents in liquids affecting transient and steady-state temperature distributions. We analyzed the effect of convection on temperature dynamics during MMW exposure in continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed-wave (PW) amplitude-modulated regimes using micro-thermocouples. Temperature rise kinetics are characterized by the occurrence of a temperature peak that shifts to shorter times as the SAR of the MMW exposure increases and precedes initiation of convection in bulk. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the liquid volume impacts convection. Increasing the volume results in earlier triggering of convection and in a greater cooling rate after the end of the exposure. In PW regimes, convection strongly depends on the pulse duration that affects the heat pulse amplitude and cooling rate. The latter results in a change of the average temperature in PW regime. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:553-568. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Orlacchio
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Stanislav I Alekseev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denys Nikolayev
- Microwaves and Antennas Group (MAG), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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8
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Nikolayev D, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R. Immune-to-Detuning Wireless In-Body Platform for Versatile Biotelemetry Applications. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2019; 13:403-412. [PMID: 30640625 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2892330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In-body biotelemetry devices enable wireless monitoring of a wide range of physiological parameters. These devices rely on antennas to interface with external receivers, yet existing systems suffer from impedance detuning caused by the substantial differences in electromagnetic properties among various tissues. In this paper, we propose an immune-to-detuning in-body biotelemetry platform featuring a novel tissue-independent antenna design. METHODS Our approach uses a novel slot-patch conformal antenna integrated into a flexible polyimide printed circuit board containing the device circuitry and encapsulated within a 17.7 mm [Formula: see text]8.9 mm biocompatible shell. The antenna is synthesized and optimized using a hybrid analytical-numerical approach and, then, characterized numerically and experimentally in terms of impedance stability. RESULTS The proposed platform shows stable impedance, whereas operating in any mammalian tissue as well as in air. The system is optimized for the 434-MHz industrial, scientific, and medical band and can easily be returned for any MedRadio band in the 401-457-MHz spectrum. CONCLUSION Ultrarobust impedance characteristics were achieved. Without any modifications, the proposed biotelemetry platform can be used, for instance, as an ingestible for humans or as an implantable for a wide range of animals: from rodents to cattle.
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Nikolayev D, Joseph W, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Martens L. Optimal Radiation of Body-Implanted Capsules. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:108101. [PMID: 30932680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.108101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous implantable bioelectronics requires efficient radiating structures for data transfer and wireless powering. The radiation of body-implanted capsules is investigated to obtain the explicit radiation optima for E- and B-coupled sources of arbitrary dimensions and properties. The analysis uses the conservation-of-energy formulation within dispersive homogeneous and stratified canonical body models. The results reveal that the fundamental bounds exceed by far the efficiencies currently obtained by conventional designs. Finally, a practical realization of the optimal source based on a dielectric-loaded cylindrical-patch structure is presented. The radiation efficiency of the structure closely approaches the theoretical bounds and shows a fivefold improvement over existing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Nikolayev
- Microwave and Antenna Group (MAG), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes, UMR-6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes, UMR-6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Cisse F, Castel X, Sauleau R, Benzerga R, Deputier S, Bouquet V, Guilloux-Viry M. A Twofold Approach in Loss Reduction of KTa 0.5Nb 0.5O 3 Ferroelectric Layers for Low-Loss Tunable Devices at Microwaves. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2018; 65:665-671. [PMID: 29610096 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2795108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric oxide films are attractive to design and fabricate reconfigurable and miniaturized planar devices operating at microwaves due to the large electric field dependence of their dielectric permittivity. In particular, KTa1-xNbxO3 (KTN) ferroelectric material presents a high tunability under moderate dc bias electric field. However, its intrinsic dielectric loss strongly contributes to the global loss of the related devices and limits their application areas at microwaves. In this paper, a twofold approach is investigated to reduce the device loss. The intrinsic loss of KTN is first reduced by doping the ferroelectric material with a low-loss dielectric material, namely, MgO. Second, the doped ferroelectric films are confined using an original laser microetching process. Both routes have been implemented here to provide a synergic effect on the total insertion loss of the microwave test device, namely, a coplanar waveguide stub resonator. The experimental data demonstrate a decrease of the intrinsic loss by a factor of ~2 and a decrease of the global loss by a factor of ~4 with a frequency tunability close to 10% at ~10 GHz under a moderate biasing (80 kV/cm).
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Le Pogam P, Doué M, Le Page Y, Habauzit D, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Rondeau D. Untargeted Metabolomics Reveal Lipid Alterations upon 2-Deoxyglucose Treatment in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1146-1157. [PMID: 29430917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) impedes cancer progression in animal models and is currently being assessed as an anticancer therapy, yet the mode of action of this drug of high clinical significance has not been fully delineated. In an attempt to better characterize its pharmacodynamics, an integrative UPLC-Q-Exactive-based joint metabolomic and lipidomic approach was undertaken to evaluate the metabolic perturbations induced by this drug in human HaCaT keratinocyte cells. R-XCMS data processing and subsequent multivariate pattern recognition, metabolites identification, and pathway analyses identified eight metabolites that were most significantly changed upon a 3 h 2-DG exposure. Most of these dysregulated features were emphasized in the course of lipidomic profiling and could be identified as ceramide and glucosylceramide derivatives, consistently with their involvement in cell death programming. Even though metabolomic analyses did not generally afford such clear-cut dysregulations, some alterations in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives could be highlighted as well. Overall, these results support the adequacy of the proposed analytical workflow and might contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the promising effects of 2-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pogam
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Mickael Doué
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, University of Rennes 1 , 9 avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - David Rondeau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes , Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.,Département de Chimie, Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest Cedex, France
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Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Dréan YL, Saligaut C. Effect of acute millimeter wave exposure on dopamine metabolism of NGF-treated PC12 cells. J Radiat Res 2017; 58:439-445. [PMID: 28339776 PMCID: PMC5569975 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Several forthcoming wireless telecommunication systems will use electromagnetic frequencies at millimeter waves (MMWs), and technologies developed around the 60-GHz band will soon know a widespread distribution. Free nerve endings within the skin have been suggested to be the targets of MMW therapy which has been used in the former Soviet Union. So far, no studies have assessed the impact of MMW exposure on neuronal metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of a 24-h MMW exposure at 60.4 GHz, with an incident power density (IPD) of 5 mW/cm², on the dopaminergic turnover of NGF-treated PC12 cells. After MMW exposure, both intracellular and extracellular contents of dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were studied using high performance liquid chromatography. Impact of exposure on the dopamine transporter (DAT) expression was also assessed by immunocytochemistry. We analyzed the dopamine turnover by assessing the ratio of DOPAC to DA, and measuring DOPAC accumulation in the medium. Neither dopamine turnover nor DAT protein expression level were impacted by MMW exposure. However, extracellular accumulation of DOPAC was found to be slightly increased, but not significantly. This result was related to the thermal effect, and overall, no evidence of non-thermal effects of MMW exposure were observed on dopamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Haas
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Corresponding author. Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France. Tel: +33-2-23-23-50-95; Fax: +33-2-23-23-67-94;
| | - Christian Saligaut
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
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13
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Zhadobov M, Alekseev SI, Sauleau R, Le Page Y, Le Dréan Y, Fesenko EE. Microscale temperature and SAR measurements in cell monolayer models exposed to millimeter waves. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 38:11-21. [PMID: 27571392 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to shallow penetration of millimeter waves (MMW) and convection in liquid medium surrounding cells, the problem of accurate assessment of local MMW heating in in vitro experiments remains unsolved. Conventional dosimetric MMW techniques, such as infrared imaging or fiber optic (FO) sensors, face several inherent limits. Here we propose a methodology for accurate local temperature measurement and subsequent specific absorption rate (SAR) retrieval using microscale thermocouples (TC). SAR was retrieved by fitting the measured initial temperature rise to the numerical solution of an equivalent thermal model. It was found that the accuracy of temperature measurement depends on thermosensor size, that is, the smaller TC, the more accurate the temperature measurement. SAR determined using TC with lead diameters of 25 and 75 μm demonstrated 98.5% and 80.4% match with computed SAR, respectively. However, both TC provided the same temperature rises in long run (> 10 min). FO probe failed to measure adequately local heating both for short and long exposures due to the relatively large size of the probe sensor (400 μm) and time constant (0.6 s). Calculated SAR in the cell monolayer was almost two times lower than that in the surrounding liquid. It was shown that the impact of the cell monolayer on heating due to its small thickness (5 to 10 μm) can be considered as negligible. Moreover, we demonstrated the possibility of accurate measurement of MMW-induced thermal pulses (up to 10 °C) using 25 μm TC. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:11-21, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Evgeny E Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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Soubere Mahamoud Y, Aite M, Martin C, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. Additive Effects of Millimeter Waves and 2-Deoxyglucose Co-Exposure on the Human Keratinocyte Transcriptome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160810. [PMID: 27529420 PMCID: PMC4986955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millimeter Waves (MMW) will be used in the next-generation of high-speed wireless technologies, especially in future Ultra-Broadband small cells in 5G cellular networks. Therefore, their biocompatibilities must be evaluated prior to their massive deployment. Using a microarray-based approach, we analyzed modifications to the whole genome of a human keratinocyte model that was exposed at 60.4 GHz-MMW at an incident power density (IPD) of 20 mW/cm2 for 3 hours in athermic conditions. No keratinocyte transcriptome modifications were observed. We tested the effects of MMWs on cell metabolism by co-treating MMW-exposed cells with a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2dG, 20 mM for 3 hours), and whole genome expression was evaluated along with the ATP content. We found that the 2dG treatment decreased the cellular ATP content and induced a high modification in the transcriptome (632 coding genes). The affected genes were associated with transcriptional repression, cellular communication and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. The MMW/2dG co-treatment did not alter the keratinocyte ATP content, but it did slightly alter the transcriptome, which reflected the capacity of MMW to interfere with the bioenergetic stress response. The RT-PCR-based validation confirmed 6 MMW-sensitive genes (SOCS3, SPRY2, TRIB1, FAM46A, CSRNP1 and PPP1R15A) during the 2dG treatment. These 6 genes encoded transcription factors or inhibitors of cytokine pathways, which raised questions regarding the potential impact of long-term or chronic MMW exposure on metabolically stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonis Soubere Mahamoud
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,University of Djibouti, Djibouti City, Djibouti
| | - Meziane Aite
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Martin
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Boriskin A, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Impact of 60-GHz millimeter waves on stress and pain-related protein expression in differentiating neuron-like cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:444-54. [PMID: 27483046 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Millimeter waves (MMW) will be increasingly used for future wireless telecommunications. Previous studies on skin keratinocytes showed that MMW could impact the mRNA expression of Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily Vanilloid, member 2 (TRPV2). Here, we investigated the effect of MMW exposure on this marker, as well as on other membrane receptors such as Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily Vanilloid, member 1 (TRPV1) and purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 3 (P2 × 3). We exposed the Neuroscreen-1 cell line (a PC12 subclone), in order to evaluate if acute MMW exposures could impact expression of these membrane receptors at the protein level. Proteotoxic stress-related chaperone protein Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) expression level was also assessed. We used an original high-content screening approach, based on fluorescence microscopy, to allow cell-by-cell analysis and to detect any cell sub-population responding to exposure. Immunocytochemistry was done after 24 h MMW exposure of cells at 60.4 GHz, with an incident power density of 10 mW/cm(2) . Our results showed no impact of MMW exposure on protein expressions of HSP70, TRPV1, TRPV2, and P2 × 3. Moreover, no specific cell sub-populations were found to express one of the studied markers at a different level, compared to the rest of the cell populations. However, a slight insignificant increase in HSP70 expression and an increase in protein expression variability within cell population were observed in exposed cells, but controls showed that this was related to thermal effect. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:444-454, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Haas
- Transcription, Environment Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health-IRSET, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Transcription, Environment Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health-IRSET, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes-IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Artem Boriskin
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes-IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes-IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health-IRSET, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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16
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Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Effects of 60-GHz millimeter waves on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells using high-content screening. Neurosci Lett 2016; 618:58-65. [PMID: 26921450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technologies for wireless telecommunication systems using millimeter waves (MMW) will be widely deployed in the near future. Forthcoming applications in this band, especially around 60GHz, are mainly developed for high data-rate local and body-centric telecommunications. At those frequencies, electromagnetic radiations have a very shallow penetration into biological tissues, making skin keratinocytes, and free nerve endings of the upper dermis the main targets of MMW. Only a few studies assessed the impact of MMW on neuronal cells, and none of them investigated a possible effect on neuronal differentiation. We used a neuron-like cell line (PC12), which undergoes neuronal differentiation when treated with the neuronal growth factor (NGF). PC12 cells were exposed at 60.4GHz for 24h, at an incident power density averaged over the cell monolayer of 10mW/cm(2). Using a large scale cell-by-cell analysis based on high-content screening microscopy approach, we assessed potential effects of MMW on PC12 neurite outgrowth and cytoskeleton protein expression. No differences were found in protein expression of the neuronal marker β3-tubulin nor in internal expression control β-tubulin. On the other hand, our data showed a slight increase, although insignificant, in neurite outgrowth, induced by MMW exposure. However, experimental controls demonstrated that this increase was related to heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Haas
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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Zhadobov M, Alekseev SI, Le Dréan Y, Sauleau R, Fesenko EE. Millimeter waves as a source of selective heating of skin. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:464-75. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR); UMR CNRS 6164; University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Stanislav I. Alekseev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Moscow Region Russia
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET); University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR); UMR CNRS 6164; University of Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - Evgeny E. Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Moscow Region Russia
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Natarov DM, Marciniak M, Sauleau R, Nosich AI. Seeing the order in a mess: optical signature of periodicity in a cloud of plasmonic nanowires. Opt Express 2014; 22:28190-28198. [PMID: 25402059 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.028190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider the two-dimensional (2-D) problem of the H-polarized plane wave scattering by a linear chain of silver nanowires in a cloud of similar pseudo-randomly located wires, in the visible range. Numerical solution uses the field expansions in local coordinates and addition theorems for cylindrical functions and has a guaranteed convergence. The total scattering cross-sections and near- and far-zone field patterns are presented. The observed resonance effects are studied and compared with their counterparts in the scattering by the same linear chain of wires in free space.
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Habauzit D, Le Quément C, Zhadobov M, Martin C, Aubry M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the contribution of thermal and the specific effects in cellular response to millimeter wave exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109435. [PMID: 25302706 PMCID: PMC4193780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency radiations constitute a new form of environmental pollution. Among them, millimeter waves (MMW) will be widely used in the near future for high speed communication systems. This study aimed therefore to evaluate the biocompatibility of MMW at 60 GHz. For this purpose, we used a whole gene expression approach to assess the effect of acute 60 GHz exposure on primary cultures of human keratinocytes. Controls were performed to dissociate the electromagnetic from the thermal effect of MMW. Microarray data were validated by RT-PCR, in order to ensure the reproducibility of the results. MMW exposure at 20 mW/cm2, corresponding to the maximum incident power density authorized for public use (local exposure averaged over 1 cm2), led to an increase of temperature and to a strong modification of keratinocyte gene expression (665 genes differentially expressed). Nevertheless, when temperature is artificially maintained constant, no modification in gene expression was observed after MMW exposure. However, a heat shock control did not mimic exactly the MMW effect, suggesting a slight but specific electromagnetic effect under hyperthermia conditions (34 genes differentially expressed). By RT-PCR, we analyzed the time course of the transcriptomic response and 7 genes have been validated as differentially expressed: ADAMTS6, NOG, IL7R, FADD, JUNB, SNAI2 and HIST1H1A. Our data evidenced a specific electromagnetic effect of MMW, which is associated to the cellular response to hyperthermia. This study raises the question of co-exposures associating radiofrequencies and other environmental sources of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Habauzit
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer group, IRSET - Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Le Quément
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer group, IRSET - Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes - IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Martin
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer group, IRSET - Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Aubry
- Plate-forme Génomique Santé, Biosit, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes - IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer group, IRSET - Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Le Quément C, Nicolaz CN, Habauzit D, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Impact of 60-GHz millimeter waves and corresponding heat effect on endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor gene expression. Bioelectromagnetics 2014; 35:444-51. [PMID: 25099539 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging high data rate wireless communication systems, currently under development, will operate at millimeter waves (MMW) and specifically in the 60 GHz band for broadband short-range communications. The aim of this study was to investigate potential effects of MMW radiation on the cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Human skin cell lines were exposed at 60.4 GHz, with incident power densities (IPD) ranging between 1 and 20 mW/cm(2) . The upper IPD limits correspond to the ICNIRP local exposure limit for the general public. The expression of ER-stress sensors, namely BIP and ORP150, was then examined by real-time RT-PCR. Our experimental data demonstrated that MMW radiations do not change BIP or ORP150 mRNA basal levels, whatever the cell line, the exposure duration or the IPD level. Co-exposure to the well-known ER-stress inducer thapsigargin (TG) and MMW were then assessed. Our results show that MMW exposure at 20 mW/cm(2) inhibits TG-induced BIP and ORP150 over expression. Experimental controls showed that this inhibition is linked to the thermal effect resulting from the MMW exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Le Quément
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health-IRSET, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Zhadobov M, Ferrand G, Luong M, Soubere Y, Le Quément C, Carton PH, Piret Y, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Exposure system and dosimetry for in vitro studies of biocompatibility of pulse-modulated RF signals of ultrahigh field MRI. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:3167-75. [PMID: 23799680 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2270371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A new setup for exposure of human cells in vitro at 37 °C to pulse-modulated 300 and 500 MHz signals of future magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems is designed, built up, and characterized. Two dipole antennas, specifically designed for ultrahigh field MRI, are used as radiating structures. The electromagnetic (EM) field distribution inside the incubator containing the cells is computed, and it is shown to be in a good agreement with measurements. The electric field at the cell level is quantified numerically. Local, 1-g average, and averaged over the culture medium volume SAR are provided along with the standard deviation values for each well. Temperature increments are measured inside the culture medium during the exposure using an optical fiber thermometer. Then, we identify the pulse parameters corresponding to the thermal threshold of 1 °C, usually considered as a threshold for thermally induced biological effects. For these parameters, the induction of heat shock proteins is assessed to biologically verify a potential thermal response of cells. The data demonstrate that, under the considered experimental conditions, exposure to pulse-modulated radiations emulating typical ultrahigh field MRI signals, corresponding to temperature increments below 1 °C, does not trigger any heat shock response in human brain cells.
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Le Febvrier A, Galca AC, Corredores Y, Députier S, Bouquet V, Demange V, Castel X, Sauleau R, Lefort R, Zhang LY, Tanné G, Pintilie L, Guilloux-Viry M. Structural, optical, and dielectric properties of Bi(1.5-x)Zn(0.92-y)Nb(1.5)O(6.92-δ) thin films grown by PLD on R-plane sapphire and LaAlO3 substrates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012; 4:5227-5233. [PMID: 22994246 DOI: 10.1021/am301152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bi(1.5-x)Zn(0.92-y)Nb(1.5)O(6.92-δ) thin films have the potential to be implemented in microwave devices. This work aims to establish the effect of the substrate and of the grain size on the optical and dielectric properties. Bi(1.5-x)Zn(0.92-y)Nb(1.5)O(6.92-δ) thin films were grown at 700 °C via pulsed-laser deposition on R-plane sapphire and (100)(pc) LaAlO(3) substrates at various oxygen pressures (30, 50, and 70 Pa). The structure, morphology, dielectric and optical properties were investigated. Despite bismuth and zinc deficiencies, with respect to the Bi(1.5)Zn(0.92)Nb(1.5)O(6.92) stoichiometry, the films show the expected cubic pyrochlore structure with a (100) epitaxial-like growth. Different morphologies and related optical and dielectric properties were achieved, depending on the substrate and the oxygen pressure. In contrast to thin films grown on (100)(pc) LaAlO(3), the films deposited on R-plane sapphire are characterized by a graded refractive index along the layer thickness. The refractive index (n) at 630 nm and the relative permittivity (ε(r)) measured at 10 GHz increase with the grain size: on sapphire, n varies from 2.29 to 2.39 and ε(r) varies from 85 to 135, when the grain size increases from 37 nm to 77 nm. On the basis of this trend, visible ellipsometry can be used to probe the characteristics in the microwave range quickly, nondestructively, and at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Le Febvrier
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, 263 av. Gal Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
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Natarov DM, Byelobrov VO, Sauleau R, Benson TM, Nosich AI. Periodicity-induced effects in the scattering and absorption of light by infinite and finite gratings of circular silver nanowires. Opt Express 2011; 19:22176-22190. [PMID: 22109060 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.022176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study numerically the effect of periodicity on the plasmon-assisted scattering and absorption of visible light by infinite and finite gratings of circular silver nanowires. The infinite grating is a convenient object of analysis because of the possibility to reduce the scattering problem to one period. We use the well-established method of partial separation of variables however make an important improvement by casting the resulting matrix equation to the Fredholm second-kind type, which guarantees convergence. If the silver wires have sub-wavelength radii, then two types of resonances co-exist and may lead to enhanced reflection and absorption: the plasmon-type and the grating-type. Each type is caused by different complex poles of the field function. The low-Q plasmon poles cluster near the wavelength where dielectric function equals -1. The grating-type poles make multiplets located in close proximity of Rayleigh wavelengths, tending to them if the wires get thinner. They have high Q-factors and, if excited, display intensive near-field patterns. A similar interplay between the two types of resonances takes place for finite gratings of silver wires, the sharpness of the grating-type peak getting greater for longer gratings. By tuning carefully the grating period, one can bring together two resonances and enhance the resonant scattering of light per wire by several times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys M Natarov
- Laboratory of Micro and Nano-Optics, Institute of Radio-Physics and Electronics NASU, Kharkiv 61085, Ukraine.
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Zhadobov M, Augustine R, Sauleau R, Alekseev S, Di Paola A, Le Quément C, Mahamoud YS, Le Dréan Y. Complex permittivity of representative biological solutions in the 2-67 GHz range. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 33:346-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Le Quément C, Nicolas Nicolaz C, Zhadobov M, Desmots F, Sauleau R, Aubry M, Michel D, Le Dréan Y. Whole-genome expression analysis in primary human keratinocyte cell cultures exposed to 60 GHz radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 33:147-58. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Augustine R, Le Quément C, Le Dréan Y, Thouroude D. Near-field dosimetry for in vitro exposure of human cells at 60 GHz. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 33:55-64. [PMID: 21713963 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to the expected mass deployment of millimeter-wave wireless technologies, thresholds of potential millimeter-wave-induced biological and health effects should be carefully assessed. The main purpose of this study is to propose, optimize, and characterize a near-field exposure configuration allowing illumination of cells in vitro at 60 GHz with power densities up to several tens of mW/cm(2) . Positioning of a tissue culture plate containing cells has been optimized in the near-field of a standard horn antenna operating at 60 GHz. The optimal position corresponds to the maximal mean-to-peak specific absorption rate (SAR) ratio over the cell monolayer, allowing the achievement of power densities up to 50 mW/cm(2) at least. Three complementary parameters have been determined and analyzed for the exposed cells, namely the power density, SAR, and temperature dynamics. The incident power density and SAR have been computed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The temperature dynamics at different locations inside the culture medium are measured and analyzed for various power densities. Local SAR, determined based on the initial rate of temperature rise, is in a good agreement with the computed SAR (maximal difference of 5%). For the optimized exposure setup configuration, 73% of cells are located within the ±3 dB region with respect to the average SAR. It is shown that under the considered exposure conditions, the maximal power density, local SAR, and temperature increments equal 57 mW/cm(2) , 1.4 kW/kg, and 6 °C, respectively, for the radiated power of 425 mW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes, France.
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27
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Boriskin AV, Sauleau R. Drastic influence of the half-bowtie resonances on the focusing and collimating capabilities of 2-D extended hemielliptical and hemispherical dielectric lenses. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2010; 27:2442-2449. [PMID: 21045909 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.27.002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between the optical focusing and wavelength-scale resonant features of extended hemielliptical (EHE) and extended hemispherical (EHS) lenses is studied in the two-dimensional (2-D) formulation using highly accurate in-house software based on the Muller boundary integral equations. The influence of the half-bowtie (HBT) resonances on the focusing and collimating capabilities of medium-size EHE and EHS lenses made of silicon is characterized as a function of lens parameters and excitation conditions. As a result, factors determining the parasitic impacts of the HBT resonances on the performance of integrated lens antennas are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Boriskin
- Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics NASU, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
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28
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Byelobrov VO, Ctyroky J, Benson TM, Sauleau R, Altintas A, Nosich AI. Low-threshold lasing eigenmodes of an infinite periodic chain of quantum wires. Opt Lett 2010; 35:3634-3636. [PMID: 21042374 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We study the lasing eigenvalue problems for a periodic open optical resonator made of an infinite grating of circular dielectric cylinders standing in free space, in the E- and H-polarization modes. If possessing a "negative-absorption" refractive index, such cylinders model a chain of quantum wires made of the gain material under pumping. The initial-guess values for the lasing frequencies are provided by the plane-wave scattering problems. We demonstrate a new effect: the existence of specific grating eigenmodes that have a low threshold of lasing even if the wires are optically very thin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr O Byelobrov
- Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv 61085, Ukraine.
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29
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Nicolaz CN, Zhadobov M, Desmots F, Ansart A, Sauleau R, Thouroude D, Michel D, Le Drean Y. Study of narrow band millimeter-wave potential interactions with endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor genes. Bioelectromagnetics 2010; 30:365-73. [PMID: 19274636 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to study potential biological effects of low-power millimeter waves (MMWs) on endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle sensitive to a wide variety of environmental insults and involved in a number of pathologies. We considered exposure frequencies around 60 GHz in the context of their near-future applications in wireless communication systems. Radiations within this frequency range are strongly absorbed by oxygen molecules, and biological species have never been exposed to such radiations in natural environmental conditions. A set of five discrete frequencies has been selected; three of them coincide with oxygen spectral lines (59.16, 60.43, and 61.15 GHz) and two frequencies correspond to the spectral line overlap regions (59.87 and 60.83 GHz). Moreover, we used a microwave spectroscopy approach to select eight frequencies corresponding to the spectral lines of various molecular groups within 59-61 GHz frequency range. The human glial cell line, U-251 MG, was exposed or sham-exposed for 24 h with a peak incident power density of 0.14 mW/cm(2). The average specific absorption rate (SAR) within the cell monolayer ranges from 2.64 +/- 0.08 to 3.3 +/- 0.1 W/kg depending on the location of the exposed well. We analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) the level of expression of two endogenous ER-stress biomarkers, namely, the chaperones BiP/GRP78 and ORP150/GRP170. It was found that exposure to low-power MMW does not significantly modify the mRNA levels of these stress-sensitive genes suggesting that ER homeostasis is not altered by low-power MMW at the considered frequencies.
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30
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Jamaluddin MH, Sauleau R, Castel X, Benzerga R, Le Coq L, Gillard R, Koleck T. DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA REFLECTARRAY IN KA-BAND. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2528/pierb10071306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Smotrova EI, Benson TM, Sewell P, Ctyroky J, Sauleau R, Nosich AI. Optical fields of the lowest modes in a uniformly active thin subwavelength spiral microcavity. Opt Lett 2009; 34:3773-3775. [PMID: 20016609 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A numerical study is presented of several lowest in frequency modes in a spiral microlaser. The modes in an arbitrarily shaped active cavity are considered as solutions to the two-dimensional eigenproblem for the Muller boundary-integral equations. After discretization using the Nyström-type algorithm, the eigenvalues are found in terms of frequency and material-gain threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Smotrova
- Institute of Radio-Physics and Electronics NASU, Kharkov 61085, Ukraine.
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32
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Boriskin AV, Sauleau R, Nosich AI. Exact off-resonance near fields of small-size extended hemielliptic 2-D lenses illuminated by plane waves. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2009; 26:259-264. [PMID: 19183675 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.26.000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The near fields of small-size extended hemielliptic lenses made of rexolite and isotropic quartz and illuminated by E- and H-polarized plane waves are studied. Variations in the focal domain size, shape, and location are reported versus the angle of incidence of the incoming wave. The problem is solved numerically in a two-dimensional formulation. The accuracy of results is guaranteed by using a highly efficient numerical algorithm based on the combination of the Muller boundary integral equations, the method of analytical regularization, and the trigonometric Galerkin discretization scheme. The analysis fully accounts for the finite size of the lens as well as its curvature and thus can be considered as a reference solution for other electromagnetic solvers. Moreover, the trusted description of the focusing ability of a finite-size hemielliptic lens can be useful in the design of antenna receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Boriskin
- 1Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv 61085, Ukraine.
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Ali MT, Kamarudin MRB, Rahman TBA, Sauleau R, Md Tan MN. DESIGN OF RECONFIGURABLE MULTIPLE ELEMENTS MICROSTRIP RECTANGULAR LINEAR ARRAY ANTENNA. PIER C 2009; 6:21-35. [DOI: 10.2528/pierc08122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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34
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Nicolas Nicolaz C, Zhadobov M, Desmots F, Sauleau R, Thouroude D, Michel D, Le Drean Y. Absence of direct effect of low-power millimeter-wave radiation at 60.4 GHz on endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:471-8. [PMID: 18685816 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Millimeter waves (MMW) at frequencies around 60 GHz will be used in the very near future in the emerging local wireless communication systems and the potential health hazards of artificially induced environmental exposures represent a major public concern. The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of low-power MMW radiations on cellular physiology. To this end, the human glial cell line, U-251 MG, was exposed to 60.4 GHz radiation at a power density of 0.14 mW/cm(2) and potential effect of MMW radiations on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was investigated. ER is very sensitive to environmental insults and its homeostasis is altered in various pathologies. Through several assay systems, we found that exposure to 60.4 GHz does not modify ER protein folding and secretion, nor induces XBP1 or ATF6 transcription factors maturation. Moreover, expression of ER-stress sensor, BiP/GRP78 was examined by real-time PCR, in exposed or non-exposed cells to MMW radiations. Our data demonstrated the absence of significant changes in mRNA levels for BiP/GRP78. Our results showed that ER homeostasis does not undergo any modification at molecular level after exposure to low-power MMW radiation at 60.4 GHz. This report is the first study of ER-stress induction by MMW radiations.
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Boriskin AV, Boriskina SV, Rolland A, Sauleau R, Nosich AI. Test of the FDTD accuracy in the analysis of the scattering resonances associated with high-Q whispering-gallery modes of a circular cylinder. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2008; 25:1169-1173. [PMID: 18451925 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.25.001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Our objective is the assessment of the accuracy of a conventional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code in the computation of the near- and far-field scattering characteristics of a circular dielectric cylinder. We excite the cylinder with an electric or magnetic line current and demonstrate the failure of the two-dimensional FDTD algorithm to accurately characterize the emission rate and the field patterns near high-Q whispering-gallery-mode resonances. This is proven by comparison with the exact series solutions. The computational errors in the emission rate are then studied at the resonances still detectable with FDTD, i.e., having Q-factors up to 10(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Boriskin
- Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics NASU, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
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Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Coq L, Debure L, Thouroude D, Michel D, Le Dréan Y. Low-power millimeter wave radiations do not alter stress-sensitive gene expression of chaperone proteins. Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28:188-96. [PMID: 17080454 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article reports experimental results on the influence of low-power millimeter wave (MMW) radiation at 60 GHz on a set of stress-sensitive gene expression of molecular chaperones, namely clusterin (CLU) and HSP70, in a human brain cell line. Selection of the exposure frequency is determined by its near-future applications for the new broadband civil wireless communication systems including wireless local area networks (WLAN) for domestic and professional uses. Frequencies around 60 GHz are strongly attenuated in the earth's atmosphere and such radiations represent a new environmental factor. An exposure system operating in V-band (50-75 GHz) was developed for cell exposure. U-251 MG glial cell line was sham-exposed or exposed to MMW radiation for different durations (1-33 h) and two different power densities (5.4 microW/cm(2) or 0.54 mW/cm(2)). As gene expression is a multiple-step process, we analyzed chaperone proteins induction at different levels. First, using luciferase reporter gene, we investigated potential effect of MMWs on the activation of transcription factors (TFs) and gene promoter activity. Next, using RT-PCR and Western blot assays, we verified whether MMW exposure could alter RNA accumulation, translation, or protein stability. Experimental data demonstrated the absence of significant modifications in gene transcription, mRNA, and protein amount for the considered stress-sensitive genes for the exposure durations and power densities investigated. The main results of this study suggest that low-power 60 GHz radiation does not modify stress-sensitive gene expression of chaperone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, bâtiment 11D, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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