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Martin C, Evrard B, Percevault F, Ryder K, Darde T, Lardenois A, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Chalmel F, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. Transcriptional landscape of human keratinocyte models exposed to 60-GHz millimeter-waves. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105808. [PMID: 38484921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The use of millimeter waves (MMW) will exponentially grow in the coming years due to their future utilization in 5G/6G networks. The question of possible biological effects at these frequencies has been raised. In this present study, we aimed to investigate gene expression changes under exposure to MMW using the Bulk RNA Barcoding and sequencing (BRB-seq) technology. To address this issue, three exposure scenarios were performed aiming at: i) comparing the cellular response of two primary culture of keratinocytes (HEK and NHEK) and one keratinocyte derivate cell line (HaCaT) exposed to MMW; ii) exploring the incident power density dose-effect on gene expression in HaCaT cell line; and, iii) studying the exposure duration at the new ICNIRP exposure limit for the general population. With the exception of heat effect induced by high power MMW (over 10 mW/cm2), those exposure scenarios have not enabled us to demonstrate important gene expression changes in the different cell populations studied. Very few differentially genes were observed between MMW exposed samples and heat shock control, and most of them were significantly associated with heat shock response that may reflect small differences in the heat generation. Together these results show that acute exposure to MMW has no effects on the transcriptional landscape of human keratinocyte models under athermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Martin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Percevault
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Kate Ryder
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Darde
- SciLicium, 10 rue de la Sauvaie, 35200 Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique), UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique), UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France.
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Chipon E, Bosson JL, Minier L, Dumolard A, Vilotitch A, Crouzier D, Maindet C. A drug free solution for improving the quality of life of fibromyalgia patients (Fibrepik): study protocol of a multicenter, randomized, controlled effectiveness trial. Trials 2022; 23:740. [PMID: 36064731 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibromyalgia is a form of chronic widespread pain that is defined as a syndrome of chronic symptoms of moderate to severe intensity, including diffuse pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, cognitive impairment, and numerous somatic complaints. To date, there is no specific drug treatment for fibromyalgia but only symptomatic treatments. A drug free solution based on a wristband that emits millimeter waves associated with a therapeutic coaching program was developed. The application of millimeter waves on an innervated area has been described to have a neuromodulating effect, due to endorphin release stimulation and parasympathetic activation. Coaching is carried out to improve the patient’s adherence and to increase compliance and effectiveness of the treatment. Regular use of this solution by fibromyalgia patients is expected to improve sleep quality, reduce anxiety and pain levels, and, at the end, increase the quality of life. Methods This trial is performed over 8 French inclusion centers for a total of 170 patients. The effectiveness of the solution is evaluated according to the primary objective, the improvement of the quality of life measured through the dedicated Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire after 3 months. Patients are randomized in two groups, Immediate or Delayed. The Immediate group has access to the solution just after randomization in addition to standard care, while Delayed has access to the standard of care and waits for 3 months to have the solution. The purpose of this methodology is to limit deception bias and facilitate inclusion. The solution consists in using the device for three sessions of 30 min per day and four coaching sessions spread over the first 2 months of wristband usage. Discussion The objective is to confirm the effect of the integrative approach based on endorphin stimulation and a therapeutic coaching program in nociplastic pain and specifically for the patient suffering from fibromyalgia. If the effectiveness of the solution is demonstrated, we will be able to respond to the demand of fibromyalgia patients for access to an effective non-medicinal treatment to improve their quality of life. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05058092 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06693-z.
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Vanderstraeten J, Verschaeve L. Biological effects of radiofrequency fields: Testing a paradigm shift in dosimetry. Environ Res 2020; 184:109387. [PMID: 32182484 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological effects have been reproducibly reported in rodents exposed to radiofrequency fields (RF) without significant change of the body temperature. These observations relaunch the controversial question of non-thermal effects of RF. If true, such effects would imply to consider RF energy absorption/interaction in tissues, not as volume-averaged, but locally down to the microscale, which is of potential consequence in particular at frequencies beyond 3 GHz. We propose study protocols to explore that question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Vanderstraeten
- Environmental and Work Health Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Luc Verschaeve
- Service Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Pisano G, Austermann J, Beall J, Halverson N, Hubmayr J, Jaehnig G, McKenney CM, Raymond B, Suzuki A. Development of Flat Silicon-Based Mesh Lens Arrays for Millimeter and Sub-millimeter Wave Astronomy. J Low Temp Phys 2020; 199:923-934. [PMID: 32624619 PMCID: PMC7319422 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-019-02327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The high sensitivity requirements set by future cosmic microwave background instruments are pushing the current technologies to produce highly performant focal plane arrays with thousands of detectors. The coupling of the detectors to the telescope optics is a challenging task. Current implemented solutions include phased-array antenna-coupled detectors, platelet horn arrays, and lenslet-coupled planar antennas. There are also recent developments of flat graded-index lenses based on etched silicon. However, there are strong requirements in terms of electromagnetic performance, such as coupling efficiency and bandwidth, as well as requirements in terms of easy manufacturing and scalability, and it is very challenging to meet all these requirements with one of the above solutions. Here, we present a novel approach for producing flat metal-mesh lenslet arrays based on devices previously realized using the mesh-filter technology. We have now adapted the polypropylene-based mesh lens design to silicon substrates, thus providing a good mechanical match to the silicon-based detector arrays. The measured performance of prototype pixels operating at millimeter wavelengths is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Pisano
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - James Beall
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO USA
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Albini M, Salvi M, Altamura E, Dinarelli S, Di Donato L, Lucibello A, Mavelli F, Molinari F, Morbiducci U, Ramundo-Orlando A. Movement of giant lipid vesicles induced by millimeter wave radiation change when they contain magnetic nanoparticles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:131-143. [PMID: 30203364 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are used in a rapidly expanding number of research and practical applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. Recent developments in iron oxide nanoparticle design and understanding of nanoparticle membrane interactions have led to applications in magnetically triggered, liposome delivery vehicles with controlled structure. Here we study the effect of external physical stimuli-such as millimeter wave radiation-on the induced movement of giant lipid vesicles in suspension containing or not containing iron oxide maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (MNPs). To increase our understanding of this phenomenon, we used a new microscope image-based analysis to reveal millimeter wave (MMW)-induced effects on the movement of the vesicles. We found that in the lipid vesicles not containing MNPs, an exposure to MMW induced collective reorientation of vesicle motion occurring at the onset of MMW switch "on." Instead, no marked changes in the movements of lipid vesicles containing MNPs were observed at the onset of first MMW switch on, but, importantly, by examining the course followed; once the vesicles are already irradiated, a directional motion of vesicles was induced. The latter vesicles were characterized by a planar motion, absence of gravitational effects, and having trajectories spanning a range of deflection angles narrower than vesicles not containing MNPs. An explanation for this observed delayed response could be attributed to the possible interaction of MNPs with components of lipid membrane that, influencing, e.g., phospholipids density and membrane stiffening, ultimately leads to change vesicle movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Albini
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Salvi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Loreto Di Donato
- Department of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucibello
- Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Mavelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo Molinari
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Summers PE, Vingiani A, Di Pietro S, Martellosio A, Espin-Lopez PF, Di Meo S, Pasian M, Ghitti M, Mangiacotti M, Sacchi R, Veronesi P, Bozzi M, Mazzanti A, Perregrini L, Svelto F, Preda L, Bellomi M, Renne G. Towards mm-wave spectroscopy for dielectric characterization of breast surgical margins. Breast 2019; 45:64-69. [PMID: 30884340 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The evaluation of the surgical margin in breast conservative surgery is a matter of general interest as such treatments are subject to the critical issue of margin status as positive surgical margins can undermine the effectiveness of the procedure. The relatively unexplored ability of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectroscopy to provide insight into the dielectric properties of breast tissues was investigated as a precursor to their possible use in assessment of surgical margins. METHODS We assessed the ability of a mm-wave system with a roughly hemispherical sensitive volume of ∼3 mm radius to distinguish malignant breast lesions in prospectively and consecutively collected tumoral and non-tumoral ex-vivo breast tissue samples from 91 patients. We characterized the dielectric properties of 346 sites in these samples, encompassing malignant, fibrocystic disease and normal breast tissues. An expert pathologist subsequently evaluated all measurement sites. RESULTS At multivariate analysis, mm-wave dielectric properties were significantly correlated to histologic diagnosis and fat content. Further, using 5-fold cross-validation in a Bayesian logistic mixed model that considered the patient as a random effect, the mm-wave dielectric properties of neoplastic tissues were significantly different from normal breast tissues, but not from fibrocystic tissue. CONCLUSION Reliable discrimination of malignant from normal, fat-rich breast tissue to a depth compatible with surgical margin assessment requirements was achieved with mm-wave spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Summers
- Division of Radiology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Martellosio
- Division of Radiology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pedro F Espin-Lopez
- Division of Radiology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Di Meo
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Pasian
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Ghitti
- Applied Statistics Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Mangiacotti
- Applied Statistics Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacchi
- Applied Statistics Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Veronesi
- Division of Senology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bozzi
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Perregrini
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Svelto
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Preda
- Division of Radiology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Bellomi
- Division of Radiology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Renne
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Yoon D, Soundararajan M, Cuanillon P, Braunmueller F, Alberti S, Ansermet JP. Dynamic nuclear polarization by frequency modulation of a tunable gyrotron of 260GHz. J Magn Reson 2016; 262:62-67. [PMID: 26759116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An increase in Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) signal intensity is obtained with a tunable gyrotron producing frequency modulation around 260GHz at power levels less than 1W. The sweep rate of frequency modulation can reach 14kHz, and its amplitude is fixed at 50MHz. In water/glycerol glassy ice doped with 40mM TEMPOL, the relative increase in the DNP enhancement was obtained as a function of frequency-sweep rate for several temperatures. A 68 % increase was obtained at 15K, thus giving a DNP enhancement of about 80. By employing λ/4 and λ/8 polarizer mirrors, we transformed the polarization of the microwave beam from linear to circular, and achieved an increase in the enhancement by a factor of about 66% for a given power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoung Yoon
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland.
| | - Murari Soundararajan
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Cuanillon
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland
| | - Falk Braunmueller
- Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Station 13, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Alberti
- Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Station 13, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Ansermet
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland
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Albini M, Dinarelli S, Pennella F, Romeo S, Zampetti E, Girasole M, Morbiducci U, Massa R, Ramundo-Orlando A. Induced movements of giant vesicles by millimeter wave radiation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1838:1710-8. [PMID: 24704354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study of interaction between low intensity radiation at 53.37GHz and cell-size system - such as giant vesicles - indicated that a vectorial movement of vesicles was induced. This effect among others, i.e. elongation, induced diffusion of fluorescent dye di-8-ANEPPS, and increased attractions between vesicles was attributed to the action of the field on charged and dipolar residues located at the membrane-water interface. In an attempt to improve the understanding on how millimeter wave radiation (MMW) can induce this movement we report here a real time evaluation of changes induced on the movement of giant vesicles. Direct optical observations of vesicles subjected to irradiation enabled the monitoring in real time of the response of vesicles. Changes of the direction of vesicle movement are demonstrated, which occur only during irradiation with a "switch on" of the effect. This MMW-induced effect was observed at a larger extent on giant vesicles prepared with negatively charged phospholipids. The monitoring of induced-by-irradiation temperature variation and numerical dosimetry indicate that the observed effects in vesicle movement cannot be attributed to local heating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Pennella
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Umberto Morbiducci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Rita Massa
- Department of Physics, University Federico II, 89126 Naples, Italy
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Letourneau D, Wang K, Norrlinger B, Nurul A, Homer P, Lee P, Jaffray D. SU-E-T-94: Multileaf Collimator Performance and Validation of Quality Control Tolerances. Med Phys 2012; 39:3724. [PMID: 28517165 DOI: 10.1118/1.4735151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The automated quality assurance system (AQUA) is a centralized quality control (QC) software designed to automate QC tests. Statistical analysis of AQUA results was performed to assess the geometric accuracy and long-term reproducibility of a commercially available multileaf collimator (MLC) and examine the applicability of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) tolerances for MLC QC. METHODS The MLC was first calibrated with AQUA by minimizing leaf-positioning errors on megavoltage images for 5 different leaf-bank positions (-60 to 100 mm from radiation isocenter). Leaf-positioning accuracy and reproducibility was assessed by repeating the AQUA test 5 times/week. The range of leaf-positioning error over leaf-bank positions and time was reported. Measured leaf-positioning errors were then separated into systematic and random error components. The systematic error corresponds to the variation (standard deviation) in mean positioning errors between leaves over leaf-bank positions and time. The random error quantifies the leaf position variations around its mean and is calculated as the root-mean-square of the individual leaf position standard deviations. RESULTS To date, 2 different MLCs have been calibrated using AQUA and 9-18 datasets have been acquired to assess performance. For the unit with the longest follow up, the range of leaf-positioning errors was -0.62 to 0.85 mm and 98% of the measured leaf positions (n=7200) were within ±0.5 mm of the nominal position. The systematic error was the main error component (±0.15 to ±0.2 mm) and was attributed to the residual errors after calibration. The random error was ±0.07 mm for both units and demonstrated good leaf-positioning reproducibility and limited uncertainty of the AQUA measurements. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results show that after MLC calibration with AQUA, leaf-positioning errors on two different units are well within the AAPM-recommended ±1 mm tolerances. Additional MLC performance improvement is possible if residual errors after calibration can be reduced further as the MLC demonstrated high reproducibility. Funded in part by Elekta Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Wang
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | | | - A Nurul
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - P Homer
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - P Lee
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - D Jaffray
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON
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Abstract
This paper first discusses the technique of making Stark measurements at millimeter wavelengths. The details of correcting for residual overlap between the lines, the effects of modulation, and of the field inhomogeneity are discussed. Finally the measured frequencies and the empirical Stark coefficients for one H2O, and one D2O, and five HDO lines between 85 and 250 GHz are given. The final analysis of the data to give values of the dipole moment will be given in another paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yardley Beers
- Institute for Basic Standards, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80302
| | - Gerald P Klein
- Institute for Basic Standards, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80302
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