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Dahlitz I, Dorresteijn A, Holz A. Remodeling of the Platynereis Musculature during Sexual Maturation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020254. [PMID: 36829531 PMCID: PMC9953025 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The external transformations associated with sexual maturation in Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne Edwards) are well studied, whereas the internal changes along the body axis have not been systematically analyzed. Therefore, we examined muscle morphology in body regions located anterior or posterior to the prospective atokous/epitokous border to generate a structural basis for internal transformations. RESULTS All dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles were significantly reduced in size and density after sexual maturation and strongly atrophied, with the greatest decrease in the anterior segments of females. Despite the general reduction in size throughout the longitudinal muscles, we found a specific degradation mechanism for the posterior segments, which were characterized by the formation of secondary bundle-like fibrous structures. In addition, we observed a profound remodeling of the transversal muscles in the posterior segments of both sexes, apparently resulting in excessive thickening of these muscles. Accordingly, the entire transversal muscle complex was severely swollen and ultrastructurally characterized by a greatly increased number of mitochondria. As a possible trigger for this remodeling, we discovered an enormous number of small, blind-ending blood vessels that completely penetrated the longitudinal and transversal muscles in posterior segments. In addition, both the number of visceral muscles as well as their coelothelial covering were reduced during sexual maturation. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that a possible reason for the secondary bundling of the longitudinal fibers, as well as the difference in size of the posterior transversal muscles, could be the high degree of posterior vascularization. The different degree of muscle remodeling thus depends on segmental affiliation and reflects the tasks in the motility of the different body regions after maturation. The strongest atrophy was found in the anterior segments, while signs of redifferentiation were encountered in posterior segments, supported by the vigorous growth of vessels supplying the transformed epitokous parapodia and associated muscles, which allows rapid swimming during swarming and gamete release.
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2
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Della Gaspera B, Weill L, Chanoine C. Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790847. [PMID: 35111756 PMCID: PMC8802780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transitory metameric structures at the basis of the axial organization of vertebrate musculoskeletal system. During evolution, somites appear in the chordate phylum and compartmentalize mainly into the dermomyotome, the myotome, and the sclerotome in vertebrates. In this review, we summarized the existing literature about somite compartmentalization in Xenopus and compared it with other anamniote and amniote vertebrates. We also present and discuss a model that describes the evolutionary history of somite compartmentalization from ancestral chordates to amniote vertebrates. We propose that the ancestral organization of chordate somite, subdivided into a lateral compartment of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) and a medial primitive myotome, evolves through two major transitions. From ancestral chordates to vertebrates, the cell potency of MSCs may have evolved and gave rise to all new vertebrate compartments, i.e., the dermomyome, its hypaxial region, and the sclerotome. From anamniote to amniote vertebrates, the lateral MSC territory may expand to the whole somite at the expense of primitive myotome and may probably facilitate sclerotome formation. We propose that successive modifications of the cell potency of some type of embryonic progenitors could be one of major processes of the vertebrate evolution.
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3
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Sorrell EL, Lubkin SR. Bubble packing, eccentricity, and notochord development. Cells Dev 2021; 169:203753. [PMID: 34728430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper develops a theoretical basis for the observed relationship between cell arrangements in notochords and analog physical models, and the eccentricity of their cross sections. Three models are developed and analyzed, of the mechanics of cell packing in sheaths. The key ratios governing the packing patterns and eccentricity are cells per unit length λ, tension ratio Γ, and eccentricity e. For flexible and semi-flexible sheaths, the optimal packing pattern shifts from "bamboo", with a symmetric cross section, to "staircase", with an eccentric cross section, at a critical value λ = 1.13. In rigid tubes, this threshold is lowered as imposed eccentricity is increased. Patterns can be observed which are not optimal; pattern transitions may occur below or above the critical λ values. The eccentricity of staircase patterns in flexible and semi-flexible tubes is found to be dependent on the tension ratio Γ, increasing as sheath tension decreases relative to interior cell tension. A novel "serpentine" packing pattern appears for low Γ near the critical λ. The developmental utility of enforcing notochord eccentricity is discussed, as well as potential mechanisms for such control.
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4
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Amorim JP, Gali-Macedo A, Marcelino H, Bordeira-Carriço R, Naranjo S, Rivero-Gil S, Teixeira J, Galhardo M, Marques J, Bessa J. A Conserved Notochord Enhancer Controls Pancreas Development in Vertebrates. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107862. [PMID: 32640228 PMCID: PMC7355232 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The notochord is an evolutionary novelty in vertebrates that functions as an important signaling center during development. Notochord ablation in chicken has demonstrated that it is crucial for pancreas development; however, the molecular mechanism has not been fully described. Here, we show that in zebrafish, the loss of function of nog2, a Bmp antagonist expressed in the notochord, impairs β cell differentiation, compatible with the antagonistic role of Bmp in β cell differentiation. In addition, we show that nog2 expression in the notochord is induced by at least one notochord enhancer and its loss of function reduces the number of pancreatic progenitors and impairs β cell differentiation. Tracing Nog2 diffusion, we show that Nog2 emanates from the notochord to the pancreas progenitor domain. Finally, we find a notochord enhancer in human and mice Nog genomic landscapes, suggesting that the acquisition of a Nog notochord enhancer occurred early in the vertebrate phylogeny and contributes to the development of complex organs like the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Amorim
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC (Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gali-Macedo
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC (Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Marcelino
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC (Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Bordeira-Carriço
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC (Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Silvia Naranjo
- CABD (Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Solangel Rivero-Gil
- CABD (Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Joana Teixeira
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC (Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Galhardo
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIBIO (Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos), Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Joana Marques
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC (Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Bessa
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC (Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Stundl J, Bertucci PY, Lauri A, Arendt D, Bronner ME. Evolution of new cell types at the lateral neural border. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 141:173-205. [PMID: 33602488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, animals have become increasingly complex by the addition of novel cell types and regulatory mechanisms. A prime example is represented by the lateral neural border, known as the neural plate border in vertebrates, a region of the developing ectoderm where presumptive neural and non-neural tissue meet. This region has been intensively studied as the source of two important embryonic cell types unique to vertebrates-the neural crest and the ectodermal placodes-which contribute to diverse differentiated cell types including the peripheral nervous system, pigment cells, bone, and cartilage. How did these multipotent progenitors originate in animal evolution? What triggered the elaboration of the border during the course of chordate evolution? How is the lateral neural border patterned in various bilaterians and what is its fate? Here, we review and compare the development and fate of the lateral neural border in vertebrates and invertebrates and we speculate about its evolutionary origin. Taken together, the data suggest that the lateral neural border existed in bilaterian ancestors prior to the origin of vertebrates and became a developmental source of exquisite evolutionary change that frequently enabled the acquisition of new cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stundl
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
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6
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Peng H, Qiao R, Dong B. Polarity Establishment and Maintenance in Ascidian Notochord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597446. [PMID: 33195278 PMCID: PMC7661463 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell and tissue polarity due to the extracellular signaling and intracellular gene cascades, in turn, signals the directed cell behaviors and asymmetric tissue architectures that play a crucial role in organogenesis and embryogenesis. The notochord is a characteristic midline organ in chordate embryos that supports the body structure and produces positioning signaling. This review summarizes cellular and tissue-level polarities during notochord development in ascidians. At the early stage, planar cell polarity (PCP) is initialized, which drives cell convergence extension and migration to form a rod-like structure. Subsequently, the notochord undergoes a mesenchymal-epithelial transition, becoming an unusual epithelium in which cells have two opposing apical domains facing the extracellular lumen deposited between adjacent notochord cells controlled by apical-basal (AB) polarity. Cytoskeleton distribution is one of the main downstream events of cell polarity. Some cytoskeleton polarity patterns are a consequence of PCP: however, an additional polarized cytoskeleton, together with Rho signaling, might serve as a guide for correct AB polarity initiation in the notochord. In addition, the notochord's mechanical properties are associated with polarity establishment and transformation, which bridge signaling regulation and tissue mechanical properties that enable the coordinated organogenesis during embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Peng
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Runyu Qiao
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Sars-Fang Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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7
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Ren Q, Zhong Y, Huang X, Leung B, Xing C, Wang H, Hu G, Wang Y, Shimeld SM, Li G. Step-wise evolution of neural patterning by Hedgehog signalling in chordates. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1247-1255. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Yasuoka Y. Morphogenetic mechanisms forming the notochord rod: The turgor pressure-sheath strength model. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:379-390. [PMID: 32275068 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The notochord is a defining feature of chordates. During notochord formation in vertebrates and tunicates, notochord cells display dynamic morphogenetic movement, called convergent extension, in which cells intercalate and align at the dorsal midline. However, in cephalochordates, the most basal group of chordates, the notochord is formed without convergent extension. It is simply developed from mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline. This suggests that convergent extension movement of notochord cells is a secondarily acquired developmental attribute in the common ancestor of olfactores (vertebrates + tunicates), and that the chordate ancestor innovated the notochord upon a foundation of morphogenetic mechanisms independent of cell movement. Therefore, this review focuses on biological features specific to notochord cells, which have been well studied using clawed frogs, zebrafish, and tunicates. Attributes of notochord cells, such as vacuolation, membrane trafficking, extracellular matrix formation, and apoptosis, can be understood in terms of two properties: turgor pressure of vacuoles and strength of the notochord sheath. To maintain the straight rod-like structure of the notochord, these parameters must be counterbalanced. In the future, the turgor pressure-sheath strength model, proposed in this review, will be examined in light of quantitative molecular data and mathematical simulations, illuminating the evolutionary origin of the notochord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Yasuoka
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.,Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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9
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Osborn DPS, Li K, Cutty SJ, Nelson AC, Wardle FC, Hinits Y, Hughes SM. Fgf-driven Tbx protein activities directly induce myf5 and myod to initiate zebrafish myogenesis. Development 2020; 147:147/8/dev184689. [PMID: 32345657 PMCID: PMC7197714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle derives from dorsal mesoderm formed during vertebrate gastrulation. Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signalling cooperates with Tbx transcription factors to promote dorsal mesoderm formation, but their role in myogenesis has been unclear. Using zebrafish, we show that dorsally derived Fgf signals act through Tbx16 and Tbxta to induce slow and fast trunk muscle precursors at distinct dorsoventral positions. Tbx16 binds to and directly activates the myf5 and myod genes, which are required for commitment to myogenesis. Tbx16 activity depends on Fgf signalling from the organiser. In contrast, Tbxta is not required for myf5 expression, but binds a specific site upstream of myod that is not bound by Tbx16 and drives (dependent on Fgf signals) myod expression in adaxial slow precursors, thereby initiating trunk myogenesis. After gastrulation, when similar muscle cell populations in the post-anal tail are generated from tailbud, declining Fgf signalling is less effective at initiating adaxial myogenesis, which is instead initiated by Hedgehog signalling from the notochord. Our findings suggest a hypothesis for ancestral vertebrate trunk myogenic patterning and how it was co-opted during tail evolution to generate similar muscle by new mechanisms. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Highlighted Article: Tbx16 and Tbxta activate myf5 and myod directly during the earliest myogenesis in zebrafish, and Fgf signalling acts through Tbx16 to drive myogenesis in trunk but not tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P S Osborn
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kuoyu Li
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stephen J Cutty
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Fiona C Wardle
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yaniv Hinits
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
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10
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Di Gregorio A. The notochord gene regulatory network in chordate evolution: Conservation and divergence from Ciona to vertebrates. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 139:325-374. [PMID: 32450965 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The notochord is a structure required for support and patterning of all chordate embryos, from sea squirts to humans. An increasing amount of information on notochord development and on the molecular strategies that ensure its proper morphogenesis has been gleaned through studies in the sea squirt Ciona. This invertebrate chordate offers a fortunate combination of experimental advantages, ranging from translucent, fast-developing embryos to a compact genome and impressive biomolecular resources. These assets have enabled the rapid identification of numerous notochord genes and cis-regulatory regions, and provide a rather unique opportunity to reconstruct the gene regulatory network that controls the formation of this developmental and evolutionary chordate landmark. This chapter summarizes the morphogenetic milestones that punctuate notochord formation in Ciona, their molecular effectors, and the current knowledge of the gene regulatory network that ensures the accurate spatial and temporal orchestration of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Gregorio
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States.
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11
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Della Gaspera B, Mateus A, Andéol Y, Weill L, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C. Lineage tracing of sclerotome cells in amphibian reveals that multipotent somitic cells originate from lateral somitic frontier. Dev Biol 2019; 453:11-18. [PMID: 31128088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The two somite compartments, dorso-lateral dermomyotome and medio-ventral sclerotome are major vertebrate novelties, but little is known about their evolutionary origin. We determined that sclerotome cells in Xenopus come from lateral somitic frontier (LSF) by lineage tracing, ablation experiments and histological analysis. We identified Twist1 as marker of migrating sclerotome progenitors in two amphibians, Xenopus and axolotl. From these results, three conclusions can be drawn. First, LSF is made up of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) since LSF gives rise to sclerotome but also to dermomytome as already shown in Xenopus. Second, the basic scheme of somite compartmentalization is conserved from cephalochordates to anamniotes since in both cases, lateral cells envelop dorsally and ventrally the ancestral myotome, suggesting that lateral MSCs should already exist in cephalochordates. Third, the transition from anamniote to amniote vertebrates is characterized by extension of the MSCs domain to the entire somite at the expense of ancestral myotome since amniote somite is a naive tissue that subdivides into sclerotome and dermomyotome. Like neural crest pluripotent cells, MSCs are at the origin of major vertebrate novelties, namely hypaxial region of the somite, dermomyotome and sclerotome compartments. Hence, change in MSCs properties and location is involved in somite evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Della Gaspera
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France.
| | - Alice Mateus
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Yannick Andéol
- Equipe UR6, Enzymologie de l'ARN, Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 9 quai St Bernard, 75251, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laure Weill
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Frédéric Charbonnier
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Christophe Chanoine
- UMR INSERM 1124, Université de Paris, Faculté des sciences biomédicales et fondamentales, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270, Paris Cedex 06, France.
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12
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Almazán A, Ferrández-Roldán A, Albalat R, Cañestro C. Developmental atlas of appendicularian Oikopleura dioica actins provides new insights into the evolution of the notochord and the cardio-paraxial muscle in chordates. Dev Biol 2019; 448:260-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Yoshimura K, Morino Y, Wada H. Regeneration of the acorn worm pygochord with the implication for its convergent evolution with the notochord. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 61:158-165. [PMID: 30561008 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the notochord is a central issue in chordate evolution. This study examined the development of the acorn worm pygochord, a putative homologue of the notochord. Because the pygochord differentiates only after metamorphosis, the developmental was followed process by inducing regeneration after artificial amputation in Ptychodera flava. It was found that although the regeneration of the posterior part of the body did not proceed via formation of an obvious regeneration bud, pygochord regeneration was observed within a few weeks, possibly via trans-differentiation of endoderm cells. The expression of the fibrillary collagen gene (Fcol) and elav in the pygochord during regeneration was detected. This indicates that pygochord cells are not part of gut epithelial cells, but that they differentiated as a distinct cell type. Our gene expression analyses do not provide supporting evidence for the homology between the pygochord and notochord, but rather favored the convergent evolution between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morino
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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14
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Wang F, Zhang C, Shi R, Xie ZY, Chen L, Wang K, Wang YT, Xie XH, Wu XT. The embryonic and evolutionary boundaries between notochord and cartilage: a new look at nucleus pulposus-specific markers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1274-1282. [PMID: 29935307 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The adult nucleus pulposus (NP) and articular cartilage are similar in terms of their histocytological components and biomechanical functionalities, requiring a deep understanding of NP-specific markers to better evaluate stem-cell-based NP regeneration. Here, we seek to distinguish NP cells from articular chondrocytes (ACs), focusing on differences in their embryonic formation and evolutionary origin. Embryonically, NP cells are conservatively derived from the axial notochord, whereas ACs originate in a diversified manner from paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. Evolutionarily, although the origins of vertebrate NP and AC cells can be traced to similar structures within protostomia-like bilaterian ancestors, the distant phylogenetic relationship between the two groups of animals and the differences in the bodily origins of the tissues suggest that the tissues may in fact have undergone parallel evolution within the protostomia and deuterostomia. The numbers of supposedly NP-specific markers are increasing gradually as microarray studies proceed, but no final consensus has been attained on the specificity and physiology of "exclusive" NP markers because of innate variations among species; intrinsic expression of genes that destabilize the circadian clock; and cooperation by, and crosstalk among, different genes in terms of physiology-related phenotypes. We highlight the embryonic and evolutionary boundaries between NP and AC cells, to aid in recognition of the challenges associated with evaluation of the role played by nucleopulpogenic differentiation during stem-cell-based intervertebral disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - R Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - Z-Y Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - L Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - K Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - Y-T Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - X-H Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - X-T Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
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15
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Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1358-1376. [PMID: 30135501 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely held that the bilaterian tubular gut with mouth and anus evolved from a simple gut with one major gastric opening. However, there is no consensus on how this happened. Did the single gastric opening evolve into a mouth, with the anus forming elsewhere in the body (protostomy), or did it evolve into an anus, with the mouth forming elsewhere (deuterostomy), or did it evolve into both mouth and anus (amphistomy)? These questions are addressed by the comparison of developmental fates of the blastopore, the opening of the embryonic gut, in diverse animals that live today. Here we review comparative data on the identity and fate of blastoporal tissue, investigate how the formation of the through-gut relates to the major body axes, and discuss to what extent evolutionary scenarios are consistent with these data. Available evidence indicates that stem bilaterians had a slit-like gastric opening that was partially closed in subsequent evolution, leaving open the anus and most likely also the mouth, which would favour amphistomy. We discuss remaining difficulties, and outline directions for future research.
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16
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Özpolat BD, Handberg-Thorsager M, Vervoort M, Balavoine G. Cell lineage and cell cycling analyses of the 4d micromere using live imaging in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. eLife 2017; 6:30463. [PMID: 29231816 PMCID: PMC5764573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lineage, cell cycle, and cell fate are tightly associated in developmental processes, but in vivo studies at single-cell resolution showing the intricacies of these associations are rare due to technical limitations. In this study on the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, we investigated the lineage of the 4d micromere, using high-resolution long-term live imaging complemented with a live-cell cycle reporter. 4d is the origin of mesodermal lineages and the germline in many spiralians. We traced lineages at single-cell resolution within 4d and demonstrate that embryonic segmental mesoderm forms via teloblastic divisions, as in clitellate annelids. We also identified the precise cellular origins of the larval mesodermal posterior growth zone. We found that differentially-fated progeny of 4d (germline, segmental mesoderm, growth zone) display significantly different cell cycling. This work has evolutionary implications, sets up the foundation for functional studies in annelid stem cells, and presents newly established techniques for live imaging marine embryos.
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17
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Reeves WM, Wu Y, Harder MJ, Veeman MT. Functional and evolutionary insights from the Ciona notochord transcriptome. Development 2017; 144:3375-3387. [PMID: 28928284 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The notochord of the ascidian Ciona consists of only 40 cells, and is a longstanding model for studying organogenesis in a small, simple embryo. Here, we perform RNAseq on flow-sorted notochord cells from multiple stages to define a comprehensive Ciona notochord transcriptome. We identify 1364 genes with enriched expression and extensively validate the results by in situ hybridization. These genes are highly enriched for Gene Ontology terms related to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton. Orthologs of 112 of the Ciona notochord genes have known notochord expression in vertebrates, more than twice as many as predicted by chance alone. This set of putative effector genes with notochord expression conserved from tunicates to vertebrates will be invaluable for testing hypotheses about notochord evolution. The full set of Ciona notochord genes provides a foundation for systems-level studies of notochord gene regulation and morphogenesis. We find only modest overlap between this set of notochord-enriched transcripts and the genes upregulated by ectopic expression of the key notochord transcription factor Brachyury, indicating that Brachyury is not a notochord master regulator gene as strictly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Reeves
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yuye Wu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Matthew J Harder
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michael T Veeman
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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18
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Wang F, Gao ZX, Cai F, Sinkemani A, Xie ZY, Shi R, Wei JN, Wu XT. Formation, function, and exhaustion of notochordal cytoplasmic vacuoles within intervertebral disc: current understanding and speculation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57800-57812. [PMID: 28915712 PMCID: PMC5593684 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Notochord nucleus pulposus cells are characteristic of containing abundant and giant cytoplasmic vacuoles. This review explores the embryonic formation, biological function, and postnatal exhaustion of notochord vacuoles, aiming to characterize the signal network transforming the vacuolated nucleus pulposus cells into the vacuole-less chondrocytic cells. Embryonically, the cytoplasmic vacuoles within vertebrate notochord originate from an evolutionarily conserved vacuolation process during neurulation, which may continue to provide mechanical and signal support in constructing a mammalian intervertebral disc. For full vacuolation, a vacuolating specification from dorsal organizer cells, synchronized convergent extension, well-structured notochord sheath, and sufficient post-Golgi trafficking in notochord cells are required. Postnatally, age-related and species-specific exhaustion of vacuolated nucleus pulposus cells could be potentiated by Fas- and Fas ligand-induced apoptosis, intolerance to mechanical stress and nutrient deficiency, vacuole-mediated proliferation check, and gradual de-vacuolation within the avascular and compression-loaded intervertebral disc. These results suggest that the notochord vacuoles are active and versatile organelles for both embryonic notochord and postnatal nucleus pulposus, and may provide novel information on intervertebral disc degeneration to guide cell-based regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zeng-Xin Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Arjun Sinkemani
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-Nan Wei
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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19
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Redl E, Scherholz M, Wollesen T, Todt C, Wanninger A. Cell Proliferation Pattern and Twist Expression in an Aplacophoran Mollusk Argue Against Segmented Ancestry of Mollusca. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 326:422-436. [PMID: 27966274 PMCID: PMC5299467 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of aplacophoran mollusks (i.e., Solenogastres or Neomeniomorpha and Caudofoveata or Chaetodermomorpha) has traditionally been regarded as crucial for reconstructing the morphology of the last common ancestor of the Mollusca. Since their proposed close relatives, the Polyplacophora, show a distinct seriality in certain organ systems, the aplacophorans are also in the focus of attention with regard to the question of a potential segmented ancestry of mollusks. To contribute to this question, we investigated cell proliferation patterns and the expression of the twist ortholog during larval development in solenogasters. In advanced to late larvae, during the outgrowth of the trunk, a pair of longitudinal bands of proliferating cells is found subepithelially in a lateral to ventrolateral position. These bands elongate during subsequent development as the trunk grows longer. Likewise, expression of twist occurs in two laterally positioned, subepithelial longitudinal stripes in advanced larvae. Both, the pattern of proliferating cells and the expression domain of twist demonstrate the existence of extensive and long‐lived mesodermal bands in a worm‐shaped aculiferan, a situation which is similar to annelids but in stark contrast to conchiferans, where the mesodermal bands are usually rudimentary and ephemeral. Yet, in contrast to annelids, neither the bands of proliferating cells nor the twist expression domain show a separation into distinct serial subunits, which clearly argues against a segmented ancestry of mollusks. Furthermore, the lack of twist expression during the development of the ventromedian muscle argues against homology of a ventromedian longitudinal muscle in protostomes with the notochord of chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Redl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maik Scherholz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Wollesen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Todt
- University Museum, The Natural History Collections, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Yong LW, Yu JK. Tracing the evolutionary origin of vertebrate skeletal tissues: insights from cephalochordate amphioxus. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Hemichordate models. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Our skeletons evolved from cartilaginous tissue, but it remains a mystery how cartilage itself first arose in evolution. Characterization of cartilage in cuttlefish and horseshoe crabs reveals surprising commonalities with chordate chondrocytes, suggesting a common evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69017 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69017 Heidelberg, Germany.
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23
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24
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Abstract
A notochord is characteristic of developing chordates (which comprise amphioxus, tunicates and vertebrates), and, more arguably, is also found in some other animals. Although notochords have been well reviewed from a developmental genetic point of view, there has heretofore been no adequate survey of the dozen or so scenarios accounting for their evolutionary origin. Advances in molecular phylogenetics and developmental genetics have, on the one hand, failed to support many of these ideas (although, it is not impossible that some of these rejects may yet, at least in part, return to favor). On the other hand, current molecular approaches have actually stimulated the revival of two of the old proposals: first that the notochord is a novelty that arose in the chordates, and second that it is derived from a homologous structure, the axochord, that was present in annelid-like ancestors. In the long term, choosing whether the notochord is a chordate novelty or a legacy from an ancient annelid (or perhaps an evolutionary derivative from precursors yet to be proposed) will probably require descriptions of gene regulatory networks involved in the development of notochords and notochord-like structures in a wide spectrum of animals. For now, one-way forward will be studies of all aspects of the biology of enteropneust hemichordates, a group widely thought to be the key to understanding the evolutionary origin of the chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Annona
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicholas D Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Salvatore D'Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
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25
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Medeiros DM. Ancient origin for the axochord: A putative notochord homolog (Comment on DOI 10.1002/bies.201500027). Bioessays 2015; 37:834. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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