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Prajapati P, Patel K, Patel A, Shakar Pulusu V, Haque A, Ahmad S, Shah S. Integrated approach of white analytical chemistry and design of experiments to microwave-assisted sensitive and eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric estimation of mirabegron using 4-chloro-7-nitrobezofuran as biosensing fluorescent probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124521. [PMID: 38830329 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The USFDA recently approved mirabegron, a novel once-daily β-3 adrenoceptor agonist for oral administration, as a transformative treatment for overactive bladder. Despite the existence of numerous analytical methods for the assay and bioanalysis of mirabegron, it's perplexing that none have explored the domain of microwave-assisted sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for mirabegron estimation, even after extensive literature review. Adding to the enigma is the insistence of current analytical methods on using expensive and harmful organic solvents, posing a threat to marine life and the broader environment. Recently, the white analytical chemistry approach has been introduced to develop analytical methods that are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and user-friendly. Consequently, a white analytical chemistry-based, sensitive, and eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric estimation of mirabegron has been initiated, using 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as a fluorescent biosensing probe. The development of this robust method involved a series of experiments designed to minimize solvent and time wastage. Through a combination of fractional factorial and Box-Behnken designs, researchers identified the critical variables and optimized the method to perfection. This method was validated according to the stringent ICH Q2 (R2) and USFDA guidelines, ensuring its reliability and accuracy. Once approved, this sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was tested, accurately estimating mirabegron levels in commercial formulations and rat plasma samples. To further enrich the study, a comprehensive evaluation of existing analytical methods was conducted alongside the proposed spectrofluorimetric method, using advanced tools like the AGREE calculator, GAPI software, and RGB model to assess their eco-friendliness and effectiveness in mirabegron estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Prajapati
- Department of Quality Assurance, Maliba Pharmacy College, Maliba Campus, Bardoli-Mahuva Road, Tarsadi, Mahuva, Surat 394 350, Gujarat, India.
| | - Krishna Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Maliba Pharmacy College, Maliba Campus, Bardoli-Mahuva Road, Tarsadi, Mahuva, Surat 394 350, Gujarat, India
| | - Ankita Patel
- Department of Quality Assurance, Maliba Pharmacy College, Maliba Campus, Bardoli-Mahuva Road, Tarsadi, Mahuva, Surat 394 350, Gujarat, India
| | - Veera Shakar Pulusu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens, OH, USA 47501
| | - Anzarul Haque
- Central Laboratories Unit, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shailesh Shah
- Department of Quality Assurance, Maliba Pharmacy College, Maliba Campus, Bardoli-Mahuva Road, Tarsadi, Mahuva, Surat 394 350, Gujarat, India
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El Hamd MA, Mahdi WA, Alshehri S, Abu-Hassan AA. Dual benefits of NBD-Cl fluorogenic action and sample pretreatment (SALLE) technology in the assessment of anticoagulant medication: Dabigatran in pharmaceutical capsules and plasma samples. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4824. [PMID: 39004773 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Dabigatran (DBG), marketed as Pradaxa, is an anticoagulant medication prescribed for the treatment and mitigation of blood clots and to lower the risk of stroke in individuals with the heart condition known as atrial fibrillation. This medication is specifically indicated for preventing blood clots post hip or knee replacement surgeries and in patients with a prior history of clots. Compared to warfarin, dabigatran serves as a viable alternative that does not necessitate routine blood monitoring tests. The complimentary benefits associated with SALL (salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction) and the fluorogenic capabilities of benzofurazan. These methods were combined to provide an affordable and sensitive DBG assaying method. The spectral strength of the yellow luminous product was examined at 533.8 nm and by adjustment of a wavelength of 474.7 nm for excitation. To assess its linearity, the calibration chart was tested across a DBG concentration range of 30-500 ng/ml. Via accurate computation based on ICH, the detection limit (LD) was determined to be 9.5 ng/ml, and the strategy can quantify the DBG to a limit of 28 ng/ml. To ensure success, various crucial parameters for method implementation have been extensively studied and adapted. The validation of the strategy adhered to the policies outlined by ICH, affirming its precision in quantifying DBG in capsules. Furthermore, the inclusion of SALLE steps facilitated accurate monitoring of DBG in plasma samples, introducing a unique and advanced methodology for analyzing this compound in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El Hamd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Wael A Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Abu-Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
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Habeeb MR, Morshedy SM, Daabees HG, Elonsy SM. Whiteness and greenness assessments of a sensitive HPLC method with fluorimetric detection for dapagliflozin quantitation in human plasma: Application to a healthy human volunteer. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400313. [PMID: 38943448 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
The evident ecological impact of human actions, like air pollution, global warming, and ozone depletion, underscores the need for environmentally friendly approaches across various domains, including analytical chemistry. This study aimed to establish a validated, eco-friendly, and sustainable approach utilizing a fluorescence detector coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for quantifying the antihyperglycemic agent dapagliflozin (DAPA), in human plasma. This method employed a C18 Microsorb MV (4.5 × 250 mm, 5 μm [particle size]) column at 40°C, with 40:60% v/v isocratic elution of acetonitrile and (0.1%) orthophosphoric acid as the mobile phase at 1 mL/min flow rate. DAPA and the internal standard demonstrated their greatest response by performing excitation at 225 nm (λex) and recording chromatograms at an emission wavelength (λem) equal to 305 nm. The presented approach demonstrated high linearity between 50 and 2000 ng/mL and full adherence to the guidelines of the US Food and Drug Administration regarding the validation of bioanalytical methods. The described technique was effectively used for quantification of DAPA in human plasma samples from a healthy male participant who received a tablet of 10 mg DAPA. Analytical Eco-Scale, Analytical GREEnness metric, and the recently created ChlorTox Scale were utilized for greenness assessment. Additionally, the "Red, Green, and Blue 12" model was used in whiteness evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha R Habeeb
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Samir M Morshedy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Hoda G Daabees
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Sohila M Elonsy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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El Hamd MA, El-Maghrabey M, Magdy G, Mahdi WA, Alshehri S, Bass AKA, Batakoushy HA. Application of quality-by-design for adopting an environmentally green fluorogenic determination of benoxinate hydrochloride in eye drops and artificial aqueous humour. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8559. [PMID: 37237000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of the ocular local anesthetic benoxinate hydrochloride (BEN-HCl) in eye drops and artificial aqueous humour. The proposed method is based on the interaction of fluorescamine with the primary amino group of BEN-HCl at room temperature. Following the excitation of the reaction product at 393 nm, the emitted relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) was measured at 483 nm. The key experimental parameters were carefully examined and optimized by adopting an analytical quality-by-design approach. The method used a two-level full factorial design (24 FFD) to obtain the optimum RFI of the reaction product. The calibration curve was linear at the range of 0.10-1.0 μg/mL of BEN-HCl with sensitivity down to 0.015 μg/mL. The method was applied for analyzing the BEN-HCl eye drops and could also assess its spiked levels in artificial aqueous humour with high % recoveries (98.74-101.37%) and low SD values (≤ 1.11). To investigate the green profile of the proposed method, a greenness assessment was performed with the aid of the Analytical Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA) and GAPI. The developed method obtained a very high ESA rating score in addition to being sensitive, affordable, and environmentally sustainable. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El Hamd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud El-Maghrabey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Galal Magdy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33511, Egypt.
| | - Wael A Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr K A Bass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Hany A Batakoushy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, 32511, Egypt.
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Hendy MS, Mowaka S, Elkady EF, El-Zaher A, Ayoub BM. The potential off-target neuroprotective effect of sister gliflozins suggests their repurposing despite not crossing the blood-brain barrier: From bioanalytical assay in rats into theory genesis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200921. [PMID: 36637096 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gliflozins are successfully marketed antidiabetic agents with a reported neuroprotective effect, and this study tests their blood-brain barrier crossing ability. Henceforward, a computational hypothesis interpreting their effects was reasonable after failure to cross into the brain. A chromatographic bioassay for canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin was developed, validated, and applied to the rat's and rat's plasma and brain. HPLC method robustness was tested over two levels using Design of Experiment on MINITAB. It is the first method for gliflozins' detection in rats' brain tissue. The method was applied on 18 rats and six for each drug. Concentrations in plasma were determined but neither of them was detected in brain at the described chromatographic conditions. A computational study for the three drugs was endorsing two techniques. First, ligand-based target fishing reveals possible targets for gliflozins. They showed an ability to bind with human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, a regulator of adenosine extracellularly. Second, a docking study was carried out on this protein receptor. Results showed perfect alignment with a minimum of one hydrogen bond. Dapagliflozin achieved the lowest energy score with two hocking hydrogen bonds. This is proposing gliflozins ability to regulate equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 receptors in peripheries, elevating the centrally acting neuroprotective adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz S Hendy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Mowaka
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab F Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Zaher
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bassam M Ayoub
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,School of Arts and Sciences, Concordia University Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Mostafa EA, Elkady EF, El-Didamoony MA, Batakoushy HA. A Turn-On–Type Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Eco-friendly Method for Nitazoxanide Quantification in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Spiked Plasma: Evaluation of Greenness Profile Using Different Assessment Tools. J Fluoresc 2022; 33:973-985. [PMID: 36542223 PMCID: PMC10140099 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA brand-new class of anti-infective drugs that work against bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites is nitazoxanide and related thiazolides. Thiazolides have also been shown to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells in recent years. In this study, an eco-friendly, spectrofluorimetric technique that is verified, easy, and sensitive has been proposed for quantifying nitazoxanide (NTZ), a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug. When NTZ is reduced with zinc (Zn) powder in an acidic media, a highly fluorescent product is produced. To get the highest sensitivity, different experimental conditions impacting the response were examined and optimized. Following excitation at 299 nm, scanning of the fluorescent product was done at 440 nm. The intensity of the fluorescence was proportional to the drug concentration in the range of 0.1–0.6 μg/mL. The approach was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, and the outcome was satisfactory. The detection and quantitation limits were calculated to be 0.013 and 0.038 μg/mL, respectively. The suggested technique was successful in analyzing commercially available NTZ dosage forms. Furthermore, the proposed technique was used to assess NTZ levels in human plasma and it was bio-analytically validated according to European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines. The suggested method can be used in quality control laboratories as well as in pharmacokinetic studies. In order to picture the green profile of the developed method, four greenness assessment tools have been applied. National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), analytical Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE) are the relatively most widely used metrics. So, they were utilized to perform a detailed greenness comparison between the proposed method and some of the reported methods for the determination of NTZ. The developed method was found to be an excellent green method with the highest AGREE score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ehab F Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | | | - Hany A Batakoushy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, 32511, Egypt
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Maxwell A, Mary E, Ghate V, Aranjani J, Lewis S. A Novel high throughput 96-well based Fluorimetric Method to Measure Amikacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations: Development using Response Surface Methodology. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:930-943. [PMID: 35322527 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An aminoglycoside antibiotic, amikacin, is used to treat severe and recurring bacterial infections. Due to the absence of a chromophore, however, amikacin must be extensively derivatized before being quantified, both in analytical and bioanalytical samples. In this study, for the first time, we developed a simple and sensitive method for measuring amikacin sulfate by spectrofluorimetry using a 96-well plate reader, based on the design of the experiment's approach. To develop a robust and reproducible spectrofluorimetric method, the influence of essential attributes, namely pH of the buffer, heating temperature, and concentration of reagents, were evaluated by univariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis (central composite design). ICH guidelines were used to validate the optimized method. The developed technique is linear from 1.9 to 10 μg/mL with a regression coefficient of 0.9991. The detection and quantification limits were 0.649 μg/mL and 1.9 μg/mL, respectively. For the developed method, both intra- and inter-day precision (%RSD) were below 5%. Using the method, amikacin concentrations were quantified in prepared amikacin liposomes and commercial formulations of Amicin®. The developed method greatly reduces sample volume and is a rapid, high throughput microplate-based fluorescence approach for the convenient and cost-effective measurement of amikacin in pharmaceutical formulations. In comparison to previously published approaches, the suggested method allowed for quick analysis of a high number of samples in a short amount of time (96 samples in 125 seconds), resulting in an average duration of analysis of 1.3 seconds per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amala Maxwell
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Elizabeth Mary
- Department of School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Vivek Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jesil Aranjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Chan-Jiang E, Godoy R, Mennickent S, Vergara C, de Diego M. Determination of the Chemical Stability of Dapagliflozin by LC/DAD and MS/MS Methods. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:741-749. [PMID: 34599323 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and fast stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection (DAD) was developed and validated for the determination of dapagliflozin (DAPA) in bulk and tablets, in the presence of its major degradation products (DP). The drug was subjected to hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic, thermal and humidity/thermal stress conditions, showing significant degradation under humidity/thermal with the formation of two DP, which were preliminarily identified by liquid chromatography with diode array detector coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). Chromatographic separation of dapagliflozin and its DP was achieved with a core-shell RP-18 column, using acetonitrile and water as mobile phase in isocratic elution mode. The described method was linear over a range of 50-150 μg/mL. For precision, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was <1.3%, the recovery was 99.64-100.11%, and the assay demonstrated adequate selectivity. The degradation kinetics of dapagliflozin was evaluated corresponding to first-order under thermal and humidity/thermal stress conditions. Dapagliflozin was well resolved from its drug products showing the power of stability-indicating of the method. The results showed that the proposed method was found to be suitable for routine analysis, quantitative determination and the stability study of dapagliflozin in pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Chan-Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Ricardo Godoy
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Sigrid Mennickent
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Carola Vergara
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Marta de Diego
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
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Ateş AK, Çelikkan H, Erk N. Synthesis of Cysteine Modified MoS
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Nanocomposite: A Biocompatible Electrochemical Sensor Material and its Application to the Determination of Antidiabetic Dapagliflozin. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kemal Ateş
- Ankara UniversityFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry Ankara Turkey
- Dicle UniversityFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry Diyarbakır Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Çelikkan
- Gazi UniversityFaculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Ankara Turkey
| | - Nevin Erk
- Ankara UniversityFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry Ankara Turkey
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HPTLC-densitometric analysis of selected antidiabetic drugs in presence of their degradation products. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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