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Moreno-Alcántar G, Aliprandi A, De Cola L. Aggregation-Induced Emission in Electrochemiluminescence: Advances and Perspectives. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:31. [PMID: 34148139 PMCID: PMC8214590 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) in 2017 opened new research paths in the quest for novel, more efficient emitters and platforms for biological and environmental sensing applications. The great abundance of fluorophores presenting aggregation-induced emission in aqueous media renders AIECL a potentially powerful tool for future diagnostics. In the short time following this discovery, many scientists have found the phenomenon interesting, with research findings contributing to advances in the comprehension of the processes involved and in attempts to design new sensing platforms. Herein, we explore these advances and reflect on the future directions to take for the development of sensing devices based on AIECL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreno-Alcántar
- Institut de Science Et D’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), University of Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Institut de Science Et D’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), University of Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Institut de Science Et D’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), University of Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmaceutiche, DISFARM, and Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Ito W, Hattori S, Kondo M, Sakagami H, Kobayashi O, Ishimoto T, Shinozaki K. Dual emission from an iridium(III) complex/counter anion ion pair. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1887-1894. [PMID: 33475646 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
[Ir(tpy)2](PF6)3 (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) dissolved in CH3CN was found to exhibit dual color luminescent emission depending on the excitation wavelength. Specifically, blue and green emissions were obtained with excitation at 350 and 410 nm, respectively. Because the associated emission spectra were consistent with those of [Ir(tpy)2]Cl3 in water and [Ir(tpy)2](PF6)3 in the crystalline state, respectively, this dual emission is attributed to emissions from the [Ir(tpy)2]3+ cation and its ion pair [Ir(tpy)2]3+·PF6-. The emission is assigned to the 3π-π* transition of the ligands based on time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. Conversely, [Ir(tpy)2]I3 in CH3CN shows emission due to [Ir(tpy)2]3+ but not [Ir(tpy)2]3+·I-, while crystalline [Ir(tpy)2]I3 emits red luminescence at 77 K that is inconsistent with that from [Ir(tpy)2]3+. Since the emission energies of crystalline [Ir(tpy)2]X3 (X- = Cl-, Br- or I-) show a good correlation with the electron affinity of X, the emissions are assigned to a counter anion to complex ion charge-transfer transition. This hypothesis is supported by TD-DFT calculations regarding [Ir(tpy)2]3+·X-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ito
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Shingo Hattori
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Mio Kondo
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sakagami
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Ishimoto
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Kazuteru Shinozaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
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Carrara S, Stringer B, Shokouhi A, Ramkissoon P, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Barnard PJ, Hogan CF. Unusually Strong Electrochemiluminescence from Iridium-Based Redox Polymers Immobilized As Thin Layers or Polymer Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37251-37257. [PMID: 30278121 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new class of redox metallopolymer based on cyclometalated iridium(III) centers is described, with unusually intense luminescence properties in aqueous media. We report the facile synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical characterization, supported by DFT calculations and their electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties which, under some circumstances, are significantly greater than the analogous ruthenium-based materials. The photoluminescence (PL) and ECL of these materials are further dramatically enhanced when dispersed or immobilized as polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs). This aggregation-induced emission (AIE and AIECL) operates by providing important protection for the cyclometalated iridium(III) centers against the types of quenching processes which commonly afflict iridium-based luminophores in aqueous media. The results suggest interesting new avenues of research for the application of such materials in and PL and ECL-based detection and imaging as well as light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Carrara
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Bradley Stringer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Alireza Shokouhi
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Pria Ramkissoon
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Peter J Barnard
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
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Wang YZ, Ji SY, Xu HY, Zhao W, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Bidirectional Electrochemiluminescence Color Switch: An Application in Detecting Multimarkers of Prostate Cancer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3570-3575. [PMID: 29417820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A selective excitation of [Ir(df-ppy)2(pic)] and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ through tuning the electrode potential is reported in this work. Bidirectional color change from blue-green to red could be observed along with increase and decrease of the potential, which was ascribed to the dual-potential excitation property of [Ir(df-ppy)2(pic)]. Similar to the three-electrode system, selective excitation of ECL could be achieved at the anode of the bipolar electrode (BPE). Both increase and decrease of the faradic reactions at the cathode of the BPE could induce ECL reporting color at the other pole switched from blue-green to red. We applied a closed BPE device for the bioanalysis of multicolor ECL since the organic solvent containing electrochemiluminophores could be separated from the bioanalytes. On the basis of BPE arrays coupled with the ECL switch, the detection of three biomarkers of prostate cancer, PSA, microRNA-141, and sarcosine were integrated in a same device. The cutoff values of the biomarkers could be recognized directly by the naked eye. Such a device holds great potential in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Si-Yuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Heng-Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
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Kapturkiewicz A. Cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates-a new exceptional class of the electrochemiluminescent luminophores. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7013-33. [PMID: 27255104 PMCID: PMC5025512 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of the phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates has enabled, due to their advantageous electrochemical and photo-physical properties, important breakthroughs in many photonic applications. This particular class of 5d(6) ion complexes has attracted increasing interest because of their potential application in electroluminescence devices with a nearly 100 % internal quantum efficiency for the conversion of electric energy to photons. Similar to electroluminescence, the cyclometalated iridium(III) chelates have been successfully applied in the electricity-to-light conversion by means of the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) processes. The already reported ECL systems utilizing the title compounds exhibit extremely large ECL efficiencies that allow one to envisage many potential application for them, especially in further development of ECL-based analytical techniques. This review, based on recently published papers, focuses on the ECL properties of this very exciting class of organometallic luminophores. The reported work, describing results from fundamental as well as application-oriented investigations, will be surveyed and briefly discussed. Graphical abstract Depending on the chemical nature of the cyclometalated irdium(III) chelate different colours of the emitted light can be produced during electrochemical excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kapturkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland.
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Baranoff E, Curchod BFE. FIrpic: archetypal blue phosphorescent emitter for electroluminescence. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8318-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02991g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
FIrpic is the most investigated bis-cyclometallated iridium complex. This Perspective reviews the main experimental and theoretical aspects of FIrpic as well as its use as sky-blue emitter for OLED.
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Barbante GJ, Kebede N, Hindson CM, Doeven EH, Zammit EM, Hanson GR, Hogan CF, Francis PS. Control of Excitation and Quenching in Multi‐colour Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Systems through Choice of Co‐reactant. Chemistry 2014; 20:14026-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Barbante
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216 (Australia)
| | - Noah Kebede
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086 (Australia)
| | - Christopher M. Hindson
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216 (Australia)
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216 (Australia)
| | - Elizabeth M. Zammit
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216 (Australia)
| | - Graeme R. Hanson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 (Australia)
| | - Conor F. Hogan
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086 (Australia)
| | - Paul S. Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216 (Australia)
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Robinson WD, Richter MM. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tris(2‐phenylpyridine)iridium(III) in water, acetonitrile and trifluorethanol. LUMINESCENCE 2014; 30:67-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark M. Richter
- Department of ChemistryMissouri State University Springfield MO USA
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9
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Doeven EH, Barbante GJ, Kerr E, Hogan CF, Endler JA, Francis PS. Red-green-blue electrogenerated chemiluminescence utilizing a digital camera as detector. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2727-32. [PMID: 24512565 DOI: 10.1021/ac404135f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting the distinct excitation and emission properties of concomitant electrochemiluminophores in conjunction with the inherent color selectivity of a conventional digital camera, we create a new strategy for multiplexed electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection, suitable for the development of low-cost, portable clinical diagnostic devices. Red, green and blue emitters can be efficiently resolved over the three-dimensional space of ECL intensity versus applied potential and emission wavelength. As the relative contribution ratio of each emitter to the photographic RGB channels is constant, the RGB ECL intensity versus applied-potential curves could be effectively isolated to a single emitter at each potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egan H Doeven
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University , Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Ladouceur S, Swanick KN, Gallagher-Duval S, Ding Z, Zysman-Colman E. Strongly Blue Luminescent Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes with an Electron-Rich Ancillary Ligand: Evaluation of Their Optoelectronic and Electrochemiluminescence Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Takayasu S, Suzuki T, Shinozaki K. Intermolecular Interactions and Aggregation of fac-Tris(2-phenylpyridinato-C2,N)iridium(III) in Nonpolar Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:9449-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403974h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takayasu
- Department of Nanosystem Science,
Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Okayama University, 3-3-1 Tsushima-naka,
Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Shinozaki
- Department of Nanosystem Science,
Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
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Li MJ, Shi YQ, Lan TY, Yang HH, Chen GN. Solid-state electrochemiluminescence of two iridium(III) complexes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Reid EF, Burn PL, Lo SC, Hogan CF. Solution and solid-state electrochemiluminescence of a fac-tris(2-phenylpyridyl)iridium(III)-cored dendrimer. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Swanick KN, Ladouceur S, Zysman-Colman E, Ding Z. Correlating electronic structures to electrochemiluminescence of cationic Ir complexes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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15
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Photophysics, electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence of water-soluble biscyclometalated iridium (III) complexes. J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Qi W, Yuan H, Song Q, Liu Y, Ran G, Ding Y. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Detection of Ammonium Ion Based on a Novel Iridium Complex Modified Electrode. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.551857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Roop J, Nothnagel M, Schnuriger M, Richter MM, Baker GA. Ionic liquid adsorbate enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of ruthenium, osmium, and iridium complexes in water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li C, Lin J, Yang X, Wan J. Efficient electrochemiluminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes: Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemiluminescent properties. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bertoncello P, Forster RJ. Nanostructured materials for electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based detection methods: recent advances and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3191-200. [PMID: 19318243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a general picture of the last advances and developments (2003-2008) related to novel nanostructured materials for electrochemiluminescence-based biosensors using. It briefly covers the basic mechanisms of ECL detection, and the recent developments in fabrication of solid-state ECL sensors using nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, thin films of metallopolymers and of inorganic metal complexes. Finally, challenges and perspectives of the use of such materials for biomedical diagnostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bertoncello
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform Ireland, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Kiran RV, Zammit EM, Hogan CF, James BD, Barnett NW, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence from reactions with bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes in acidic aqueous solution. Analyst 2009; 134:1297-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b905024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Forster RJ, Bertoncello P, Keyes TE. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:359-385. [PMID: 20636067 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In electrogenerated chemiluminescence, also known as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), electrochemically generated intermediates undergo a highly exergonic reaction to produce an electronically excited state that then emits light. These electron-transfer reactions are sufficiently exergonic to allow the excited states of luminophores, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal complexes, to be created without photoexcitation. For example, oxidation of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) in the presence of tripropylamine results in light emission that is analogous to the emission produced by photoexcitation. This review highlights some of the most exciting recent developments in this field, including novel ECL-generating transition metal complexes, especially ruthenium and osmium polypyridine systems; ECL-generating monolayers and thin films; the use of nanomaterials; and analytical, especially clinical, applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Forster
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Center for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Sun SQ, Song QJ, Yuan HF, Ding YQ. Solid-state electrochemiluminescence of a novel iridium(III) complex. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA.
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Finkenzeller WJ, Hofbeck T, Thompson ME, Yersin H. Triplet state properties of the OLED emitter Ir(btp)2(acac): characterization by site-selective spectroscopy and application of high magnetic fields. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:5076-83. [PMID: 17488070 DOI: 10.1021/ic0622860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The well-known red emitting complex Ir(btp)2(acac) (bis(2-(2'-benzothienyl)-pyridinato-N,C3')iridium(acetylacetonate)), frequently used as emitter material in OLEDs, has been investigated in a polycrystalline CH2Cl2 matrix. The studies were carried out under variation of temperature down to 1.2 K and at magnetic fields up to B=10 T. Highly resolved emission and excitation spectra of several specific sites are obtained by site-selective spectroscopy. For the preferentially investigated site (I-->0 at 16268 cm-1), the three substates I, II, and III of the T1 triplet state are separated by DeltaEII-I=2.9 cm-1 and DeltaEIII-I=25.0 cm-1, respectively. DeltaEIII-I represents the total zero-field splitting (ZFS). The individual decay times of these substates are tauI=150 micros, tauII=58 micros, and tauIII=2 micros, respectively. The long decay time of the lowest substate I indicates its almost pure triplet character. The time for relaxation from state II to state I (spin-lattice relaxation, SLR) is as long as 22 micros at T=1.5 K, while the thermalization between the two lower lying substates and substate III is fast. Application of a magnetic field induces Zeeman mixing of the substates of T1, resulting in an increased splitting between the two lower lying substates from 2.9 cm-1 at zero field to, for example, 6.8 cm-1 at B=10 T. Further, the decay time of the B-field perturbed lowest substate IB decreases by a factor of about 7 up to 10 T. The magnetic field properties clearly show that the three investigated states belong to the same triplet parent term of one single site. Other sites show a similar behavior, though the values of ZFS vary between 15 and 27 cm-1. Since the amount of ZFS reflects the extent of MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) parentage, it can be concluded that the emitting state T1 is a 3LC (ligand centered) state with significant admixtures of 1,3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) character. Interestingly, the results show that the MLCT perturbation is different for the various sites. An empirical correlation between the amount of ZFS and the compound's potential for its use as emitter material in an OLED is presented. As a rule of thumb, a triplet emitter is considered promising for application in OLEDs, if it has a ZFS larger than about 10 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Finkenzeller
- Institut für Physikalische u. Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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