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From the problem to the solution: Chitosan valorization cycle. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 309:120674. [PMID: 36906370 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The problem of fisheries waste has increased in recent years and has become a global problem influenced by various biological, technical, operational and socioeconomic factors. In this context, the use of these residues as raw materials is a proven approach not only to reduce the crisis of unprecedented magnitude facing the oceans, but also to improve the management of marine resources and increase the competitiveness of the fisheries sector. However, the implementation of valorization strategies at the industrial level is being excessively slow, despite this great potential. Chitosan, a biopolymer extracted from shellfish waste, is a clear example of this because although countless chitosan-based products have been described for a wide variety of applications, commercial products are still limited. To address this drawback, it is essential to consolidate a "bluer" chitosan valorization cycle towards sustainability and circular economy. In this perspective we wanted to focus on the cycle of valorization of chitin, which allows to transform a waste product (chitin) into a material suitable for the development of useful products to solve the source of its origin as a waste product and pollutant; chitosan-based membranes for wastewater remediation.
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2
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Saravanan A, Kumar PS, Yuvaraj D, Jeevanantham S, Aishwaria P, Gnanasri PB, Gopinath M, Rangasamy G. A review on extraction of polysaccharides from crustacean wastes and their environmental applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115306. [PMID: 36682444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disposal of biodegradable waste of seashells leads to an environmental imbalance. A tremendous amount of wastes produced from flourishing shell fish industries while preparing crustaceans for human consumption can be directed towards proper utilization. The review of the present study focuses on these polysaccharides from crustaceans and a few important industrial applications. This review aimed to emphasize the current research on structural analyses and extraction of polysaccharides. The article summarises the properties of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides and their derivatives that make them non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. Different extraction methods of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides have been discussed in detail. Additionally, this information outlines possible uses for derivatives of chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides in the environmental, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. Additionally, it is essential to the textile, cosmetic, and enzyme-immobilization industries. This review focuses on new, insightful suggestions for raising the value of crustacean shell waste by repurposing a highly valuable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - D Yuvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangaragan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600062, India
| | - S Jeevanantham
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Aishwaria
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangaragan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600062, India
| | - P B Gnanasri
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangaragan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600062, India
| | - M Gopinath
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangaragan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600062, India
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
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3
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Santos Beato P, Poologasundarampillai G, Nommeots-Nomm A, Kalaskar DM. Materials for 3D printing in medicine: metals, polymers, ceramics, and hydrogels. 3D Print Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89831-7.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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4
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Bashir SM, Ahmed Rather G, Patrício A, Haq Z, Sheikh AA, Shah MZUH, Singh H, Khan AA, Imtiyaz S, Ahmad SB, Nabi S, Rakhshan R, Hassan S, Fonte P. Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196521. [PMID: 36233864 PMCID: PMC9570720 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer that has been extensively explored in recent decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved chitosan for wound treatment and nutritional use. Furthermore, chitosan has paved the way for advancements in different biomedical applications including as a nanocarrier and tissue-engineering scaffold. Its antibacterial, antioxidant, and haemostatic properties make it an excellent option for wound dressings. Because of its hydrophilic nature, chitosan is an ideal starting material for biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels. To suit specific application demands, chitosan can be combined with fillers, such as hydroxyapatite, to modify the mechanical characteristics of pH-sensitive hydrogels. Furthermore, the cationic characteristics of chitosan have made it a popular choice for gene delivery and cancer therapy. Thus, the use of chitosan nanoparticles in developing novel drug delivery systems has received special attention. This review aims to provide an overview of chitosan-based nanoparticles, focusing on their versatile properties and different applications in biomedical sciences and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.); (G.A.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Gulzar Ahmed Rather
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai 600119, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.); (G.A.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Ana Patrício
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Zulfiqar Haq
- ICAR-Poultry Seed Project, Division of LPM, Skuast-K 132001, India
| | - Amir Amin Sheikh
- International Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (IIVER), Bahu Akbarpur, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Mohd Zahoor ul Haq Shah
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Bioscience, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, India
| | - Hemant Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Azmat Alam Khan
- ICAR-Poultry Seed Project, Division of LPM, Skuast-K 132001, India
| | - Sofi Imtiyaz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Showket Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Rabia Rakhshan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Saqib Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Pedro Fonte
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.); (G.A.R.); (P.F.)
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5
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Obtaining Chitosan from Artemia Cysts and Studying its Sorption Properties. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Reshad RAI, Jishan TA, Chowdhury NN. Chitosan and its Broad Applications: A Brief Review. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.29333/jcei/11268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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7
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Otoni CG, Azeredo HMC, Mattos BD, Beaumont M, Correa DS, Rojas OJ. The Food-Materials Nexus: Next Generation Bioplastics and Advanced Materials from Agri-Food Residues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102520. [PMID: 34510571 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The most recent strategies available for upcycling agri-food losses and waste (FLW) into functional bioplastics and advanced materials are reviewed and the valorization of food residuals are put in perspective, adding to the water-food-energy nexus. Low value or underutilized biomass, biocolloids, water-soluble biopolymers, polymerizable monomers, and nutrients are introduced as feasible building blocks for biotechnological conversion into bioplastics. The latter are demonstrated for their incorporation in multifunctional packaging, biomedical devices, sensors, actuators, and energy conversion and storage devices, contributing to the valorization efforts within the future circular bioeconomy. Strategies are introduced to effectively synthesize, deconstruct and reassemble or engineer FLW-derived monomeric, polymeric, and colloidal building blocks. Multifunctional bioplastics are introduced considering the structural, chemical, physical as well as the accessibility of FLW precursors. Processing techniques are analyzed within the fields of polymer chemistry and physics. The prospects of FLW streams and biomass surplus, considering their availability, interactions with water and thermal stability, are critically discussed in a near-future scenario that is expected to lead to next-generation bioplastics and advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio G Otoni
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Henriette M C Azeredo
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita 2270, Fortaleza, CE, 60511-110, Brazil
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno D Mattos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Daniel S Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Coppola D, Lauritano C, Palma Esposito F, Riccio G, Rizzo C, de Pascale D. Fish Waste: From Problem to Valuable Resource. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:116. [PMID: 33669858 PMCID: PMC7923225 DOI: 10.3390/md19020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the growth of the global population and the subsequent rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the fisheries and aquaculture production has seen a massive increase driven mainly by the development of fishing technologies. Accordingly, a remarkable increase in the amount of fish waste has been produced around the world; it has been estimated that about two-thirds of the total amount of fish is discarded as waste, creating huge economic and environmental concerns. For this reason, the disposal and recycling of these wastes has become a key issue to be resolved. With the growing attention of the circular economy, the exploitation of underused or discarded marine material can represent a sustainable strategy for the realization of a circular bioeconomy, with the production of materials with high added value. In this study, we underline the enormous role that fish waste can have in the socio-economic sector. This review presents the different compounds with high commercial value obtained by fish byproducts, including collagen, enzymes, and bioactive peptides, and lists their possible applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Coppola
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Fortunato Palma Esposito
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (C.L.); (F.P.E.); (G.R.); (C.R.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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9
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Ó Fearghail F, Behan P, Engström N, Scheers N. A LCMS Metabolomic Workflow to Investigate Metabolic Patterns in Human Intestinal Cells Exposed to Hydrolyzed Crab Waste Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:629083. [PMID: 33681165 PMCID: PMC7928233 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.629083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a LCMS metabolomic workflow to investigate metabolic patterns from human intestinal cells treated with simulated gastrointestinal-digested hydrolyzed crab waste materials. This workflow facilitates smart and reproducible comparisons of cell cultures exposed to different treatments. In this case the variable was the hydrolysis methods, also accounting for the GI digestion giving an output of direct correlation between cellular metabolic patterns caused by the treatments. In addition, we used the output from this workflow to select treatments for further evaluation of the Caco-2 cell response in terms of tentative anti-inflammatory activity in the hopes to find value in the crab waste materials to be used for food products. As hypothesized, the treatment identified to change the cellular metabolomic pattern most readily, was also found to cause the greatest effect in the cells, although the response was pro-inflammatory rather than anti-inflammatory, it proves that changes in cellular metabolic patterns are useful predictors of bioactivity. We conclude that the developed workflow allows for cost effective, rapid sample preparation as well as accurate and repeatable LCMS analysis and introduces a data pipeline specifically for probe the novel metabolite patterns created as a means to assess the performing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn Ó Fearghail
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrice Behan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niklas Engström
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Scheers
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Sachdeva V, Roy A, Bharadvaja N. Current Prospects of Nutraceuticals: A Review. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:884-896. [PMID: 32000642 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200130113441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are dietary supplements, utilized to ameliorate health, delay senescence, prevent diseases, and support the proper functioning of the human body. Currently, nutraceuticals are gaining substantial attention due to nutrition and therapeutic potentials. Based on their sources, they are categorized as dietary supplements and herbal bioactive compounds. The global market for nutraceutical is huge i.e. approximately USD 117 billion. Herbal nutraceutical helps in maintaining health and promoting optimal health, longevity, and quality of life. Studies have shown promising results of nutraceuticals to treat several diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. In the present review, an overview of various bioactive ingredients that act as nutraceuticals (carbohydrates, lipids, edible flowers, alkaloids, medicinal plants, etc.) and their role in health benefits, has been discussed. Further application of nutraceuticals in the prevention of various diseases has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedant Sachdeva
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Navneeta Bharadvaja
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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Tan YN, Lee PP, Chen WN. Microbial extraction of chitin from seafood waste using sugars derived from fruit waste-stream. AMB Express 2020; 10:17. [PMID: 31993825 PMCID: PMC6987273 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are natural amino polysaccharides that have exceptional biocompatibility in a wide range of applications such as drug delivery carriers, antibacterial agents and food stabilizers. However, conventional chemical extraction methods of chitin from marine waste are costly and hazardous to the environment. Here we report a study where shrimp waste was co-fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum ATCC 14917 and Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis ATCC 6051 and chitin was successfully extracted after deproteinization and demineralization of the prawn shells. The glucose supplementation for fermentation was replaced by waste substrates to reduce cost and maximize waste utilization. A total of 10 carbon sources were explored, namely sugarcane molasses, light corn syrup, red grape pomace, white grape pomace, apple peel, pineapple peel and core, potato peel, mango peel, banana peel and sweet potato peel. The extracted chitin was chemically characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to measure the degree of acetylation, elemental analysis (EA) to measure the carbon/nitrogen ratio and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to measure the degree of crystallinity. A comparison of the quality of the crude extracted chitin was made between the different waste substrates used for fermentation and the experimental results showed that the waste substrates generally make a suitable replacement for glucose in the fermentation process. Red grape pomace resulted in recovery of chitin with a degree of deacetylation of 72.90%, a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 6.85 and a degree of crystallinity of 95.54%. These achieved values were found to be comparable with and even surpassed commercial chitin.
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12
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Ding H, Lv L, Wang Z, Liu L. Study on the "Glutamic Acid-Enzymolysis" Process for Extracting Chitin from Crab Shell Waste and its By-Product Recovery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1074-1091. [PMID: 31673937 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is the second-most abundant bioresource and widely used in the food, agricultural, biomedicine, and other industries. However, under the mutual restriction of extraction cost and environmental protection, it is relatively difficult to prepare chitin from natural sources by pure separation. The aim of this study is to extract chitin from fresh crab shell waste by decalcification (DC) and deproteinization (DP) using glutamic acid and alkaline protease. The optimum technological conditions for DC and DP were as follows: (1) 5% (w/v) glutamic acid solution was used as decalcifying agent, the ratio of material to liquid was 1:10 (m/v), and the ash content in chitin was 0.83 ± 0.027% after decalcification at 75° C for 12 h. (2) Using alkaline protease as enzymatic hydrolyzer, 1500 U of alkaline protease was added per gram of crab shell. Under the conditions of material-liquid ratio of 1:10 (m/v) and pH value of hydrolysate of 9.0, N content in chitin was 6.63 ± 0.10% after 6 h of enzymatic hydrolysis at 55° C. And the extraction rate of chitin was 92.25 ± 0.51%. As a decalcifying agent, glutamic acid could be recycled with a recovery rate of 77.42 ± 2.16%. Calcium carbonate in crab shell was converted into calcium hydrogen phosphate by calcium glutamate, and protein into amino acids and polypeptides, which could be used as feed additives. The "glutamic acid-enzymolysis" for extracting chitin from crab shell is a relatively closed process, which has the advantages of mild reaction, greatly reducing the discharge of three wastes and high comprehensive utilization rate of raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipu Ding
- College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Le Lv
- College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Zhijiang Wang
- College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Liping Liu
- College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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13
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Zhang Y, Zhou D, Chen J, Zhang X, Li X, Zhao W, Xu T. Biomaterials Based on Marine Resources for 3D Bioprinting Applications. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E555. [PMID: 31569366 PMCID: PMC6835706 DOI: 10.3390/md17100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has become a flexible tool in regenerative medicine with potential for various applications. Further development of the new 3D bioprinting field lies in suitable bioink materials with satisfied printability, mechanical integrity, and biocompatibility. Natural polymers from marine resources have been attracting increasing attention in recent years, as they are biologically active and abundant when comparing to polymers from other resources. This review focuses on research and applications of marine biomaterials for 3D bioprinting. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms, material requirements, and applications of commonly used 3D bioprinting technologies based on marine-derived resources. Commonly used marine materials for 3D bioprinting including alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, collagen, and gelatin are also discussed, especially in regards to their advantages and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Dezhi Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xinda Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wenxiang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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14
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Sustainable ecofriendly phytoextract mediated one pot green recovery of chitosan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13832. [PMID: 31554844 PMCID: PMC6761131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are biopolymers that have diverse applications in medicine, agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment and textiles. With bio-origins, they easily blend with biological systems and show exemplified compatibility which is mandatory when it comes to biomedical research. Chitin and chitosan are ecofriendly, however the processes that are used to recover them aren’t ecofriendly. The focus of this work is to attempt an ecofriendly, sustainable phytomediated one pot recovery of chitosan from commercial chitin and from crab and shrimp shells and squid pen solid wastes. Graviola extracts have been employed, given the fact file that their active ingredients acetogenins actively interact with chitin in insects (resulting in its application as an insecticide). With that as the core idea, the graviola extracts were chosen for orchestrating chitin recovery and a possible chitin to chitosan transformation. The results confirm that graviola extracts did succeed in recovery of chitosan nanofibers from commercial chitin flakes and recovery of chitosan particles directly from solid marine wastes of crab, shrimp and squids. This is a first time report of a phyto-extract mediated novel chitosan synthesis method.
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Nutritional and Additive Uses of Chitin and Chitosan in the Food Industry. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 36 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16581-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Castro R, Guerrero-Legarreta I, Bórquez R. Chitin extraction from Allopetrolisthes punctatus crab using lactic fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 20:e00287. [PMID: 30386735 PMCID: PMC6205324 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of an optimized method to extract high quality chitin from A. punctatus crab by lactic acid fermentation. The method generate Lactobacillus plantarum sp. 87 high growth rate, high lactic acid production and prevent spoilage. Lactic acid fermentation developed method improves yield and quality of Chitin obtained compared to a chemical method.
Chitin extraction from Allopetrolisthes punctatus, a crab species proliferating in Chile and Peru seashores, was carried out applying preliminary lactic ensilation. For this purpose, Lactobacillus plantarum sp. 47 isolated from Coho salmon was inoculated in crab biomass. Previously, fermentation parameters (carbon source, inoculum concentration and incubation temperature) to obtain peak lactic acid production and bacterial growth were studied. The optimal fermentation conditions were 10% inoculum, 15% sucrose and 85% crab biomass, producing 17 mg lactic acid/ g silage. Extracted and purified chitin, after 60 h fermentation, showed 99.6 and 95.3% demineralization and deproteinization, respectively, using low concentrated acids and bases. As a means of comparison, chitin was also extracted by chemical hydrolysis using high concentrated acids and bases, giving a lower yield and lower quality product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Castro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo Bórquez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Burr SJ, Williams PA, Ratcliffe I. Synthesis of cationic alkylated chitosans and an investigation of their rheological properties and interaction with anionic surfactant. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:615-623. [PMID: 30241861 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two methods were used to alkylate high MW chitosan with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTAC) in order to produce chitosan derivatives that are water-soluble throughout the pH range. In addition, a novel chitosan derivative was created by alkylating one of the products with the GTAC analogue Quab 342 containing C12 alkyl chains. The phase behaviour and rheological characteristics of the chitosan derivatives were studied in the presence of anionic surfactant. The derivatives were found to form soluble complexes at low and high SDS concentrations and that the Quab 342 derivative was able to form gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Burr
- Centre for Water Soluble Polymers, Wrexham Glyndwr University, Wrexham LL11 2AW, Wales, UK.
| | - P A Williams
- Centre for Water Soluble Polymers, Wrexham Glyndwr University, Wrexham LL11 2AW, Wales, UK.
| | - I Ratcliffe
- Centre for Water Soluble Polymers, Wrexham Glyndwr University, Wrexham LL11 2AW, Wales, UK.
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18
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Gomaa EZ, El-Mahdy OM. Improvement of Chitinase Production by Bacillus thuringiensis NM101-19 for Antifungal Biocontrol through Physical Mutation. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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19
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Poologasundarampillai G, Nommeots-Nomm A. Materials for 3D printing in medicine. 3D Print Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100717-4.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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20
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Inokuma K, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Ethanol production from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by Scheffersomyces stipitis strains. AMB Express 2016; 6:83. [PMID: 27699702 PMCID: PMC5047876 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is the building block of chitin, which is one of the most abundant renewable resources in nature after cellulose. Therefore, a microorganism that can utilize GlcNAc is necessary for chitin-based biorefinery. In this study, we report on the screening and characterization of yeast strains for bioethanol production from GlcNAc. We demonstrate that Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis strains can use GlcNAc as the sole carbon source and produce ethanol. S. stipitis NBRC1687, 10007, and 10063 strains consumed most of the 50 g/L GlcNAc provided, and produced 14.5 ± 0.6, 15.0 ± 0.3, and 16.4 ± 0.3 g/L of ethanol after anaerobic fermentation at 30 °C for 96 h. The ethanol yields of these strains were approximately 81, 75, and 82 % (mol ethanol/mol GlcNAc consumed), respectively. Moreover, S. stipitis NBRC10063 maintained high GlcNAc-utilizing capacity at 35 °C, and produced 12.6 ± 0.7 g/L of ethanol after 96 h. This strain also achieved the highest ethanol titer (23.3 ± 1.0 g/L) from 100 g/L GlcNAc. To our knowledge, this is the first report on ethanol production via fermentation of GlcNAc by naturally occurring yeast strains.
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Du P, Jin M, Yang L, Chen G, Zhang C, Jin F, Shao H, Yang M, Yang X, She Y, Wang S, Zheng L, Wang J. Determination of astaxanthin in feeds using high performance liquid chromatography and an efficient extraction method. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1119160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Du
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Quality and Food Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hayes M, Tiwari BK. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Peptides in Foods: An Overview of Sources, Downstream Processing Steps and Associated Bioactivities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22485-508. [PMID: 26393573 PMCID: PMC4613320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides and carbohydrates are sourced from a myriad of plant, animal and insects and have huge potential for use as food ingredients and pharmaceuticals. However, downstream processing bottlenecks hinder the potential use of these natural bioactive compounds and add cost to production processes. This review discusses the health benefits and bioactivities associated with peptides and carbohydrates of natural origin and downstream processing methodologies and novel processes which may be used to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hayes
- The Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- The Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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23
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Gasperini L, Mano JF, Reis RL. Natural polymers for the microencapsulation of cells. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140817. [PMID: 25232055 PMCID: PMC4191114 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The encapsulation of living mammalian cells within a semi-permeable hydrogel matrix is an attractive procedure for many biomedical and biotechnological applications, such as xenotransplantation, maintenance of stem cell phenotype and bioprinting of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this review, we focus on naturally derived polymers that can form hydrogels under mild conditions and that are thus capable of entrapping cells within controlled volumes. Our emphasis will be on polysaccharides and proteins, including agarose, alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, gellan gum, hyaluronic acid, collagen, elastin, gelatin, fibrin and silk fibroin. We also discuss the technologies commonly employed to encapsulate cells in these hydrogels, with particular attention on microencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gasperini
- 3B's, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Portugal ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- 3B's, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Portugal ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Portugal ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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25
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Matano C, Uhde A, Youn JW, Maeda T, Clermont L, Marin K, Krämer R, Wendisch VF, Seibold GM. Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for growth and L-lysine and lycopene production from N-acetyl-glucosamine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5633-43. [PMID: 24668244 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable supply of feedstock has become a key issue in process development in microbial biotechnology. The workhorse of industrial amino acid production Corynebacterium glutamicum has been engineered towards utilization of alternative carbon sources. Utilization of the chitin-derived aminosugar N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) for both cultivation and production with C. glutamicum has hitherto not been investigated. Albeit this organism harbors the enzymes N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphatedeacetylase and glucosamine-6P deaminase of GlcNAc metabolism (encoded by nagA and nagB, respectively) growth of C. glutamicum with GlcNAc as substrate was not observed. This was attributed to the lack of a functional system for GlcNAc uptake. Of the 17 type strains of the genus Corynebacterium tested here for their ability to grow with GlcNAc, only Corynebacterium glycinophilum DSM45794 was able to utilize this substrate. Complementation studies with a GlcNAc-uptake deficient Escherichia coli strain revealed that C. glycinophilum possesses a nagE-encoded EII permease for GlcNAc uptake. Heterologous expression of the C. glycinophilum nagE in C. glutamicum indeed enabled uptake of GlcNAc. For efficient GlcNac utilization in C. glutamicum, improved expression of nagE with concurrent overexpression of the endogenous nagA and nagB genes was found to be necessary. Based on this strategy, C. glutamicum strains for the efficient production of the amino acid L-lysine as well as the carotenoid lycopene from GlcNAc as sole substrate were constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Matano
- Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Fish discards management in selected Spanish and Portuguese métiers: Identification and potential valorisation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Shivakumar S, Karmali AN, Ruhimbana C. PARTIAL PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND KINETIC STUDIES OF A LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT, ALKALI-TOLERANT CHITINASE ENZYME FROMBacillus subtilisJN032305, A POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL STRAIN. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 44:617-32. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2013.844708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Isolation, Purification, and Nanotechnological Applications of Chitosan. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_45-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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29
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Pallela R. Nutraceutical and pharmacological implications of marine carbohydrates. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2014; 73:183-95. [PMID: 25300547 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800268-1.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current day's research has been focusing much on the potential pharmacological or nutraceutical agents of selective health benefits with less toxicity. As a consequence of increased demand of nutritional supplements of great medicinal values, development of therapeutic agents from natural sources, in particular, marine environment are being considered much important. A diverse array of marine natural products containing medicinally useful nutritional substances, i.e., marine nutraceuticals have been focused to the benefit of mankind. Carbohydrates, by being constituted in considerable amount of many marine organisms display several nutraceutical and pharmaceutical behavior to defend from various diseases. Moreover, the carbohydrates from algae as well as from shellfish wastes, like chitosan and its derivatives, showed tremendous applications in biology and biomedicine. In the current chapter, several of marine carbohydrates from various marine flora and fauna have been covered with their applications and prospects in the development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramjee Pallela
- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Dual substrate specificity of an N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system in Clostridium beijerinckii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6712-8. [PMID: 23995920 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01866-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The solventogenic clostridia have a considerable capacity to ferment carbohydrate substrates with the production of acetone and butanol, making them attractive organisms for the conversion of waste materials to valuable products. In common with other anaerobes, the clostridia show a marked dependence on the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) to accumulate sugars and sugar derivatives. In this study, we demonstrate that extracts of Clostridium beijerinckii grown on N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) exhibit PTS activity for the amino sugar. The PTS encoded by the divergent genes cbe4532 (encoding the IIC and IIB domains) and cbe4533 (encoding a IIA domain) was shown to transport and phosphorylate GlcNAc and also glucose. When the genes were recombined in series under the control of the lac promoter in pUC18 and transformed into a phosphotransferase mutant (nagE) of Escherichia coli lacking GlcNAc PTS activity, the ability to take up and ferment GlcNAc was restored, and extracts of the transformant showed PEP-dependent phosphorylation of GlcNAc. The gene products also complemented an E. coli mutant lacking glucose PTS activity but were unable to complement the same strain for PTS-dependent mannose utilization. Both GlcNAc and glucose induced the expression of cbe4532 and cbe4533 in C. beijerinckii, and consistent with this observation, extracts of cells grown on glucose exhibited PTS activity for GlcNAc, and glucose did not strongly repress utilization of GlcNAc by growing cells. On the basis of the phylogeny and function of the encoded PTS, we propose that the genes cbe4532 and cbe4533 should be designated nagE and nagF, respectively.
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Mahata M, Shinya S, Masaki E, Yamamoto T, Ohnuma T, Brzezinski R, Mazumder TK, Yamashita K, Narihiro K, Fukamizo T. Production of chitooligosaccharides from Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL2710 cells by chitosanase digestion. Carbohydr Res 2013; 383:27-33. [PMID: 24252625 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The intact cells of Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL2710, whose cell walls are abundant source of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN), were digested with three chitinolytic enzymes, a GH-46 chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. N174 (CsnN174), a chitinase from Pyrococcus furiosus, and a chitinase from Trichoderma viride, respectively. Solubilization of the intact cells by CsnN174 was found to be the most efficient from solid state CP/MAS (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Chitosanase products from Rhizopus cells were purified by cation exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 and gel-filtration on Cellulofine Gcl-25m. NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses of the purified products revealed that GlcN-GlcNAc, (GlcN)2-GlcNAc, and (GlcN)2 were produced by the enzymatic digestion of the intact cells. The chitosanase digestion of Rhizopus cells was found to be an excellent system for the conversion of fungal biomass without any environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mahata
- University of Andalas, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Shoko Shinya
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Eiko Masaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Ryszard Brzezinski
- Département de Biologie, Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Tapan K Mazumder
- Yaegaki Bio-industry, Inc., 681 Mukudani, Hayashida-cho, Himeji 678-4298, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamashita
- Yaegaki Bio-industry, Inc., 681 Mukudani, Hayashida-cho, Himeji 678-4298, Japan
| | - Kazue Narihiro
- Yaegaki Bio-industry, Inc., 681 Mukudani, Hayashida-cho, Himeji 678-4298, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
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Freitas AC, Rodrigues D, Rocha-Santos TA, Gomes AM, Duarte AC. Marine biotechnology advances towards applications in new functional foods. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1506-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jaime MDLA, Lopez-Llorca LV, Conesa A, Lee AY, Proctor M, Heisler LE, Gebbia M, Giaever G, Westwood JT, Nislow C. Identification of yeast genes that confer resistance to chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) using chemogenomics. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:267. [PMID: 22727066 PMCID: PMC3505485 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a deacetylated derivative of chitin, is an abundant, and renewable natural polymer. COS has higher antimicrobial properties than chitosan and is presumed to act by disrupting/permeabilizing the cell membranes of bacteria, yeast and fungi. COS is relatively non-toxic to mammals. By identifying the molecular and genetic targets of COS, we hope to gain a better understanding of the antifungal mode of action of COS. Results Three different chemogenomic fitness assays, haploinsufficiency (HIP), homozygous deletion (HOP), and multicopy suppression (MSP) profiling were combined with a transcriptomic analysis to gain insight in to the mode of action and mechanisms of resistance to chitosan oligosaccharides. The fitness assays identified 39 yeast deletion strains sensitive to COS and 21 suppressors of COS sensitivity. The genes identified are involved in processes such as RNA biology (transcription, translation and regulatory mechanisms), membrane functions (e.g. signalling, transport and targeting), membrane structural components, cell division, and proteasome processes. The transcriptomes of control wild type and 5 suppressor strains overexpressing ARL1, BCK2, ERG24, MSG5, or RBA50, were analyzed in the presence and absence of COS. Some of the up-regulated transcripts in the suppressor overexpressing strains exposed to COS included genes involved in transcription, cell cycle, stress response and the Ras signal transduction pathway. Down-regulated transcripts included those encoding protein folding components and respiratory chain proteins. The COS-induced transcriptional response is distinct from previously described environmental stress responses (i.e. thermal, salt, osmotic and oxidative stress) and pre-treatment with these well characterized environmental stressors provided little or any resistance to COS. Conclusions Overexpression of the ARL1 gene, a member of the Ras superfamily that regulates membrane trafficking, provides protection against COS-induced cell membrane permeability and damage. We found that the ARL1 COS-resistant over-expression strain was as sensitive to Amphotericin B, Fluconazole and Terbinafine as the wild type cells and that when COS and Fluconazole are used in combination they act in a synergistic fashion. The gene targets of COS identified in this study indicate that COS’s mechanism of action is different from other commonly studied fungicides that target membranes, suggesting that COS may be an effective fungicide for drug-resistant fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D L A Jaime
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Gomaa EZ. Chitinase production by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis: their potential in antifungal biocontrol. J Microbiol 2012; 50:103-11. [PMID: 22367944 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Thirty bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants collected from Egypt and screened for production of chitinase enzymes. Bacillus thuringiensis NM101-19 and Bacillus licheniformis NM120-17 had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. The production of chitinase by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1.5% colloidal chitin, with casein as a nitrogen source, at 30°C after five days of incubation. An enhancement of chitinase production by the two species was observed by addition of sugar substances and dried fungal mats to the colloidal chitin media. The optimal conditions for chitinase activity by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis were at 40°C, pH 7.0 and pH 8.0, respectively. Na(+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), and Ca(2+) caused enhancement of enzyme activities whereas they were markedly inhibited by Zn(2+), Hg(2+), and Ag(+). In vitro, B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis chitinases had potential for cell wall lysis of many phytopathogenic fungi tested. The addition of B. thuringiensis chitinase was more effective than that of B. licheniformis in increasing the germination of soybean seeds infected with various phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zakaria Gomaa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, 11435, Cairo, Egypt.
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Khoushab F, Yamabhai M. Chitin research revisited. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1988-2012. [PMID: 20714419 PMCID: PMC2920538 DOI: 10.3390/md8071988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two centuries after the discovery of chitin, it is widely accepted that this biopolymer is an important biomaterial in many aspects. Numerous studies on chitin have focused on its biomedical applications. In this review, various aspects of chitin research including sources, structure, biosynthesis, chitinolytic enzyme, chitin binding protein, genetic engineering approach to produce chitin, chitin and evolution, and a wide range of applications in bio- and nanotechnology will be dealt with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feisal Khoushab
- School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; E-Mail:
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; E-Mail:
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Kumirska J, Czerwicka M, Kaczyński Z, Bychowska A, Brzozowski K, Thöming J, Stepnowski P. Application of spectroscopic methods for structural analysis of chitin and chitosan. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1567-636. [PMID: 20559489 PMCID: PMC2885081 DOI: 10.3390/md8051567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, the second most important natural polymer in the world, and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan, have been identified as versatile biopolymers for a broad range of applications in medicine, agriculture and the food industry. Two of the main reasons for this are firstly the unique chemical, physicochemical and biological properties of chitin and chitosan, and secondly the unlimited supply of raw materials for their production. These polymers exhibit widely differing physicochemical properties depending on the chitin source and the conditions of chitosan production. The presence of reactive functional groups as well as the polysaccharide nature of these biopolymers enables them to undergo diverse chemical modifications. A complete chemical and physicochemical characterization of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives is not possible without using spectroscopic techniques. This review focuses on the application of spectroscopic methods for the structural analysis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kumirska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Czerwicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Kaczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Anna Bychowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Brzozowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
| | - Jorg Thöming
- UFT-Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; E-Mail:
(J.T.)
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdansk, Poland; E-Mails:
(M.C.);
(Z.K.);
(A.B.);
(K.B.);
(P.S.)
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Armenta RE, Guerrero-Legarreta I. Stability studies on astaxanthin extracted from fermented shrimp byproducts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6095-6100. [PMID: 19548684 DOI: 10.1021/jf901083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, stability studies on astaxanthin contained in carotenoproteins extracted from lactic acid fermented shrimp byproduct have never been reported. Carotenoprotein powder, containing 1% free astaxanthin, was subjected to oxidation factors of illumination, oxygen availability, and temperature, using synthetic astaxanthin as a control. The individual effects as well as first and second degree interactions were studied on natural and synthetic free astaxanthin stability. Air and full light were the two individual factors with the highest effects on astaxanthin oxidation. Sixty-two and 46% natural and synthetic astaxanthin, respectively, oxidized when exposed to air for 8 weeks of storage, whereas 35 and 28% of natural and synthetic astaxanthin, respectively, oxidized under full light. Ninety-seven and 88% of natural and synthetic astaxanthin, respectively, oxidized under a combination of full light, air, and 45 degrees C at 8 weeks of storage. Storage in the dark, nonoxygen, and 25 degrees C were the treatments that efficiently minimized astaxanthin oxidation. Natural astaxanthin from fermented shrimp byproduct presented moderate stability levels. Although natural astaxanthin oxidized faster than the synthetic pigment, its stability may improve by antioxidant and polymer addition.
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Mascal M, Nikitin EB. Dramatic advancements in the saccharide to 5-(chloromethyl)furfural conversion reaction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:859-61. [PMID: 19725092 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mascal
- Department of Chemistry and Bioenergy Research Group, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA.
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Jungbauer A. Editorial: Waste biotech. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:831. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200890067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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