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Deng Y, Zhu C, Jiang R, Yu C, Zhao J, Jiang X, Wen J. Salivary signatures of oral-brain communication in sleep bruxers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1321855. [PMID: 38125907 PMCID: PMC10731308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1321855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microbiota and their interaction with hosts have been of great interest in brain research in recent years. However, the role of oral microbiota in mental illness and the underlying mechanism of oral-brain communication remains elusive. Sleep bruxism (SB) is an oral parafunctional activity related to the nervous system and is considered a risk factor for harmful clinical consequences and severe systemic conditions. Exploring the connection between oral microbiota and sleep bruxism may deepen our understanding of the complex relationship between oral-brain axis and provide insights for treatment. Methods In this study, salivary samples were collected from 22 individuals with SB and 21 healthy controls, and metagenomics with metabolomics was performed. Nonparametric Wilcoxon test were applied for the statistical analysis between the two groups. Microbial dysbiosis and altered oral metabolites were found in the SB individuals. Results The characteristic metabolite N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) (VIP=8.4823, P<0.05) was correlated to a statistically lower Streptococcus mitis level in SB individuals. Salivary IFN-g level and IFN-g/IL-4 ratio were detected with significant changes in a chip assay. Amino acid metabolism pathways were upregulated, and the pathway with the largest number of differentially expressed genes is related to amino-tRNA charging pathway, while the most significantly enriched pathway is related to arginine biosynthesis. Neurotransmitter-associated pathways with glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses and cardiovascular system-related pathways were enriched in the SB group. Discussion These results indicate a possible neuroimmune regulatory network of oral-brain communication in SB, which helps explain the mechanism of the oral microbiome with the host in sleep bruxers and provides a reference for early clinical and therapeutic intervention to improve the diagnosis and treatment of SB and similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Deng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyuan Zhu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixue Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Wen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, China
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Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Peres RAS, Alves SAS, Novaes-Fernandes C, Dias WB, Pinheiro AAS, Peruchetti DB, Caruso-Neves C. O-Linked GlcNAcylation mediates the inhibition of proximal tubule (Na ++K +)ATPase activity in the early stage of diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130466. [PMID: 37742874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). It has been proposed that modifications in the function of proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) precede glomerular damage during the onset of DKD. This study aimed to identify modifications in renal sodium handling in the early stage of DM and its molecular mechanism. METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic BALB/c mice (STZ group) and LLC-PK1 cells, a model of PTECs, were used. All parameters were assessed in the 4th week after an initial injection of STZ. RESULTS Early stage of DKD was characterized by hyperfiltration and PTEC dysfunction. STZ group exhibited increased urinary sodium excretion due to impairment of tubular sodium reabsorption. This was correlated to a decrease in cortical (Na++K+)ATPase (NKA) α1 subunit expression and enzyme activity and an increase in O-GlcNAcylation. RNAseq analysis of patients with DKD revealed an increase in expression of the glutamine-fructose aminotransferase (GFAT) gene, a rate-limiting step of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and a decrease in NKA expression. Incubation of LLC-PK1 cells with 10 μM thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase, reduced the expression and activity of NKA and increased O-GlcNAcylation. Furthermore, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), a GFAT inhibitor, or dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, avoided the inhibitory effect of HG on expression and activity of NKA associated with the decrease in O-GlcNAcylation. CONCLUSION Our results show that the impairment of tubular sodium reabsorption, in the early stage of DM, is due to SGLT2-mediated HG influx in PTECs, increase in O-GlcNAcylation and reduction in NKA expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P Silva-Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E Teixeira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A S Peres
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah A S Alves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Novaes-Fernandes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner B Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health - NanoSAUDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Peruchetti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health - NanoSAUDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-Regenera, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCTIC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Dechojarassri D, Kaneshige R, Tamura H, Furuike T. Preparation and Characterization of Crosslinked Electrospun Gelatin Fabrics via Maillard Reactions. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16114078. [PMID: 37297211 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nonwoven gelatin (Gel) fabrics crosslinked using N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) were characterized and compared with those crosslinked using methylglyoxal (MG) and by thermal dehydration. We prepared Gel with 25% concentration along with Gel/GlcNAc and Gel/MG with a GlcNAc-to-Gel ratio of 5% and MG-to-Gel ratio of 0.6%. A high voltage of 23 kV, solution temperature of 45 °C, and distance of 10 cm between the tip and the collector were applied during electrospinning. The electrospun Gel fabrics were crosslinked by heat treatment at 140 and 150 °C for 1 d. The electrospun Gel/GlcNAc fabrics were treated at 100 and 150 °C for 2 d, while the Gel/MG fabrics were heat-treated for 1 d. The Gel/MG fabrics exhibited higher tensile strength and lower elongation than the Gel/GlcNAc fabrics. Overall, Gel/MG crosslinked at 150 °C for 1 d showed a significant enhancement in tensile strength, high hydrolytic degradation, and excellent biocompatibility, with cell viability percentages of 105 and 130% at 1 and 3 d, respectively. Therefore, MG is a promising Gel crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangkamol Dechojarassri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology (ORDIST), Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Ryota Kaneshige
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology (ORDIST), Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuike
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology (ORDIST), Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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Liu C, Deng S, Xiao Z, Lu R, Cheng H, Feng J, Shen X, Ni Q, Wu W, Yu X, Luo G. Glutamine is a substrate for glycosylation and CA19-9 biosynthesis through hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in pancreatic cancer. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:20. [PMID: 36797531 PMCID: PMC9935803 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is the most widely used biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Since CA19-9 closely correlates with patient outcome and tumor stage in pancreatic cancer, the deciphering of CA19-9 biosynthesis provides a potential clue for treatment. METHODS Concentration of amino acids was detected by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolic flux of glutamine was examined by isotope tracing untargeted metabolomics. Label-free quantitative N-glycosylation proteomics was used to examine N-glycosylation alterations. RESULTS Among all amino acids, glutamine was higher in CA19-9-high pancreatic cancers (> 37 U/mL, 66 cases) than in CA19-9-normal clinical specimens (≤ 37 U/mL, 37 cases). The glutamine concentration in clinical specimens was positively correlated with liver metastasis or lymphovascular invasion. Glutamine blockade using diazooxonorleucine suppressed pancreatic cancer growth and intraperitoneal and lymphatic metastasis. Glutamine promotes O-GlcNAcylation, protein glycosylation, and CA19-9 biosynthesis through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) levels correlated with the glutamine influx through hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and supported CA19-9 biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Glutamine is a substrate for CA19-9 biosynthesis in pancreatic cancer. Glutamine blockade may be a potential therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270,Dong'An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shengming Deng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270,Dong'An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiwen Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270,Dong'An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - He Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270,Dong'An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuxia Shen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270,Dong'An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270,Dong'An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270,Dong'An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Guopei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270,Dong'An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Garádi Z, Tóth A, Gáti T, Dancsó A, Béni S. Utilizing the (1)H-(15)N NMR Methods for the Characterization of Isomeric Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36768504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally complex unconjugated glycans that are the third largest solid fraction in human milk after lactose and lipids. HMOs are in the forefront of research since they have been proven to possess beneficial health effects, especially on breast-fed neonates. Although HMO research is a trending topic nowadays, readily available analytical methods suitable for the routine investigation of HMOs are still incomplete. NMR spectroscopy provides detailed structural information that can be used to indicate subtle structural differences, particularly for isomeric carbohydrates. Herein, we propose an NMR-based method to identify the major isomeric HMOs containing GlcNAc and/or Neu5Ac building blocks utilizing their amide functionality. Experimental conditions were optimized (H2O:D2O 9:1 v/v solvent at pH 3.0) to obtain 1H-15N HSQC and 1H-15N HSQC-TOCSY NMR spectra of the aforementioned building blocks in HMOs. Four isomeric HMO pairs, LNT/LNnT, 3'SL/6'SL, LNFP II/LNFP III, and LSTa/LSTb, were investigated, and complete NMR resonance assignments were provided. In addition, 1H and 15N NMR resonances were found to be indicative of various linkages, thereby facilitating the distinction of isomeric tri-, tetra-, and pentasaccharide HMOs. The rapid growth of HMO products (from infant formulas and dietary supplements to cosmetics) undoubtedly requires expanding the range of applicable analytical methods. Thus, our work provides a 15N NMR-based method to advance this challenging field of carbohydrate analysis.
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Lin SJH, Helm ET, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Acute infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae affects mucin expression, glycosylation, and fecal MUC5AC. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1042815. [PMID: 36683692 PMCID: PMC9852840 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infection with strongly β-hemolytic strains of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae leads to swine dysentery (SD), a production-limiting disease that causes mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and typhlocolitis in pigs. This pathogen has strong chemotactic activity toward mucin, and infected pigs often have a disorganized mucus layer and marked de novo expression of MUC5AC, which is not constitutively expressed in the colon. It has been shown that fucose is chemoattractant for B. hyodysenteriae, and a highly fermentable fiber diet can mitigate and delay the onset of SD. Methods We used lectins targeting sialic acids in α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), α-linked L-fucose, and an immunohistochemical stain targeting N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) to investigate the local expression of these mucin glycans in colonic tissues of pigs with acute SD. We used a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify fecal MUC5AC in infected pigs and assess its potential as a diagnostic monitoring tool and RNA in situ hybridization to detect IL-17A in the colonic mucosa. Results Colonic mucin glycosylation during SD has an overall increase in fucose, a spatially different distribution of GlcNAc with more expression within the crypt lumens of the upper colonic mucosa, and decreased expression or a decreased trend of sialic acids in α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages, and NeuGc compared to the controls. The degree of increased fucosylation was less in the colonic mucosa of pigs with SD and fed the highly fermentable fiber diet. There was a significant increase in MUC5AC in fecal and colonic samples of pigs with SD at the endpoint compared to the controls, but the predictive value for disease progression was limited. Discussion Fucosylation and the impact of dietary fiber may play important roles in the pathogenesis of SD. The lack of predictive value for fecal MUC5AC quantification by ELISA is possibly due to the presence of other non-colonic sources of MUC5AC in the feces. The moderate correlation between IL-17A, neutrophils and MUC5AC confirms its immunoregulatory and mucin stimulatory role. Our study characterizes local alteration of mucin glycosylation in the colonic mucosa of pigs with SD after B. hyodysenteriae infection and may provide insight into host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Je-Han Lin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Zeng L, Walker AR, Calderon PDS, Xia X, Ren F, Esquivel-Upshaw JF. The Effect of Amino Sugars on the Composition and Metabolism of a Microcosm Biofilm and the Cariogenic Potential against Teeth and Dental Materials. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13. [PMID: 36412864 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) are abundant sources of carbon and nitrogen in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GlcNAc metabolism on the genomics and biochemistry of a saliva-derived microbial community, and on the surface integrity of human teeth and restorative surfaces. Pooled cell-containing saliva (CCS) was used to establish a microcosm biofilm in vitro in a biofilm medium (BM) containing 5 different carbohydrates. The microbial composition of each biofilm was analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and the concentrations of eight organic acids were determined for selected sugars by targeted metabolomics. Meanwhile, extracted human teeth and polished titanium and ceramic disks were submerged in BM supplemented with 1% of glucose or GlcNAc, inoculated with CCS and Streptococcus mutans UA159, and incubated for 30 days. To mimic the effects of other microbial byproducts, the specimens were immersed in 10 mM hydrogen peroxide and 10 mM ammonium hydroxide for 30 days. The surface of each specimen was evaluated by profilometry for roughness (Ra) and imaged by scanning electron microscopy. The pH of the biofilm supernatant was significantly higher for the medium containing GlcNAc (p < 0.0001), and was higher in samples containing teeth than the two restorative disks for media containing the same sugar. For both teeth and titanium specimens, the samples treated with glucose-biofilm presented higher roughness values (Ra) than those with GlcNAc-biofilm and every other group. SEM images of the teeth and titanium disks largely supported the profilometry results, with glucose-biofilm samples demonstrating the largest deviation from the reference. For ceramic disks, slightly higher Ra values were obtained for the ammonia group. These findings provide the first direct evidence to support the ability of amino sugars to significantly reduce the cariogenic potential of oral biofilms by altering their biochemistry and bacterial composition. Additionally, amino sugar metabolism appears to be less detrimental to teeth and restorative surfaces than glucose metabolism.
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Hsu YS, Wu PJ, Jeng YM, Hu CM, Lee WH. Differential effects of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine on genome instability. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1556-1576. [PMID: 35530290 PMCID: PMC9077085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant sugar metabolism is linked to an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Previously, we found that high glucose induces genome instability and de novo oncogenic KRAS mutation preferentially in pancreatic cells through dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation. Increasing O-GlcNAcylation by extrinsically supplying N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) causes genome instability in all kinds of cell types regardless of pancreatic origin. Since many people consume excessive amount of sugar (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) in daily life, whether high sugar consumption directly causes genome instability in animals remains to be elucidated. In this communication, we show that excess sugar in the daily drink increases DNA damage and protein O-GlcNAcylation preferentially in pancreatic tissue but not in other kinds of tissue of mice. The effect of high sugar on the pancreatic tissue may be attributed to the intrinsic ratio of GFAT and PFK activity, a limiting factor that dictates UDP-GlcNAc levels. On the other hand, GlcNAc universally induces DNA damage in all six organs examined. Either inhibiting O-GlcNAcylation or supplementing dNTP pool diminishes the induced DNA damage in these organs, indicating that the mechanism of action is similar to that of high glucose treatment in pancreatic cells. Taken together, these results suggest the potential hazards of high sugar drinks and high glucosamine intake to genomic instability and possibly cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Sheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical UniversityTaichung 40402, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei 10041, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Mei Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical UniversityTaichung 40402, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hwa Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipei 11529, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical UniversityTaichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697, USA
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Guvench O, Martin D, Greene M. Pyranose Ring Puckering Thermodynamics for Glycan Monosaccharides Associated with Vertebrate Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:473. [PMID: 35008898 PMCID: PMC8745717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational properties of carbohydrates can contribute to protein structure directly through covalent conjugation in the cases of glycoproteins and proteoglycans and indirectly in the case of transmembrane proteins embedded in glycolipid-containing bilayers. However, there continue to be significant challenges associated with experimental structural biology of such carbohydrate-containing systems. All-atom explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations provide a direct atomic resolution view of biomolecular dynamics and thermodynamics, but the accuracy of the results depends on the quality of the force field parametrization used in the simulations. A key determinant of the conformational properties of carbohydrates is ring puckering. Here, we applied extended system adaptive biasing force (eABF) all-atom explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the ring puckering thermodynamics of the ten common pyranose monosaccharides found in vertebrate biology (as represented by the CHARMM carbohydrate force field). The results, along with those for idose, demonstrate that the CHARMM force field reliably models ring puckering across this diverse set of molecules, including accurately capturing the subtle balance between 4C1 and 1C4 chair conformations in the cases of iduronate and of idose. This suggests the broad applicability of the force field for accurate modeling of carbohydrate-containing vertebrate biomolecules such as glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgun Guvench
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, School of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (D.M.); (M.G.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Devon Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, School of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (D.M.); (M.G.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Megan Greene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, School of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (D.M.); (M.G.)
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10
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Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a preeminent human bacterial pathogen causing hundreds of millions of infections each year worldwide. In the clinical setting, the bacterium is easily identified by a rapid antigen test against the group A carbohydrate (GAC), a polysaccharide that comprises 30 to 50% of the GAS cell wall by weight. Originally described by Rebecca Lancefield in the 1930s, GAC consists of a polyrhamnose backbone and a N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) side chain. This side chain, the species-defining immunodominant antigen, is potentially implicated in autoreactive immune responses against human heart or brain tissue in poststreptococcal rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease. The recent discovery of the genetic locus encoding GAC biosynthesis and new insights into its chemical structure have provided novel insights into the assembly of the polysaccharide, its contribution to immune evasion and virulence, and ideas for safely harnessing its natural immunogenicity in vaccine design. This minireview serves to summarize the emerging new literature on GAC, the eponymous cell well antigen that provides structural integrity to GAS and directly interfaces with host innate and adaptive immune responses.
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11
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Sharma Y, Ahlawat S, Rao A. Biochemical characterization of an inverting S/O-HexNAc-transferase and evidence of S-linked glycosylation in Actinobacteria. Glycobiology 2021; 32:148-161. [PMID: 34420053 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides harboring S- and or O-linked glycans are known as glycocins. Glycocins were first discovered and best characterized in Firmicutes. S-glycosylation is an enzymatic process catalyzed by S-glycosyltransferases of the GT2 family. Using a heterologous expression system, here we describe an inverting S/O-HexNAc-transferase (SvGT), encoded by ORF AQF52_3101 of S. venezuelae ATCC 15439, along with its acceptor substrate (SvC), encoded by ORF AQF52_3099. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we define the distinct donor specificity, acceptor specificity, regioselectivity, chemoselectivity, and Y(G/A/K/Q/E ≠ ΔG)(C/S/T ≠ Y/N)(G/A ≠ P/Q)G as the minimum acceptor sequon of SvGT. Although UDP-GlcNAc served as the donor in the cellular milieu, SvGT could also utilize UDP-Glc and UDP-GalNAc as donors in vitro. Using mass spectrometry and western blotting, we provide evidence that an anti-O-GlcNAc antibody (CTD110.6) cross-reacts with S-GlcNAc and may be used to detect S-GlcNAcylated glycoconjugates directly. With an understanding of enzyme specificities, we finally employed SvGT to generate two proof-of-concept neoglycocins against L. monocytogenes. In conclusion, this study provides the first experimental evidence for S-glycosylation in Actinobacteria and the application of its S/O-HexNAc-transferase in glycocin engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Shimona Ahlawat
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Alka Rao
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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12
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Li C, Jiang S, Du C, Lu Z, He N, Zhou Y, Jiang S S, Zhang G G. High-Level Extracellular Expression of a New β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase in Escherichia coli for Producing GlcNAc. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648373. [PMID: 33776979 PMCID: PMC7996098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-β-D glucosamine (GlcNAc) is wildly used in cosmetics, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. The traditional chemical process for GlcNAc production from chitin causes serious acidic pollution. Therefore, the enzymatic hydrolysis becomes a great promising and alternative strategy to produce GlcNAc. β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) can hydrolyze chitin to produce GlcNAc. Here, a GH3 family NAGase encoding gene BlNagZ from Bacillus licheniformis was expressed extracellularly in Escherichia coli guided by signal peptide PelB. The recombinant BlNagZ presented the best activity at 60°C and pH 5.5 with a high specific activity of 13.05 U/mg. The BlNagZ activity in the fermentation supernatant can reach 13.62 U/mL after optimizing the culture conditions, which is 4.25 times higher than optimization before. Finally, combining BlNagZ with chitinase ChiA we identified before, chitin conversion efficiency to GlcNAc can reach 89.2% within 3.5 h. In all, this study provided not only a high active NAGase, and a secreted expression strategy to reduce the cost of production, which is conducive to the industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenghui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nisha He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijing Jiang S
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guimin Zhang G
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Li C, Jiang S, Du C, Zhou Y, Jiang S, Zhang G. [Expression and characterization of β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Bacillus coagulans DSM1 for N-acetyl-β-D glucosamine production]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2021; 37:218-227. [PMID: 33501803 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.200190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (NAGases) can convert natural substrates such as chitin or chitosan to N-acetyl-β-D glucosamine (GlcNAc) monomer that is wildly used in medicine and agriculture. In this study, the BcNagZ gene from Bacillus coagulans DMS1 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was secreted into the fermentation supernatant and the expression amount reached 0.76 mg/mL. The molecular mass of purified enzyme was 61.3 kDa, and the specific activity was 5.918 U/mg. The optimal temperature and pH of the BcNagZ were 75 °C and 5.5, respectively, and remained more than 85% residual activity after 30 min at 65 °C. The Mie constant Km was 0.23 mmol/L and the Vmax was 0.043 1 mmol/(L·min). The recombinant BcNagZ could hydrolyze colloidal chitin to obtain trace amounts of GlcNAc, and hydrolyze disaccharides to monosaccharide. Combining with the reported exochitinase AMcase, BcNagZ could produce GlcNAc from hydrolysis of colloidal chitin with a yield over 86.93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Shun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Sijing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
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14
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Hanumantha Rao K, Paul S, Ghosh S. N-acetylglucosamine Signaling: Transcriptional Dynamics of a Novel Sugar Sensing Cascade in a Model Pathogenic Yeast, Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 33477740 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino sugar, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), has emerged as an attractive messenger of signaling in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, given its multifaceted role in cellular processes, including GlcNAc scavenging, import and metabolism, morphogenesis (yeast to hyphae and white to opaque switch), virulence, GlcNAc induced cell death (GICD), etc. During signaling, the exogenous GlcNAc appears to adopt a simple mechanism of gene regulation by directly activating Ngs1, a novel GlcNAc sensor and transducer, at the chromatin level, to activate transcriptional response through the promoter acetylation. Ngs1 acts as a master regulator in GlcNAc signaling by regulating GlcNAc catabolic gene expression and filamentation. Ndt80-family transcriptional factor Rep1 appears to be involved in the recruitment of Ngs1 to GlcNAc catabolic gene promoters. For promoting filamentation, GlcNAc adopts a little modified strategy by utilizing a recently evolved transcriptional loop. Here, Biofilm regulator Brg1 takes up the key role, getting up-regulated by Ngs1, and simultaneously induces Hyphal Specific Genes (HSGs) expression by down-regulating NRG1 expression. GlcNAc kinase Hxk1 appears to play a prominent role in signaling. Recent developments in GlcNAc signaling have made C. albicans a model system to understand its role in other eukaryotes as well. The knowledge thus gained would assist in designing therapeutic interventions for the control of candidiasis and other fungal diseases.
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15
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Weiss GA, Grabinger T, Glaus Garzon J, Hasler T, Greppi A, Lacroix C, Khanzhin N, Hennet T. Intestinal inflammation alters mucosal carbohydrate foraging and monosaccharide incorporation into microbial glycans. Cell Microbiol 2020; 23:e13269. [PMID: 32975882 PMCID: PMC7757161 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous carbohydrates released from the intestinal mucus represent a constant source of nutrients to the intestinal microbiota. Mucus-derived carbohydrates can also be used as building blocks in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall components, thereby influencing host mucosal immunity. To assess the uptake of endogenous carbohydrates by gut microbes in healthy mice and during intestinal inflammation, we applied azido-monosaccharides that can be tracked on bacterial cell walls after conjugation with fluorophores. In interleukin-10 deficient mice, changes in the gut microbiota were accompanied by decreased carbohydrate hydrolase activities and increased lumenal concentrations of host glycan-derived monosaccharides. Tracking of the monosaccharide N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz) in caecum bacteria revealed a preferential incorporation of this carbohydrate by Xanthomonadaceae in healthy mice and by Bacteroidaceae in interleukin-10 deficient mice. These GlcNAz-positive Bacteroidaceae fractions mainly belonged to the species B. acidifaciens and B. vulgatus. Growth of Bacteroides species in the presence of specific monosaccharides changed their stimulatory activity toward CD11c+ dendritic cells. Expression of activation markers and cytokine production was highest after stimulation of dendritic cells with B. vulgatus. The variable incorporation of monosaccharides by related Bacteroides species underline the necessity to investigate intestinal bacteria down to the species level when addressing microbiota-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Adrienne Weiss
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Yili Innovation Center Europe, Bronland 12E-1, 6708WH Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Grabinger
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Hasler
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Greppi
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Song W, Zhang N, Yang M, Zhou Y, He N, Zhang G. Multiple strategies to improve the yield of chitinase a from Bacillus licheniformis in Pichia pastoris to obtain plant growth enhancer and GlcNAc. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:181. [PMID: 32933546 PMCID: PMC7493387 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase and chitin-oligosaccaride can be used in multiple field, so it is important to develop a high-yield chitinase producing strain. Here, a recombinant Pichia pastoris with 4 copies of ChiA gene from Bacillus licheniformis and co-expression of molecular chaperon HAC1 was constructed. The amount of recombinant ChiA in the supernatant of high-cell-density fermentation reaches a maximum of 12.7 mg/mL, which is 24-fold higher than that reported in the previous study. The recombinant ChiA can hydrolyze 30% collodidal chitin with 74% conversion ratio, and GlcNAc is the most abundant hydrolysis product, followed by N, N′-diacetylchitobiose. Combined with BsNagZ, the hydrolysate of ChiA can be further transformed into GlcNAc with 88% conversion ratio. Additionally, the hydrolysate of ChiA can obviously accelerate the germination growth of rice and wheat, increasing the seedling height and root length by at least 1.6 folds within 10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Mo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Nisha He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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17
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Du H, Ennis CL, Hernday AD, Nobile CJ, Huang G. N-Acetylglucosamine ( GlcNAc) Sensing, Utilization, and Functions in Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E129. [PMID: 32784532 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing and efficient utilization of environmental nutrients are critical for the survival of microorganisms in environments where nutrients are limited, such as within mammalian hosts. Candida albicans is a common member of the human microbiota as well as an opportunistic fungal pathogen. The amide derivative sugar N-acetlyglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an important signaling molecule for C. albicans that could be a major nutrient source for this fungus in host settings. In this article, we review progress made over the past two decades on GlcNAc utilization, sensing, and functions in C. albicans and its related fungal species. GlcNAc sensing and catabolic pathways have been intensively studied in C. albicans. The C. albicans protein Ngt1 represents the first identified GlcNAc-specific transporter in eukaryotic organisms. In C. albicans, GlcNAc not only induces morphological transitions including the yeast to hyphal transition and the white to opaque phenotypic switch, but it also promotes fungal cell death. The Ras-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway plays critical roles in regulating these processes. Given the importance of GlcNAc sensing and utilization in C. albicans, targeting GlcNAc associated pathways and key pathway components could be promising in the development of new antifungal strategies.
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18
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Zhang W, Meredith RJ, Oliver AG, Carmichael I, Serianni AS. Glycosidic linkage, N-acetyl side-chain, and other structural properties of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannopyranoside monohydrate and related compounds. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2020; 76:287-297. [PMID: 32132287 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glycopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannopyranoside monohydrate, C15H27NO11·H2O, was determined and its structural properties compared to those in a set of mono- and disaccharides bearing N-acetyl side-chains in βGlcNAc aldohexopyranosyl rings. Valence bond angles and torsion angles in these side chains are relatively uniform, but C-N (amide) and C-O (carbonyl) bond lengths depend on the state of hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl O atom and N-H hydrogen. Relative to N-acetyl side chains devoid of hydrogen bonding, those in which the carbonyl O atom serves as a hydrogen-bond acceptor display elongated C-O and shortened C-N bonds. This behavior is reproduced by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating that the relative contributions of amide resonance forms to experimental C-N and C-O bond lengths depend on the solvation state, leading to expectations that activation barriers to amide cis-trans isomerization will depend on the polarity of the environment. DFT calculations also revealed useful predictive information on the dependencies of inter-residue hydrogen bonding and some bond angles in or proximal to β-(1→4) O-glycosidic linkages on linkage torsion angles φ and ψ. Hypersurfaces correlating φ and ψ with the linkage C-O-C bond angle and total energy are sufficiently similar to render the former a proxy of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | - Reagan J Meredith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | - Allen G Oliver
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | - Ian Carmichael
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | - Anthony S Serianni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
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19
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Yu W, Li D, Li H, Tang Y, Tang H, Ma X, Liu Z. Absence of tmRNA Increases the Persistence to Cefotaxime and the Intercellular Accumulation of Metabolite GlcNAc in Aeromonas veronii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:44. [PMID: 32185140 PMCID: PMC7058587 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persisters are a small proportion of phenotypically heterogeneous variants with the transient capability to survive in high concentrations of antibiotics, causing recurrent infections in both human and aquatic animals. Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), which was encoded by the ssrA gene, was identified as a determinant regulator mediating the persistence to β-lactams in the pathogenic Aeromonas veronii C4. The deletion of tmRNA exhibited the increased ability of persister formation most probably due to the reduction of protein synthesis. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the absence of tmRNA not only significantly elevated the intercellular levels of metabolite GlcNAc and promoted NaCl osmotic tolerance, but also upregulated the expression of metabolic genes in both the upstream biosynthesis pathway and the downstream metabolic flux of peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis. Finally, exogenous GlcNAc stimulated significant bacterial growth, enhanced content of GlcNAc in the cell wall, higher resistance to osmotic response, and higher persistence to cefotaxime in a concentration-dependent manner, implying its potential role in promoting the multiple phenotypes observed in tmRNA deletion strains. Taken together, these results hint at a potential mechanism of persister formation mediated by tmRNA against the β-lactam challenges in A. veronii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Daiyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanqiong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongqian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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20
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Chen H, Cui J, Wang P, Wang X, Wen J. Enhancement of bleomycin production in Streptomyces verticillus through global metabolic regulation of N-acetylglucosamine and assisted metabolic profiling analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:32. [PMID: 32054531 PMCID: PMC7017467 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bleomycin is a broad-spectrum glycopeptide antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus. Clinically, the mixture of bleomycin A2 and bleomycin B2 is widely used in combination with other drugs for the treatment of various cancers. As a secondary metabolite, the biosynthesis of bleomycin is precisely controlled by the complex extra-/intracellular regulation mechanisms, it is imperative to investigate the global metabolic and regulatory system involved in bleomycin biosynthesis for increasing bleomycin production. RESULTS N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), the vital signaling molecule controlling the onset of development and antibiotic synthesis in Streptomyces, was found to increase the yields of bleomycins significantly in chemically defined medium. To mine the gene information relevant to GlcNAc metabolism, the DNA sequences of dasR-dasA-dasBCD-nagB and nagKA in S. verticillus were determined by chromosome walking. From the results of Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), the repression of the expression of nagB and nagKA by the global regulator DasR was released under induction with GlcNAc. The relief of blmT expression repression by BlmR was the main reason for increased bleomycin production. DasR, however, could not directly affect the expression of the pathway-specific repressor BlmR in the bleomycins gene cluster. With at the beginning of bleomycin synthesis, the supply of the specific precursor GDP-mannose played the key role in bleomycin production. Genetic engineering of the GDP-mannose synthesis pathway indicated that phosphomannose isomerase (ManA) and phosphomannomutase (ManB) were key enzymes for bleomycins synthesis. Here, the blmT, manA and manB co-expression strain OBlmT/ManAB was constructed. Based on GlcNAc regulation and assisted metabolic profiling analysis, the yields of bleomycin A2 and B2 were ultimately increased to 61.79 and 36.9 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Under GlcNAc induction, the elevated production of bleomycins was mainly associated with the alleviation of the inhibition of BlmT, so blmT and specific precursor synthesis pathways were genetically engineered for bleomycins production improvement. Combination with subsequent metabolomics analysis not only effectively increased the bleomycin yield, but also extended the utilization of chitin-derived substrates in microbial-based antibiotic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Min K, Naseem S, Konopka JB. N-Acetylglucosamine Regulates Morphogenesis and Virulence Pathways in Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 6:jof6010008. [PMID: 31878148 PMCID: PMC7151181 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is being increasingly recognized for its ability to stimulate cell signaling. This amino sugar is best known as a component of cell wall peptidoglycan in bacteria, cell wall chitin in fungi and parasites, exoskeletons of arthropods, and the extracellular matrix of animal cells. In addition to these structural roles, GlcNAc is now known to stimulate morphological and stress responses in a wide range of organisms. In fungi, the model organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe lack the ability to respond to GlcNAc or catabolize it, so studies with the human pathogen Candida albicans have been providing new insights into the ability of GlcNAc to stimulate cellular responses. GlcNAc potently induces C. albicans to transition from budding to filamentous hyphal growth. It also promotes an epigenetic switch from White to Opaque cells, which differ in morphology, metabolism, and virulence properties. These studies have led to new discoveries, such as the identification of the first eukaryotic GlcNAc transporter. Other results have shown that GlcNAc can induce signaling in C. albicans in two ways. One is to act as a signaling molecule independent of its catabolism, and the other is that its catabolism can cause the alkalinization of the extracellular environment, which provides an additional stimulus to form hyphae. GlcNAc also induces the expression of virulence genes in the C. albicans, indicating it can influence pathogenesis. Therefore, this review will describe the recent advances in understanding the role of GlcNAc signaling pathways in regulating C. albicans morphogenesis and virulence.
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22
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King DT, Males A, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ. Molecular mechanisms regulating O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O- GlcNAc)-processing enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:131-144. [PMID: 31654859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) dynamically programmes cellular physiology to maintain homoeostasis and tailor biochemical pathways to meet context-dependent cellular needs. Despite diverse roles of played by O-GlcNAc, only two enzymes act antagonistically to govern its cycling; O-GlcNAc transferase installs the monosaccharide on target proteins, and O-GlcNAc hydrolase removes it. The recent literature has exposed a network of mechanisms regulating these two enzymes to choreograph global, and target-specific, O-GlcNAc cycling in response to cellular stress and nutrient availability. Herein, we amalgamate these emerging mechanisms from a structural and molecular perspective to explore how the cell exerts fine control to regulate O-GlcNAcylation of diverse proteins in a selective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T King
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Alexandra Males
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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23
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Ryan P, Xu M, Davey AK, Danon JJ, Mellick GD, Kassiou M, Rudrawar S. O- GlcNAc Modification Protects against Protein Misfolding and Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2209-2221. [PMID: 30985105 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are becoming the focus of intense research due to their implications in a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Various PTMs have been identified to alter the toxic profiles of proteins which play critical roles in disease etiology. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), dysregulated phosphorylation is reported to promote pathogenic processing of the microtubule-associated tau protein. Among the PTMs, the enzymatic addition of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) residues to Ser/Thr residues is reported to deliver protective effects against the pathogenic processing of both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau. Modification of tau with as few as one single O-GlcNAc residue inhibits its toxic self-assembly. This modification also has the same effect on the assembly of the Parkinson's disease (PD) associated α-synuclein (ASyn) protein. In fact, O-GlcNAcylation ( O-linked GlcNAc modification) affects the processing of numerous proteins implicated in AD, PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD) in a similar manner. As such, manipulation of a protein's O-GlcNAcylation status has been proposed to offer therapeutic routes toward addressing multiple neurodegenerative pathologies. Here we review the various effects that O-GlcNAc modification, and its modulated expression, have on pathogenically significant proteins involved in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ryan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Mingming Xu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Davey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | | | - George D. Mellick
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Santosh Rudrawar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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24
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Khan GJ, Gao Y, Gu M, Wang L, Khan S, Naeem F, Semukunzi H, Roy D, Yuan S, Sun L. TGF-β1 Causes EMT by Regulating N-Acetyl Glucosaminyl Transferases via Downregulation of Non Muscle Myosin II-A through JNK/P38/PI3K Pathway in Lung Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 18:209-219. [PMID: 28782471 DOI: 10.2174/1568009617666170807120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a major determinant of cancer metastasis and is closely linked with TGF-β1. Intracellular proteins, including E. Cadherin, N. Cadherin and Vimentin are directly related to EMT that affect cell migration and adhesion; on the other hand, non muscle myosin (NM) has a central role in cytokinesis, migration and adhesion. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the association of EMT and metastasis with TGF-β1 through regulation of non-muscle myosin II-A (NMII-A) and its interaction with Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway (HBP). METHOD Protein expression changes were assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescent staining while transcription level changes were assessed by qRT-PCR. EMT was assessed by phenotypic analysis, wound healing, proliferation and transwell migration assay in vitro while in vivo studies were conducted in BALB/c nude mice for lung orthotopic and tail vein metastasis models. RESULTS We demonstrated that regulation of JNK/ P38/PI3K by TGF-β1 led to down expression of NMII-A which promoted EMT and lung cancer metastasis. This down expression of NMII-A conversely upregulated the expression of Core 2 N-acetyl Glucosaminyl Transferase mucin type (C2GnT-M) and further facilitated up-regulation and down-regulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT) -V and -III respectively; moreover, NMII-A K.D cells showed 3 times more tendency to migrate towards brain in vivo. CONCLUSION The study reports a novel pathway through which NMII-A negatively regulates EMT and metastasis via up regulation of C2GnT-M, GnT-V and down expression of GnT-III. These findings of lung cancer may further be required to study other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Jilany Khan
- Jiangsu key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Faculty of Pharmacy (FOP), University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yingsheng Gao
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Jiangsu key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sara Khan
- University College of pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naeem
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Herve Semukunzi
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Debmalya Roy
- Jiangsu key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Sun
- Jiangsu key laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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25
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Ryva B, Zhang K, Asthana A, Wong D, Vicioso Y, Parameswaran R. Wheat Germ Agglutinin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Leukemia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:100. [PMID: 30847305 PMCID: PMC6393371 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins found in food sources. We used a panel of seven dietary lectins to analyze cytotoxicity against hematological cancers. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), even at low doses, demonstrated maximum toxicity toward acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Using AML cell lines, we show time- and dose-dependent killing by WGA. We also show that low doses of WGA kills primary patient AML cells, irrespective of subtype, with no significant toxicity to normal cells. WGA caused AML cell agglutination, but failed to agglutinate RBC's at this dose. WGA, primarily, binds to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and is also reported to interact with sialic-acid-containing glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides. After neuraminidase pre-treatment, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal sialic acid residues, AML cells were less sensitive to WGA-induced cell death. AML cells were also not sensitive to succinyl-WGA, which does not react with sialic acid. Incubation with LEL lectin, which recognizes GlcNAc or SNA, which binds preferentially to sialic acid attached to terminal galactose in α-2,6 and to a lesser degree α-2,3 linkage, did not alter AML cell viability. These data indicate that WGA-induced AML cell death is dependent on both GlcNAc binding and interaction with sialic acids. We did not observe any in vitro or in vivo toxicity of WGA toward normal cells at the concentrations tested. Finally, low doses of WGA injection demonstrated significant in vivo toxicity toward AML cells, using xenograft mouse model. Thus, WGA is a potential candidate for leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Ryva
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Keman Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Abhishek Asthana
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Derek Wong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yorleny Vicioso
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Reshmi Parameswaran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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26
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Halsør MJH, Rothweiler U, Altermark B, Raeder ILU. The crystal structure of the N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase from Nostoc sp. KVJ10 reveals the true dimer. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:90-100. [PMID: 30644848 PMCID: PMC6333288 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318017047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (AGE) from Nostoc sp. KVJ10 (nAGE10) was crystallized in a different space group to other AGEs. The nAGE10 dimer, while different from the proposed AGE dimers in previously published structures, can also be found in these structures and is probably the biological dimer. N-Acetylglucosamine 2-epimerases (AGEs) catalyze the interconversion of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine. They can be used to perform the first step in the synthesis of sialic acid from N-acetylglucosamine, which makes the need for efficient AGEs a priority. This study presents the structure of the AGE from Nostoc sp. KVJ10 collected in northern Norway, referred to as nAGE10. It is the third AGE structure to be published to date, and the first one in space group P42212. The nAGE10 monomer folds as an (α/α)6 barrel in a similar manner to that of the previously published AGEs, but the crystal did not contain the dimers that have previously been reported. The previously proposed ‘back-to-back’ assembly involved the face of the AGE monomer where the barrel helices are connected by small loops. Instead, a ‘front-to-front’ dimer was found in nAGE10 involving the long loops that connect the barrel helices at this end. This assembly is also present in the other AGE structures, but was attributed to crystal packing, even though the ‘front’ interface areas are larger and are more conserved than the ‘back’ interface areas. In addition, the front-to-front association allows a better explanation of the previously reported observations considering surface cysteines. Together, these results indicate that the ‘front-to-front’ dimer is the most probable biological assembly for AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Josée Haglund Halsør
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ulli Rothweiler
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Altermark
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inger Lin Uttakleiv Raeder
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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27
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Ryan P, Patel B, Makwana V, Jadhav HR, Kiefel M, Davey A, Reekie TA, Rudrawar S, Kassiou M. Peptides, Peptidomimetics, and Carbohydrate-Peptide Conjugates as Amyloidogenic Aggregation Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1530-1551. [PMID: 29782794 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases. For many years, AD causality was attributed to amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregated species. Recently, multiple therapies that target Aβ aggregation have failed in clinical trials, since Aβ aggregation is found in AD and healthy patients. Attention has therefore shifted toward the aggregation of the tau protein as a major driver of AD. Numerous inhibitors of tau-based pathology have recently been developed. Diagnosis of AD has shifted from measuring late stage senile plaques to early stage biomarkers, amyloid-β and tau monomers and oligomeric assemblies. Synthetic peptides and some derivative structures are being explored for use as theranostic tools as they possess the capacity both to bind the biomarkers and to inhibit their pathological self-assembly. Several studies have demonstrated that O-linked glycoside addition can significantly alter amyloid aggregation kinetics. Furthermore, natural O-glycosylation of amyloid-forming proteins, including amyloid precursor protein (APP), tau, and α-synuclein, promotes alternative nonamyloidogenic processing pathways. As such, glycopeptides and related peptidomimetics are being investigated within the AD field. Here we review advancements made in the last 5 years, as well as the arrival of sugar-based derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ryan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Bhautikkumar Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Vivek Makwana
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Hemant R. Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Milton Kiefel
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Andrew Davey
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | | | - Santosh Rudrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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28
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Tabata E, Kashimura A, Wakita S, Sakaguchi M, Sugahara Y, Imamura Y, Shimizu H, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Acidic Chitinase-Chitin Complex Is Dissociated in a Competitive Manner by Acetic Acid: Purification of Natural Enzyme for Supplementation Purposes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E362. [PMID: 29370114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidic chitinase (Chia) has been implicated in asthma, allergic inflammations, and food processing. We have purified Chia enzymes with striking acid stability and protease resistance from chicken and pig stomach tissues using a chitin column and 8 M urea (urea-Chia). Here, we report that acetic acid is a suitable agent for native Chia purification from the stomach tissues using a chitin column (acetic acid-Chia). Chia protein can be eluted from a chitin column using 0.1 M acetic acid (pH 2.8), but not by using Gly-HCl (pH 2.5) or sodium acetate (pH 4.0 or 5.5). The melting temperatures of Chia are not affected substantially in the elution buffers, as assessed by differential scanning fluorimetry. Interestingly, acetic acid appears to be more effective for Chia-chitin dissociation than do other organic acids with similar structures. We propose a novel concept of this dissociation based on competitive interaction between chitin and acetic acid rather than on acid denaturation. Acetic acid-Chia also showed similar chitinolytic activity to urea-Chia, indicating that Chia is extremely stable against acid, proteases, and denaturing agents. Both acetic acid- and urea-Chia seem to have good potential for supplementation or compensatory purposes in agriculture or even biomedicine.
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29
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Islam S, Mate DM, Martínez R, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U. A robust protocol for directed aryl sulfotransferase evolution toward the carbohydrate building block GlcNAc. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1106-1115. [PMID: 29288579 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial aryl sulfotransferases (AST) utilize p-nitrophenylsulfate (pNPS) as a phenolic donor to sulfurylate typically a phenolic acceptor. Interest in aryl sulfotransferases is growing because of their broad variety of acceptors and cost-effective sulfuryl-donors. For instance, aryl sulfotransferase A (ASTA) from Desulfitobacterium hafniense was recently reported to sulfurylate d-glucose. In this study, a directed evolution protocol was developed and validated for aryl sulfotransferase B (ASTB). Thereby the well-known pNPS quantification system was advanced to operate efficiently as a continuous screening system in 96-well MTP format with a true coefficient of variation of 14.3%. A random mutagenesis library (SeSaM library) of ASTB was screened (1,760 clones) to improve sulfurylation of the carbohydrate building block N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The beneficial variant ASTB-V1 (Val579Asp) showed an up to 3.4-fold increased specific activity toward GlcNAc when compared to ASTB-WT. HPLC- and MS-analysis confirmed ASTB-V1's increased GlcNAc monosulfurylation (2.4-fold increased product formation) representing the validation of the first successful directed evolution round of an AST for a saccharide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohana Islam
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Aachen, Germany
| | - Diana M Mate
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Aachen, Germany
| | - Ronny Martínez
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Aachen, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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30
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Hwang HJ, Han JW, Kim GH, Han JW. Functional Expression and Characterization of the Recombinant N-Acetyl-Glucosamine/N-Acetyl-Galactosamine-Specific Marine Algal Lectin BPL3. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E13. [PMID: 29303968 PMCID: PMC5793061 DOI: 10.3390/md16010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins, characterized by their carbohydrate-binding ability, have extensive practical applications. However, their industrial use is limited due to impurity. Thus, quality-controlled production of recombinant lectin is necessary. In this study, the algal lectin BPL3 (Bryopsis plumosa lectin 3) was successfully produced using a bacterial expression system, BL21(DE3), with an artificial repeated structure (dimeric construct). Recombinant dimeric BPL3 (rD2BPL3) was confirmed by LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Expression efficiency was greater for the construct with the repeat structure (rD2BPL3) than the monomeric form (rD1BPL3). Optimal conditions for expression were 1 mM IPTG at 20 °C. Recombinant lectin was purified under denaturing conditions and refolded by the flash dilution method. Recombinant BPL3 was solubilized in 1× PBS containing 2 M urea. rD2BPL3 showed strong hemagglutination activity using human erythrocyte. rD2BPL3 had a similar sugar specificity to that of the native protein, i.e., to N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc). Glycan array results showed that recombinant BPL3 and native BPL3 exhibited different binding properties. Both showed weak binding activity to α-Man-Sp. Native BPL3 showed strong binding specificity to the alpha conformation of amino sugars, and rD2BPL3 had binding activity to the beta conformation. The process developed in this study was suitable for the quality-controlled large-scale production of recombinant lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Hwang
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea.
| | - Jin-Woo Han
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea.
| | - Gwang Hoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kongju National University, Kongju 32588, Korea.
| | - Jong Won Han
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea.
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31
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Padra JT, Sundh H, Sundell K, Venkatakrishnan V, Jin C, Samuelsson T, Karlsson NG, Lindén SK. Aeromonas salmonicida Growth in Response to Atlantic Salmon Mucins Differs between Epithelial Sites, Is Governed by Sialylated and N-Acetylhexosamine-Containing O-Glycans, and Is Affected by Ca 2. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00189-17. [PMID: 28533470 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00189-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida causes furunculosis in salmonids and is a threat to Atlantic salmon aquaculture. The epithelial surfaces that the pathogen colonizes are covered by a mucus layer predominantly comprised of secreted mucins. By using mass spectrometry to identify mucin glycan structures with and without enzymatic removal of glycan residues, coupled to measurements of bacterial growth, we show here that the complex Atlantic salmon intestinal mucin glycans enhance A. salmonicida growth, whereas the more simple skin mucin glycans do not. Of the glycan residues present terminally on the salmon mucins, only N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) enhances growth. Sialic acids, which have an abundance of 75% among terminal glycans from skin and of <50% among intestinal glycans, cannot be removed or used by A. salmonicida for growth-enhancing purposes, and they shield internal GlcNAc from utilization. A Ca2+ concentration above 0.1 mM is needed for A. salmonicida to be able to utilize mucins for growth-promoting purposes, and 10 mM further enhances both A. salmonicida growth in response to mucins and binding of the bacterium to mucins. In conclusion, GlcNAc and sialic acids are important determinants of the A. salmonicida interaction with its host at the mucosal surface. Furthermore, since the mucin glycan repertoire affects pathogen growth, the glycan repertoire may be a factor to take into account during breeding and selection of strains for aquaculture.
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Naseem S, Min K, Spitzer D, Gardin J, Konopka JB. Regulation of Hyphal Growth and N-Acetylglucosamine Catabolism by Two Transcription Factors in Candida albicans. Genetics 2017; 206:299-314. [PMID: 28348062 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.201491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The amino sugar N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is increasingly recognized as an important signaling molecule in addition to its well-known structural roles at the cell surface. In the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, GlcNAc stimulates several responses including the induction of the genes needed for its catabolism and a switch from budding to filamentous hyphal growth. We identified two genes needed for growth on GlcNAc (RON1 and NGS1) and found that mutants lacking these genes fail to induce the genes needed for GlcNAc catabolism. NGS1 was also important for growth on other sugars, such as maltose, but RON1 appeared to be specific for GlcNAc. Both mutants could grow on nonfermentable carbon sources indicating that they do not affect mitochondrial function, which we show is important for growth on GlcNAc but not for GlcNAc induction of hyphal morphogenesis. Interestingly, both the ron1Δ and ngs1Δ mutants were defective in forming hyphae in response to GlcNAc, even though GlcNAc catabolism is not required for induction of hyphal morphogenesis. The ron1Δ mutant showed a partial defect in forming hyphae, which was surprising since it displayed an elevated level of filamentous cells under noninducing conditions. The ron1Δ mutant also displayed an elevated basal level of expression of genes that are normally upregulated during hyphal growth. Consistent with this, Ron1 contains an Ndt80-like DNA-binding domain, indicating that it regulates gene expression. Thus, Ron1 is a key new component of the GlcNAc response pathway that acts as both an activator and a repressor of hyphal morphogenesis.
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Liu X, Zhang Z. Chitin Extraction and Content Measurement in Magnaporthe oryzae. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2164. [PMID: 34458477 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a linear polysaccharide composed of β (1→4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. In fungi, chitin is an important component of the cell wall. Here, we provide a protocol to measure the chitin content of fungal cells using Magnaporthe oryzae as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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Kizuka Y, Taniguchi N. Enzymes for N-Glycan Branching and Their Genetic and Nongenetic Regulation in Cancer. Biomolecules 2016; 6:E25. [PMID: 27136596 DOI: 10.3390/biom6020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycan, a fundamental and versatile protein modification in mammals, plays critical roles in various physiological and pathological events including cancer progression. The formation of N-glycan branches catalyzed by specific N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases [GnT-III, GnT-IVs, GnT-V, GnT-IX (Vb)] and a fucosyltransferase, Fut8, provides functionally diverse N-glycosylated proteins. Aberrations of these branches are often found in cancer cells and are profoundly involved in cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we focus on the GlcNAc and fucose branches of N-glycans and describe how their expression is dysregulated in cancer by genetic and nongenetic mechanisms including epigenetics and nucleotide sugar metabolisms. We also survey the roles that these N-glycans play in cancer progression and therapeutics. Finally, we discuss possible applications of our knowledge on basic glycobiology to the development of medicine and biomarkers for cancer therapy.
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Takeuchi T, Nagasaka M, Shimizu M, Tamura M, Arata Y. N-acetylglucosamine suppresses osteoclastogenesis in part through the promotion of O- GlcNAcylation. Bone Rep 2016; 5:15-21. [PMID: 28326343 PMCID: PMC4926832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the only cells in an organism capable of resorbing bone. These cells differentiate from monocyte/macrophage lineage cells upon stimulation by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). On the other hand, osteoclastogenesis is reportedly suppressed by glucose via the downregulation of NF-κB activity through suppression of reactive oxygen species generation. To examine whether other sugars might also affect osteoclast development, we compared the effects of monomeric sugars (glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)) on the osteoclastogenesis of murine RAW264 cells. Our results demonstrated that, in addition to glucose, both GlcNAc and GalNAc, which each have little effect on the generation of reactive oxygen species, suppress osteoclastogenesis. We hypothesized that GlcNAc might affect osteoclastogenesis through the upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation and showed that GlcNAc increases global O-GlcNAcylation, thereby suppressing the RANKL-dependent phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Furthermore, an inhibitor of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene) amino N-phenylcarbamate (PUGNAc), which also increases O-GlcNAcylation, suppressed the osteoclastogenesis of RAW264 cells and that of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Together, these data suggest that GlcNAc suppresses osteoclast differentiation in part through the promotion of O-GlcNAcylation. Along with glucose, the monomeric sugars GlcNAc and GalNAc suppress osteoclastic differentiation. Unlike glucose, GlcNAc and GalNAc have little effect on RANKL-induced ROS production. GlcNAc and the N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase inhibitor PUGNAc both increase O-GlcNAcylation and suppress osteoclastogenesis. Upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation suppresses the RANKL-dependent phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Together, these results suggest that GlcNAc suppresses osteoclastogenesis in part through the promotion of O-GlcNAcylation.
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Key Words
- Gal, galactose
- GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine
- Glc, glucose
- GlcNAc
- GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- N-acetylglucosamine
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- O-GlcNAcylation
- Osteoclast
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PUGNAc, O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene) amino N-phenylcarbamate
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
- sRANKL, soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Takeuchi
- Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.Laboratory of BiochemistryFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesJosai University1-1 KeyakidaiSakadoSaitama350-0295Japan
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Jia C, Zhang K, Yu Q, Zhang B, Xiao C, Dong Y, Chen Y, Zhang B, Xing L, Li M. Tfp1 is required for ion homeostasis, fluconazole resistance and N-Acetylglucosamine utilization in Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853:2731-44. [PMID: 26255859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is crucial for the maintenance of ion homeostasis. Dysregulation of ion homeostasis affects various aspects of cellular processes. However, the importance of V-ATPase in Candida albicans is not totally clear. In this study, we demonstrated the essential roles of V-ATPase through Tfp1, a putative V-ATPase subunit. Deletion of TFP1 led to generation of an iron starvation signal and reduced total iron content, which was associated with mislocalization of Fet34p that was finally due to disorders in copper homeostasis. Furthermore, the tfp1∆/∆ mutant exhibited weaker growth and lower aconitase activity on nonfermentable carbon sources, and iron or copper addition partially rescued the growth defect. In addition, the tfp1∆/∆ mutant also showed elevated cytosolic calcium levels in normal or low calcium medium that were relevant to calcium release from vacuole. Kinetics of cytosolic calcium response to an alkaline pulse and VCX1 (VCX1 encodes a putative vacuolar Ca2+/H+ exchanger) overexpression assays indicated that the cytosolic calcium status was in relation to Vcx1 activity. Spot assay and concentration-kill curve demonstrated that the tfp1∆/∆ mutant was hypersensitive to fluconazole, which was attributed to reduced ergosterol biosynthesis and CDR1 efflux pump activity, and iron/calcium dysregulation. Interestingly, carbon source utilization tests found the tfp1∆/∆ mutant was defective for growth on N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) plate, which was associated with ATP depletion due to the decreased ability to catabolize GlcNAc. Taken together, our study gives new insights into functions of Tfp1, and provides the potential to better exploit V-ATPase as an antifungal target.
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Maxwell JT, Somasuntharam I, Gray WD, Shen M, Singer JM, Wang B, Saafir T, Crawford BH, Jiang R, Murthy N, Davis ME, Wagner MB. Bioactive nanoparticles improve calcium handling in failing cardiac myocytes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26223412 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the ability of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) decorated nanoparticles and their cargo to modulate calcium handling in failing cardiac myocytes (CMs). MATERIALS & METHODS Primary CMs isolated from normal and failing hearts were treated with GlcNAc nanoparticles in order to assess the ability of the nanoparticles and their cargo to correct dysfunctional calcium handling in failing myocytes. RESULTS & CONCLUSION GlcNAc particles reduced aberrant calcium release in failing CMs and restored sarcomere function. Additionally, encapsulation of a small calcium-modulating protein, S100A1, in GlcNAc nanoparticles also showed improved calcium regulation. Thus, the development of our bioactive nanoparticle allows for a 'two-hit' treatment, by which the cargo and also the nanoparticle itself can modulate intracellular protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Maxwell
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Inthirai Somasuntharam
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Warren D Gray
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Ming Shen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason M Singer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Talib Saafir
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian H Crawford
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rong Jiang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Davis
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary B Wagner
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Chun WJ, Nah DY, Bae JH, Chung JW, Lee H, Moon IS. Glucose-insulin-potassium solution protects ventricular myocytes of neonatal rat in an in vitro coverslip ischemia/reperfusion model. Korean Circ J 2015; 45:234-41. [PMID: 26023312 PMCID: PMC4446818 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2015.45.3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The benefit of high glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution in clinical applications is controversial. We established a neonatal rat ventricular myocyte (NRVM) in vitro coverslip ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model and investigated the effects of GIK solution on suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulating O-GlcNacylation, which protects cells from ischemic injury. Materials and Methods NRVMs were isolated from postnatal day 3-4 Sprague-Dawley rat pups and grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing high glucose (4.5 g/L), fetal bovine serum, and penicillin/streptomycin. The effects of the GIK solution on ROS production, apoptosis, and expression of O-GlcNAc and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) were investigated in the coverslip I/R model. Results Covering the 24-well culture plates for 3 hr with 12 mm diameter coverslips resulted in the appropriate ischemic shock. Glucose and insulin synergistically reduced ROS production, protected NRVM dose-dependently from apoptosis, and altered O-GlcNAc and OGT expression. Conclusion The high GIK solution protected NRVM from I/R injury in vitro by reducing ROS and altering O-GlcNacylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jung Chun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, College of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Deuk-Young Nah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Bae
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - HyunSook Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
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Edwards TE, Gardberg AS, Phan IQH, Zhang Y, Staker BL, Myler PJ, Lorimer DD. Structure of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase from Entamoeba histolytica. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:560-5. [PMID: 25945709 PMCID: PMC4427165 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1500179x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, which is involved in cell-wall biogenesis in plants and fungi and in protein glycosylation. Small-molecule inhibitors have been developed against UAP from Trypanosoma brucei that target an allosteric pocket to provide selectivity over the human enzyme. A 1.8 Å resolution crystal structure was determined of UAP from Entamoeba histolytica, an anaerobic parasitic protozoan that causes amoebic dysentery. Although E. histolytica UAP exhibits the same three-domain global architecture as other UAPs, it appears to lack three α-helices at the N-terminus and contains two amino acids in the allosteric pocket that make it appear more like the enzyme from the human host than that from the other parasite T. brucei. Thus, allosteric inhibitors of T. brucei UAP are unlikely to target Entamoeba UAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Beryllium, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Anna S. Gardberg
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Beryllium, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Isabelle Q. H. Phan
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bart L. Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Departments of Global Health and Medical Education and Biomedical Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Donald D. Lorimer
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Beryllium, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
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Li J, Tao S, Orlando R, Murtaugh MP. N-glycosylation profiling of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus envelope glycoprotein 5. Virology 2015; 478:86-98. [PMID: 25726973 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive-sense ssRNA virus whose envelope contains four glycoproteins and three nonglycosylated proteins. Glycans of major envelope glycoprotein 5 (GP5) are proposed as important for virus assembly and entry into permissive cells. Structural characterization of GP5 glycans would facilitate the mechanistic understanding of these processes. Thus, we purified the PRRSV type 2 prototype strain, VR2332, and analyzed the virion-associated glycans by both biochemical and mass spectrometric methods. Endoglycosidase digestion showed that GP5 was the primary protein substrate, and that the carbohydrate moieties were primarily complex-type N-glycans. Mass spectrometric analysis (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) of GP5 N-glycans revealed an abundance of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) oligomers in addition to sialic acids. GlcNAc and LacNAc accessibility to ligands was confirmed by lectin co-precipitation. Our findings help to explain PRRSV infection of cells lacking sialoadhesin and provide a glycan database to facilitate molecular structural studies of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN 51108, USA
| | - Shujuan Tao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ron Orlando
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN 51108, USA.
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D'Apolito M, Du X, Pisanelli D, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Campanozzi A, Giacco F, Maffione AB, Colia AL, Brownlee M, Giardino I. Urea-induced ROS cause endothelial dysfunction in chronic renal failure. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:393-400. [PMID: 25682038 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenic events responsible for accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) are poorly understood. Here we investigate the hypothesis that concentrations of urea associated with CRF and increased ROS production in adipocytes might also increase ROS production directly in arterial endothelial cells, causing the same pathophysiologic changes seen with hyperglycemia. METHODS Primary cultures of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to 20mM urea for 48 h. C57BL/6J wild-type mice underwent 5/6 nephrectomy or a sham operation. Randomized groups of 5/6 nephrectomized mice and their controls were also injected i.p. with a SOD/catalase mimetic (MnTBAP) for 15 days starting immediately after the final surgical procedure. RESULTS Urea at concentrations seen in CRF induced mitochondrial ROS production in cultured HAEC. Urea-induced ROS caused the activation of endothelial pro-inflammatory pathways through the inhibition of GAPDH, including increased protein kinase C isoforms activity, increased hexosamine pathway activity, and accumulation of intracellular AGEs (advanced glycation end products). Urea-induced ROS directly inactivated the anti-atherosclerosis enzyme PGI2 synthase and also caused ER stress. Normalization of mitochondrial ROS production prevented each of these effects of urea. In uremic mice, treatment with MnTBAP prevented aortic oxidative stress, PGI2 synthase activity reduction and increased expression of the pro-inflammatory proteins TNFα, IL-6, VCAM1, Endoglin, and MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data show that urea itself, at levels common in patients with CRF, causes endothelial dysfunction and activation of proatherogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D'Apolito
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Foggia, Foggia Viale Pinto 1, O.O.R.R., Foggia, Italy
| | - Xueliang Du
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Daniela Pisanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, O.O.R.R., Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Campanozzi
- Institute of Pediatrics, University of Foggia, Foggia Viale Pinto 1, O.O.R.R., Foggia, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Giacco
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Angela Bruna Maffione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, O.O.R.R., Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Colia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, O.O.R.R., Foggia, Italy
| | - Michael Brownlee
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Ida Giardino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, O.O.R.R., Foggia, Italy.
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Azam MS, Kim EJ, Yang HS, Kim JK. High antioxidant and DNA protection activities of N-acetylglucosamine ( GlcNAc) and chitobiose produced by exolytic chitinase from Bacillus cereus EW5. Springerplus 2014; 3:354. [PMID: 25077065 PMCID: PMC4112036 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitin-degrading bacterial strains were screened and tested for their ability to degrade shrimp-shell waste (SSW). Among the potential strains, B. cereus EW5 exhibited the highest chitin-degrading ability compared with other strains and produced 24 mg of reducing sugar per gram of dry SSW after 4 days of incubation. A TLC analysis of SSW biodegradation revealed that the chitosaccharides produced in the culture supernatant were mainly N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and chitobiose due to the isolate’s exolytic chitinase activity. The culture supernatant exhibited a high degree of antioxidant activity, as indicated by 83% DPPH, 99.6% ABTS, 51% hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and 0.34 reducing power. The formation of GlcNAc and chitobiose during biodegradation of SSW is considered to be the major contributor to the antioxidant activity. The EW5 culture supernatant also displayed inhibition of DNA damage, enhancing the reutilization value of SSW. This report presents the first description of fermented production of GlcNAc and DNA protective activity of culture supernatant from SSW by B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shariful Azam
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 608-737 Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 608-737 Korea
| | - Han-Soeb Yang
- Department of Oceanography, Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 608-737 Korea
| | - Joong Kyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 608-737 Korea
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Maekawa M, Shimada M, Iida T, Goto J, Mano N. Tandem mass spectrometric characterization of bile acids and steroid conjugates based on low-energy collision-induced dissociation. Steroids 2014; 80:80-91. [PMID: 24296272 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined the characteristics of several bile acids and some steroid conjugates under low-energy-collision-induced dissociation conditions using a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. According to conjugation types, we observed characteristic product ions and/or neutral losses in the product ion spectra. Amino acid conjugates afforded specific product ions. For example, glycine-conjugated metabolites routinely produced a product ion at m/z 74, and taurine-conjugated metabolites produced product ions at m/z 124, 107, and 80. When a strong peak appeared at m/z 97, the molecule contained a sulfate group. In contrast to amino acid conjugates, carbohydrate conjugates required a combination of product ions and neutral losses for identification. We could discriminate a glucoside from an acyl galactoside according to the presence or absence of a product ion at m/z 161 and a neutral loss of 180 Da. Discrimination among esters, aliphatic ethers, and phenolic ether types of glucuronides was based upon differences in the intensities of a product ion at m/z 175 and a neutral loss of 176 Da. Furthermore, N-acetylglucosamine conjugates showed a characteristic product ion at m/z 202 and a neutral loss of 203 Da, and the appearance of a product ion at m/z 202 revealed the existence of N-acetylglucosamine conjugated to an aliphatic hydroxyl group without a double bond in the immediate vicinity. Together, the data presented here will help to enable the identification of unknown conjugated cholesterol metabolites by using low-energy collision-induced dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Miki Shimada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Junichi Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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Abstract
Innate immunity is the front line of self-defense against infectious non-self in vertebrates and invertebrates. The innate immune system is mediated by germ-line encoding pattern recognition molecules (pathogen sensors) that recognize conserved molecular patterns present in the pathogens but absent in the host. Peptidoglycans (PGN) are essential cell wall components of almost all bacteria, except mycoplasma lacking a cell wall, which provides the host immune system an advantage for detecting invading bacteria. Several families of pattern recognition molecules that detect PGN and PGN-derived compounds have been indentified, and the role of PGRP family members in host defense is relatively well-characterized in Drosophila. This review focuses on the role of PGRP family members in the recognition of invading bacteria and the activation and modulation of immune responses in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Kurata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Weber-Steffens D, Hunold K, Kürschner J, Martinez SG, Elumalai P, Schmidt D, Trevani A, Runza VL, Männel DN. Immature mouse granulocytic myeloid cells are characterized by production of ficolin-B. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:488-96. [PMID: 23911405 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins activate the lectin pathway of the complement system upon binding to carbohydrate patterns on pathogens. To characterize the producer cells of ficolin-B the expression of mouse ficolin-B, the orthologue of human M-ficolin, was studied in macrophages and dendritic cells during differentiation from bone marrow cells, in primary granulocytes, and during differentiation of granulocytes derived from ER-Hoxb8 cells. Expression of ficolin-B mRNA declined in all myeloid cell types to low levels during terminal differentiation. However, in contrast to macrophages and dendritic cells, ficolin-B expression was enhanced upon activation in granulocytes. High expression of ficolin-B was observed in primary immature neutrophilic CD11b(+) Ly-6C(int) Ly-6G(high) granulocytes when isolated from the bone marrow, in particular during sepsis. Ficolin-B was demonstrated in lysates of primary granulocytes, ER-Hoxb8-derived granulocytes, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and dendritic cells. Native ficolin-B from cell lysates and supernatants of granulocytes activated the lectin pathway as measured by binding to MASP-2 and inducing C4 deposition. Specific staining demonstrated intra-cellular or cell associated ficolin-B protein in activated immature granulocytes deposited in a granular fashion. This study shows that ficolin-B is stored in and set free from immature granulocytic myeloid cells indicating a role in the early infection-induced cellular response of these inflammatory cells.
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Ritamo I, Cloutier M, Valmu L, Néron S, Räbinä J. Comparison of the glycosylation of in vitro generated polyclonal human IgG and therapeutic immunoglobulins. Mol Immunol 2014; 57:255-62. [PMID: 24184880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed an in vitro culture model enabling the large-scale expansion of switched-memory B lymphocytes, producing a polyclonal human IgG repertoire. Given the importance of glycosylation for the functions of immunoglobulins, we analyzed the N-glycosylation profiles of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) in this model. Switched-memory B cells were cultured for 38 days and, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we analyzed IgGs' glycosylation profiles which were then compared to the glycosylation patterns of commercial intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). We observed a reproducible proliferation rate, high viability through the cultures as well as a good maintenance of the switched-memory B cells repertoire. The glycosylation pattern analyses revealed a variety of the typical biantennary N-glycan structures with diverse terminal monosaccharides. While many similarities were detected in comparison to the glycosylation profile of IVIG, in vitro-produced polyclonal IgGs were bearing higher levels of bisecting GlcNAc known to affect the effector functions of therapeutic antibodies. This data highlights the need for monitoring of the glycoform distribution in antibodies produced in vitro.
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Yang AC, Ng BG, Moore SA, Rush J, Waechter CJ, Raymond KM, Willer T, Campbell KP, Freeze HH, Mehta L. Congenital disorder of glycosylation due to DPM1 mutations presenting with dystroglycanopathy-type congenital muscular dystrophy. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:345-351. [PMID: 23856421 PMCID: PMC3800268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are rare genetic defects mainly in the post-translational modification of proteins via attachment of carbohydrate chains. We describe an infant with the phenotype of a congenital muscular dystrophy, with borderline microcephaly, hypotonia, camptodactyly, severe motor delay, and elevated creatine kinase. Muscle biopsy showed muscular dystrophy and reduced α-dystroglycan immunostaining with glycoepitope-specific antibodies in a pattern diagnostic of dystroglycanopathy. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin testing showed a pattern pointing to a CDG type I. Sanger sequencing of DPM1 (dolichol-P-mannose synthase subunit 1) revealed a novel Gly > Val change c.455G > T missense mutation resulting in p.Gly152Val) of unknown pathogenicity and deletion/duplication analysis revealed an intragenic deletion from exons 3 to 7 on the other allele. DPM1 activity in fibroblasts was reduced by 80%, while affinity for the substrate was not depressed, suggesting a decrease in the amount of active enzyme. Transfected cells expressing tagged versions of wild type and the p.Gly152Val mutant displayed reduced binding to DPM3, an essential, non-catalytic subunit of the DPM complex, suggesting a mechanism for pathogenicity. The present case is the first individual described with DPM1-CDG (CDG-Ie) to also have clinical and muscle biopsy findings consistent with dystroglycanopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Correspondence to: Amy C. Yang, MD Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1497 New York, NY 10029
| | - Bobby G. Ng
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven A. Moore
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jeffrey Rush
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Chandler Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Charles J. Waechter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Chandler Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kimiyo M. Raymond
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Tobias Willer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kevin P. Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Hudson H. Freeze
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lakshmi Mehta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Rohlfing AK, Rust S, Reunert J, Tirre M, Du Chesne I, Wemhoff S, Meinhardt F, Hartmann H, Das AM, Marquardt T. ALG1-CDG: a new case with early fatal outcome. Gene 2014; 534:345-51. [PMID: 24157261 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a growing group of inherited metabolic disorders where enzymatic defects in the formation or processing of glycolipids and/or glycoproteins lead to variety of different diseases. The deficiency of GDP-Man:GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol mannosyltransferase, encoded by the human ortholog of ALG1 from yeast, is known as ALG1-CDG (CDG-Ik). The phenotypical, molecular and biochemical analysis of a severely affected ALG1-CDG patient is the focus of this paper. The patient's main symptoms were feeding problems and diarrhea, profound hypoproteinemia with massive ascites, muscular hypertonia, seizures refractory to treatment, recurrent episodes of apnoea, cardiac and hepatic involvement and coagulation anomalies. Compound heterozygosity for the mutations c.1145T>C (M382T) and c.1312C>T (R438W) was detected in the patient's ALG1-coding sequence. In contrast to a previously reported speculation on R438W we confirmed both mutations as disease-causing in ALG1-CDG.
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Dubey LK, Moeller JB, Schlosser A, Sorensen GL, Holmskov U. Induction of innate immunity by Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall polysaccharides is enhanced by the composite presentation of chitin and beta-glucan. Immunobiology 2013; 219:179-88. [PMID: 24286790 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin and β-glucan are conserved throughout evolution in the fungal cell wall and are the most common polysaccharides in fungal species. Together, these two polysaccharides form a structural scaffold that is essential for the survival of the fungus. In the present study, we demonstrated that Aspergillus fumigatus alkali-insoluble cell wall fragments (AIF), composed of chitin linked covalently to β-glucan, induced enhanced immune responses when compared with individual cell wall polysaccharides. Intranasal administration of AIF induced eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment, chitinase activity, TNF-α and TSLP production in mice lungs. Selective destruction of chitin or β-glucan from AIF significantly reduced eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment as well as chitinase activity and cytokine expression by macrophages, indicating the synergistic effect of the cell wall polysaccharides when presented together as a composite PAMP. We also showed that these cell wall polysaccharides induced chitin-specific IgM in mouse serum. Our in vivo and in vitro data indicate that chitin and β-glucan play important roles in activating innate immunity when presented as composite cell wall PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar Dubey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonnet Moeller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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Dall'Olio F, Malagolini N, Chiricolo M, Trinchera M, Harduin-Lepers A. The expanding roles of the Sd(a)/Cad carbohydrate antigen and its cognate glycosyltransferase B4GALNT2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:443-53. [PMID: 24112972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histo-blood group antigens are carbohydrate structures present in tissues and body fluids, which contribute to the definition of the individual immunophenotype. One of these, the Sd(a) antigen, is expressed on the surface of erythrocytes and in secretions of the vast majority of the Caucasians and other ethnic groups. SCOPE OF REVIEW We describe the multiple and unsuspected aspects of the biology of the Sd(a) antigen and its biosynthetic enzyme β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B4GALNT2) in various physiological and pathological settings. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The immunodominant sugar of the Sd(a) antigen is a β1,4-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Its cognate glycosyltransferase B4GALNT2 displays a restricted pattern of tissue expression, is regulated by unknown mechanisms - including promoter methylation, and encodes at least two different proteins, one of which with an unconventionally long cytoplasmic portion. In different settings, the Sd(a) antigen plays multiple and unsuspected roles. 1) In colon cancer, its dramatic down-regulation plays a potential role in the overexpression of sialyl Lewis antigens, increasing metastasis formation. 2) It is involved in the lytic function of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. 3) It prevents the development of muscular dystrophy in various dystrophic murine models, when overexpressed in muscular fibers. 4) It regulates the circulating half-life of the von Willebrand factor (vWf), determining the onset of a bleeding disorder in a murine model. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The expression of the Sd(a) antigen has a wide impact on the physiology and the pathology of different biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Dall'Olio
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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