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Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Petersen B, Timmermans SJ, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Siepker C, Mainenti M, Li G, Thompson AC, Gorden PJ, Plummer PJ, Main R. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30. [PMID: 38683888 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We report highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle and cats in Kansas and Texas, United States, which reflects the continued spread of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses that entered the country in late 2021. Infected cattle experienced nonspecific illness, reduced feed intake and rumination, and an abrupt drop in milk production, but fatal systemic influenza infection developed in domestic cats fed raw (unpasteurized) colostrum and milk from affected cows. Cow-to-cow transmission appears to have occurred because infections were observed in cattle on Michigan, Idaho, and Ohio farms where avian influenza virus-infected cows were transported. Although the US Food and Drug Administration has indicated the commercial milk supply remains safe, the detection of influenza virus in unpasteurized bovine milk is a concern because of potential cross-species transmission. Continued surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in domestic production animals is needed to prevent cross-species and mammal-to-mammal transmission.
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Meyerholz DK, Burrough ER, Kirchhof N, Anderson DJ, Helke KL. Swine models in translational research and medicine. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858231222235. [PMID: 38197394 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231222235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Swine are increasingly studied as animal models of human disease. The anatomy, size, longevity, physiology, immune system, and metabolism of swine are more like humans than traditional rodent models. In addition, the size of swine is preferred for surgical placement and testing of medical devices destined for humans. These features make swine useful for biomedical, pharmacological, and toxicological research. With recent advances in gene-editing technologies, genetic modifications can readily and efficiently be made in swine to study genetic disorders. In addition, gene-edited swine tissues are necessary for studies testing and validating xenotransplantation into humans to meet the critical shortfall of viable organs versus need. Underlying all of these biomedical applications, the knowledge of husbandry, background diseases and lesions, and biosecurity needs are important for productive, efficient, and reproducible research when using swine as a human disease model for basic research, preclinical testing, and translational studies.
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Hakimi M, Ye F, Stinman CC, Sahin O, Burrough ER. Antimicrobial susceptibility of U.S. porcine Brachyspira isolates and genetic diversity of B. hyodysenteriae by multilocus sequence typing. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:62-69. [PMID: 37968893 PMCID: PMC10734594 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231212189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery, caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and the newly recognized Brachyspira hampsonii in grower-finisher pigs, is a substantial economic burden in many swine-rearing countries. Antimicrobial therapy is the only commercially available measure to control and prevent Brachyspira-related colitis. However, data on antimicrobial susceptibility trends and genetic diversity of Brachyspira species from North America is limited. We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of U.S. Brachyspira isolates recovered between 2013 and 2022 to tiamulin, tylvalosin, lincomycin, doxycycline, bacitracin, and tylosin. In addition, we performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on 64 B. hyodysenteriae isolates. Overall, no distinct alterations in the susceptibility patterns over time were observed among Brachyspira species. However, resistance to the commonly used antimicrobials was seen sporadically with a higher resistance frequency to tylosin compared to other tested drugs. B. hampsonii was more susceptible to the tested drugs than B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli. MLST revealed 16 different sequence types (STs) among the 64 B. hyodysenteriae isolates tested, of which 5 STs were previously known, whereas 11 were novel. Most isolates belonged to the known STs: ST93 (n = 32) and ST107 (n = 13). Our findings indicate an overall low prevalence of resistance to clinically important antimicrobials other than tylosin and bacitracin, and high genetic diversity among the clinical Brachyspira isolates from pigs in the United States during the past decade. Further molecular, epidemiologic, and surveillance studies are needed to better understand the infection dynamics of Brachyspira on swine farms and to help develop effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hakimi
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chloe C. Stinman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Silva APSP, Almeida M, Michael A, Rahe MC, Siepker C, Magstadt DR, Piñeyro P, Arruda BL, Macedo NR, Sahin O, Gauger PC, Krueger KM, Mugabi R, Streauslin JS, Trevisan G, Linhares DCL, Silva GS, Fano E, Main RG, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Sitthicharoenchai P, Clavijo MJ. Detection and disease diagnosis trends (2017-2022) for Streptococcus suis, Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Actinobacillus suis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:268. [PMID: 38087358 PMCID: PMC10714645 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific antemortem diagnostic tests, and the polymicrobial nature of swine diagnostic cases. The main objective of this retrospective study was to estimate temporal patterns of agent detection and disease diagnosis for five endemic bacteria that can cause systemic disease in porcine tissue specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2017 to 2022. The study also explored the diagnostic value of specific tissue specimens for disease diagnosis, estimated the frequency of polymicrobial diagnosis, and evaluated the association between phase of pig production and disease diagnosis. RESULTS S. suis and G. parasuis bronchopneumonia increased on average 6 and 4.3%, while S. suis endocarditis increased by 23% per year, respectively. M. hyorhinis and A. suis associated serositis increased yearly by 4.2 and 12.8%, respectively. A significant upward trend in M. hyorhinis arthritis cases was also observed. In contrast, M. hyosynoviae arthritis cases decreased by 33% average/year. Investigation into the diagnostic value of tissues showed that lungs were the most frequently submitted sample, However, the use of lung for systemic disease diagnosis requires caution due to the commensal nature of these agents in the respiratory system, compared to systemic sites that diagnosticians typically target. This study also explored associations between phase of production and specific diseases caused by each agent, showcasing the role of S. suis arthritis in suckling pigs, meningitis in early nursery and endocarditis in growing pigs, and the role of G. parasuis, A. suis, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae disease mainly in post-weaning phases. Finally, this study highlighted the high frequency of co-detection and -disease diagnosis with other infectious etiologies, such as PRRSV and IAV, demonstrating that to minimize the health impact of these endemic bacterial agents it is imperative to establish effective viral control programs. CONCLUSIONS Results from this retrospective study demonstrated significant increases in disease diagnosis for S. suis, G. parasuis, M. hyorhinis, and A. suis, and a significant decrease in detection and disease diagnosis of M. hyosynoviae. High frequencies of interactions between these endemic agents and with viral pathogens was also demonstrated. Consequently, improved control programs are needed to mitigate the adverse effect of these endemic bacterial agents on swine health and wellbeing. This includes improving diagnostic procedures, developing more effective vaccine products, fine-tuning antimicrobial approaches, and managing viral co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Serafini Poeta Silva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marcelo Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alyona Michael
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael C Rahe
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christopher Siepker
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nubia R Macedo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Philip C Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karen M Krueger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Robert Mugabi
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jessica S Streauslin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Daniel C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gustavo S Silva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eduardo Fano
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodger G Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Panchan Sitthicharoenchai
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria J Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Lin SJH, Helm ET, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Acute infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae affects mucin expression, glycosylation, and fecal MUC5AC. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1042815. [PMID: 36683692 PMCID: PMC9852840 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infection with strongly β-hemolytic strains of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae leads to swine dysentery (SD), a production-limiting disease that causes mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and typhlocolitis in pigs. This pathogen has strong chemotactic activity toward mucin, and infected pigs often have a disorganized mucus layer and marked de novo expression of MUC5AC, which is not constitutively expressed in the colon. It has been shown that fucose is chemoattractant for B. hyodysenteriae, and a highly fermentable fiber diet can mitigate and delay the onset of SD. Methods We used lectins targeting sialic acids in α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), α-linked L-fucose, and an immunohistochemical stain targeting N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) to investigate the local expression of these mucin glycans in colonic tissues of pigs with acute SD. We used a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify fecal MUC5AC in infected pigs and assess its potential as a diagnostic monitoring tool and RNA in situ hybridization to detect IL-17A in the colonic mucosa. Results Colonic mucin glycosylation during SD has an overall increase in fucose, a spatially different distribution of GlcNAc with more expression within the crypt lumens of the upper colonic mucosa, and decreased expression or a decreased trend of sialic acids in α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages, and NeuGc compared to the controls. The degree of increased fucosylation was less in the colonic mucosa of pigs with SD and fed the highly fermentable fiber diet. There was a significant increase in MUC5AC in fecal and colonic samples of pigs with SD at the endpoint compared to the controls, but the predictive value for disease progression was limited. Discussion Fucosylation and the impact of dietary fiber may play important roles in the pathogenesis of SD. The lack of predictive value for fecal MUC5AC quantification by ELISA is possibly due to the presence of other non-colonic sources of MUC5AC in the feces. The moderate correlation between IL-17A, neutrophils and MUC5AC confirms its immunoregulatory and mucin stimulatory role. Our study characterizes local alteration of mucin glycosylation in the colonic mucosa of pigs with SD after B. hyodysenteriae infection and may provide insight into host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Je-Han Lin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Shen H, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Burrough ER, Zhang J, Harmon K, Wang L, Zheng Y, Petznick T, Li G. Genetic characterization of porcine sapoviruses identified from pigs during a diarrhoea outbreak in Iowa, 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1246-1255. [PMID: 33780163 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus (SaV) was first identified by electron microscopy in the United States in 1980 and has since been reported from both asymptomatic and diarrhoeic pigs usually in mixed infection with other enteric pathogens. SaV as the sole aetiological agent of diarrhoea in naturally infected pigs has not previously been reported in the United States. Here, we used four independent lines of evidence including metagenomics analysis, real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), histopathology, and in situ hybridization to confirm porcine SaV genogroup III (GIII) as the sole cause of enteritis and diarrhoea in pigs. A highly sensitive and specific rRT-PCR was established to detect porcine SaV GIII. Examination of 184 faecal samples from an outbreak of diarrhoea on a pig farm showed that pigs with clinical diarrhoea had significantly lower Ct values (15.9 ± 0.59) compared to clinically unaffected pigs (35.8 ± 0.71). Further survey of 336 faecal samples from different states in the United States demonstrated that samples from pigs with clinical diarrhoea had a comparable positive rate (45.3%) with those from asymptomatic pigs (43.1%). However, the SaV-positive pigs with clinical diarrhoea had significantly higher viral loads (Ct = 26.0 ± 0.5) than the SAV-positive but clinically healthy pigs (Ct = 33.2 ± 0.9). Phylogenetic analysis of 20 field SaVs revealed that all belonged to SaV GIII and recombination analysis indicated that intragenogroup recombination had occurred within the field isolates of SaV GIII. These results suggest that porcine SaV GIII plays an important aetiologic role in swine enteritis and diarrhoea and rRT-PCR is a reliable method to detect porcine SaV. Our findings provide significant insights to better understand the epidemiology and pathogenicity of porcine SaV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huigang Shen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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7
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De Mille CM, Burrough ER, Kerr BJ, Schweer WP, Gabler NK. Dietary Pharmacological Zinc and Copper Enhances Voluntary Feed Intake of Nursery Pigs. Front Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.874284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the three experiments herein were to characterize the effect of pharmacological zinc and copper concentrations on nursery pig feed intake, stomach ghrelin, energy and nutrient digestibility, and mineral retention in post-weaned pigs. In Expt. 1, 300 weaned pigs were allotted across three dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/treatment) and fed in two diet phases (P1 and P2) lasting 7 and 14 days, respectively. Treatments were: (1) Control diet with no pharmacological minerals in P1 and P2, CON; (2) CON + 3,000 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg Cu (P1), no pharmacological minerals in P2, ZC-CON; and (3) CON + 3,000 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg Cu (P1), CON + 2,000 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg Cu (P2); ZC. Over the 21-day test period, ZC pigs had 15% higher ADG and 13–24% ADFI compared to the CON and ZC-CON pigs (P < 0.05). ZC-CON and ZC pig daily feed intakes were 29 and 73% higher by day 5 and 7 post-weaning, respectively, compared to the CON pigs (P < 0.0001). However, removing pharmacological minerals in P2 abruptly decreased ZC-CON daily feed intake within 24 h to similar intakes as the CON compared to the ZC pigs (0.17, 0.14, and 0.22 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.05). Dietary pharmacological minerals increased stomach fundus ghrelin-positive cells than CON pigs at day 7 (P = 0.005) and day 21 (P < 0.001). However, fasting plasma total and acyl-ghrelin concentrations did not differ from a control in response to zinc oxide daily drenching (Expt. 2). Expt. 3 showed that zinc and copper to have moderate to low retention; however, pharmacological zinc and copper diets increased zinc (P < 0.05) and copper retention (P = 0.06) after 28 days post-weaning compared to control pigs. Pharmacological zinc and copper did not improve digestible energy, metabolizable energy or nitrogen balance. Altogether, dietary pharmacological zinc and copper concentrations improve growth rates and mineral retention in nursery pigs. This improved performance may partially be explained by increased stomach ghrelin abundance and enhanced early feed intake in newly weaned pigs fed pharmacological concentrations of zinc and copper.
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8
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Gabler NK, Miller KA, De Mille CM, Burrough ER, Schweer WP. 102 Reduced Caloric Intake Increases the Incidence Rate of Gastric Ulcers in Growing Pigs. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac064.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate effects of a disease feed intake pattern on gastric ulcerations. Eighty mixed sex pigs (27.9 ± 1.45 kg BW) were allotted to individual pens and 2 treatments using a complete randomized design. All pigs were fed a 450 µm ground corn-soybean meal diet. Period 1 (d 0-28), all pigs were fed ad libitum. In period 2 (d 29-42), 40 pigs were fed daily based on their individual body weight (averaging 1.45x maintenance) to mimic a disease feed intake (RF) profile. The remaining pigs stayed on ad libitum feed (Ad). Pigs were weighed at d 0, 28 and 42, and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F within period. At d 42, all pigs were euthanized, stomach pH recorded, and stomach ulcerations scored (0-3 scale, with 0 being normal). Performance, pH and ulceration frequency data were analyzed with pig as the experimental unit and the fixed effect of feeding level. Performance was not different in period 1 (P < 0.05). Compared with the Ad, RF pigs had lower ADG (1.10 vs 0.24 kg/d, P < 0.0001), ADFI (2.15 vs 0.85 kg/d, P < 0.0001) and G:F (0.51 vs 0.28, P < 0.0001) in period 2. Stomach pH was greater in the RF compared with the Ad pigs (P < 0.001). A greater percentage of Ad pig stomachs scored normal to mild on pars oesophagea ulcerations (85 vs 62%), while a greater percentage of RF pigs had a maximum score compared with the Ad (38 vs 15%, respectively). RF pigs had a higher frequency of severe stomach body ulcerations (score 3) compared with the Ad (20.5 vs 15.0%, respectively). These data suggest that a disease feed intake pattern exacerbates the incidence of gastric ulcerations in grower pigs fed a fine micron ground corn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University
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9
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De Mille CM, Burrough ER, Gabler NK. PSVIII-14 Zinc Oxide Augments Early Nursery Pig Feed Intake. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac064.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn) are commonly fed in the nursery to benefit early post-weaning performance and reduces scours. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of pharmacological Zn on post-weaning pig daily feed intake and performance. Three-hundred weaned pigs (5.7 ± 1.03 kg BW) were selected and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/treatment, 10 pigs/pen). Diets were fed over 2 phases (phase 1: d 0-7, phase 2: d 8-21) and consisted of: 1) Control diet with no growth promoting additives, CON; 2) CON + 3,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 1), no pharmacological minerals in phase 2, ZC1; and 3) CON + 3,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 1), CON + 2,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (phase 2); ZC2). Bodyweights were collected at d 0, 7, and 21. Feed disappearance was recorded daily from d 0-14, and within phase. In phase 1, ZC1 and ZC2 pigs had 29% greater feed consumption compared with the CON pigs (0.09, 0.09, 0.07 kg/d; P < 0.0001). Within 2 d of phase 2 diet change, feed intake of the ZC1 pigs sharply decreased to the same level of the CON pigs, while ZC2 pigs consumed 29% more (P < 0.05). In phase 1, ZC1 and ZC2 pens had increased ADG compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). In phase 2, ADG was 14% greater in the ZC2 compared with ZC1 and CON pigs (P = 0.023). Overall, ADG was 15% greater in the ZC2 pigs and ADFI was 13 and 24% higher than ZC1 and CON pens, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, early post-weaning feed intake was augmented with pharmacological levels of Zn. These data suggest that pharmacological Zn potentially enhances voluntary feed intake regulation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University
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10
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Sitthicharoenchai P, Burrough ER, Arruda BL, Sahin O, Dos Santos JG, Magstadt DR, Piñeyro PE, Schwartz KJ, Rahe MC. Streptococcus gallolyticus and Bacterial Endocarditis in Swine, United States, 2015-2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:192-195. [PMID: 34932445 PMCID: PMC8714216 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.210998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate trends in bacterial causes of valvular endocarditis in swine, we retrospectively analyzed 321 cases diagnosed at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Ames, IA, USA) during May 2015--April 2020. Streptococcus gallolyticus was the causative agent for 7.59% of cases. This emerging infection in swine could aid study of endocarditis in humans.
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Hau SJ, Lantz K, Stuart KL, Sitthicharoenchai P, Macedo N, Derscheid RJ, Burrough ER, Robbe-Austerman S, Brockmeier SL. Replication of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infection in swine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109271. [PMID: 34826647 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (SEZ) is a commensal bacterium of horses and causes infections in mammalian species, including humans. Historically, virulent strains of SEZ caused high mortality in pigs in China and Indonesia, while disease in the U.S. was infrequent. More recently, high mortality events in sows were attributed to SEZ in North America. The SEZ isolates from these mortality events have high genetic similarity to an isolate from an outbreak in China. Taken together, this may indicate SEZ is an emerging threat to swine health. To generate a disease model and evaluate the susceptibility of healthy, conventionally raised pigs to SEZ, we challenged sows and five-month-old pigs with an isolate from a 2019 mortality event. Pigs were challenged with a genetically similar guinea pig isolate or genetically distinct horse isolate to evaluate comparative virulence. The swine isolate caused severe systemic disease in challenged pigs with 100 % mortality. Disease manifestation in sows was similar to field reports: lethargy/depression, fever, reluctance to rise, and high mortality. The guinea pig isolate also caused severe systemic disease; however, most five-month-old pigs recovered. In contrast, the horse isolate did not cause disease and was readily cleared from the respiratory tract. In conclusion, we were able to replicate disease reported in the field. The results indicate differences in virulence between isolates, with the highest virulence associated with the swine isolate. Additionally, we generated a challenge model that can be used in future research to evaluate virulence factors and disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Hau
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, APHIS, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Keira L Stuart
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, APHIS, USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Panchan Sitthicharoenchai
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nubia Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Susan L Brockmeier
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA, United States.
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Chen YM, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in jejunal epithelial cells of weaned pigs. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:82-90. [PMID: 34763602 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211048622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection leads to diarrhea and subsequently to decreased feed efficiency and growth in weaned pigs. Given that few studies have addressed the host-virus interaction in vivo, this study focused on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in jejunal epithelial cells during PEDV infection. Eight-week-old pigs (n = 64) were orally inoculated with PEDV IN19338 strain (n = 40) or sham-inoculated (n = 24) and analyzed for PEDV viral RNA shedding using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and for viral antigen within enterocytes using immunohistochemistry (IHC). ER stress was analyzed in a subset of 9 PEDV-inoculated pigs with diarrhea, detectable viral RNA, and viral antigen (PEDV-immunopositive pigs). Compared with control pigs, PEDV-immunopositive pigs had a reduced ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum (P = .002, n = 9 per group), consistent with intestinal injury. The protein levels of ATF6, IRE1, PERK, XBP1u, ATF4, GRP78, and caspase-3 were assessed in jejunal epithelial cells at the villus tips via IHC. Both ER stress and UPR were demonstrated in PEDV-immunopositive pigs by the increased expression of ATF6 (P = .047), IRE1 (P = .007), and ATF4 (P = .001). The expression of GRP78 (P = .024) and caspase-3 (P = .004) were also increased, indicating an accompanying increase in ER protein folding capacity and apoptosis. Overall, these results reveal that PEDV infection induces ER stress and UPR in intestinal epithelial cells of weaned pigs.
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Helm ET, Burrough ER, Leite FL, Gabler NK. Lawsonia intracellularis infected enterocytes lack sucrase-isomaltase which contributes to reduced pig digestive capacity. Vet Res 2021; 52:90. [PMID: 34147126 PMCID: PMC8214296 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is endemic to swine herds worldwide, however much is still unknown regarding its impact on intestinal function. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the impact of L. intracellularis on digestive function, and how vaccination mitigates these impacts. Thirty-six L. intracellularis negative barrows were assigned to treatment groups (n = 12/trt): (1) nonvaccinated, L. intracellularis negative (NC); (2) nonvaccinated, L intracellularis challenged (PC); and (3) L. intracellularis challenged, vaccinated (Enterisol® Ileitis, Boehringer Ingelheim) 7 weeks pre-challenge (VAC). On days post-inoculation (dpi) 0 PC and VAC pigs were inoculated with L. intracellularis. From dpi 19–21 fecal samples were collected for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and at dpi 21, pigs were euthanized for sample collection. Post-inoculation, ADG was reduced in PC pigs compared with NC (41%, P < 0.001) and VAC (25%, P < 0.001) pigs. Ileal gross lesion severity was greater in PC pigs compared with NC (P = 0.003) and VAC (P = 0.018) pigs. Dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, and energy ATTD were reduced in PC pigs compared with NC pigs (P ≤ 0.001 for all). RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed abolition of sucrase-isomaltase transcript in the ileum of PC pigs compared with NC and VAC pigs (P < 0.01). Conversely, abundance of stem cell signaling markers Wnt3, Hes1, and p27Kip1 were increased in PC pigs compared with NC pigs (P ≤ 0.085). Taken together, these data demonstrate that reduced digestibility during L. intracellularis challenge is partially driven by abolition of digestive machinery in lesioned tissue. Further, vaccination mitigated several of these effects, likely from lower bacterial burden and reduced disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Fernando L Leite
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, Duluth, GA, 30096, USA
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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14
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Helm ET, Burrough ER, Leite FL, Gabler NK. 85 Vaccination Mitigates Performance Losses During a Lawsonia Intracellularis Experimental Challenge. J Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab054.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is endemic to swine herds worldwide. Currently, vaccination is one of the few strategies available to mitigate L. intracellularis. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the impact of vaccination on growth performance and disease severity during experimental challenge. Thirty-six L. intracellularis negative barrows were assigned to treatment groups as follows (n = 12/trt): 1) nonvaccinated, L. intracellularis negative (NC); 2) nonvaccinated, L intracellularis challenged (PC); and 3) L. intracellularis challenged, vaccinated (Enterisol® Ileitis, Boehringer Ingelheim) at 1 week postweaning (VAC). On days post inoculation (dpi) 0 (7 weeks post-weaned) PC and VAC pigs were inoculated with L. intracellularis. Individual feed disappearance and BW were recorded weekly and all pigs were euthanized at dpi 21. Post-inoculation, ADG was reduced in PC (P < 0.001) and VAC (P = 0.001) pigs compared with NC pigs. Average daily gain was additionally reduced in PC pigs compared with VAC pigs (P < 0.001). Similarly, ADFI was reduced in PC (P < 0.001) and VAC (P = 0.029) pigs compared with NC pigs, and further reduced in PC pigs compared with VAC pigs (P = 0.032). Overall G:F was reduced in PC pigs compared with NC (P < 0.001) and VAC (P = 0.015) pigs, which did not differ. For antibody response and fecal shedding, NC pigs remained negative. Antibody responses and fecal shedding were lower in VAC pigs compared with PC pigs (P < 0.05). Ileal gross lesion severity was greater in PC pigs compared with VAC (P = 0.018) and NC (P = 0.003) pigs, which did not differ. Similarly, ileal lesion length was greater in PC pigs compared with NC (P = 0.007) and VAC (P = 0.045) pigs. Microscopic lesion severity was greater in PC pigs compared with both PC and VAC pigs (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data characterize the impact L. intracellularis has on growth performance of pigs and highlight the importance of vaccination to prevent disease associated performance losses.
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15
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Johnson JM, Helm ET, Gabler NK, Burrough ER, De Mille CM. 268 In-feed Antibiotics Elicit Intestinal Integrity Modifications Early in Post-weaning Life. J Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab054.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The physiological mechanisms by which in-feed antibiotics improve pig growth performance are largely unknown. One proposed mode of action is improvements in intestinal integrity and function. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that in-feed therapeutic and sub-therapeutic antibiotics would improve intestinal integrity and function in nursery pigs. Twenty-four weaned pigs (6.1±1.1 kg BW) were randomly allotted to individual pens and assigned one of three dietary treatments as follows (n = 8 pigs/trt): 1) control, no antibiotics (CON), 2) CON + sub-therapeutic chlortetracycline [40 ppm in feed (sCTC)], and 3) CON + chlortetracycline-tiamulin [400 ppm + 35 ppm, respectively (CTCDen)]. The study consisted of two consecutive 14 d phases. Chlortetracycline-tiamulin was only fed in phase 1, sCTC was fed in both phases. Phase 1 and 2 ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined. After 28 d, ileal and colonic ex vivo intestinal integrity was assessed via transepithelial resistance (TER) and macromolecule flux (FD4) in modified Ussing chambers. All data were analyzed for the fixed effects of treatment and start BW as a covariate. In phase 1, compared with CON and sCTC, CTCDen tended to have greater ADG (0.28, 0.31, and 0.33 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.10) and ADFI (0.28, 0.30, and 0.35 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.09). No differences in phase 1 G:F were observed (P = 0.11). Phase 2 ADG, ADFI, and G:F did not differ (P > 0.10). Further, ileal TER and FD4 did not differ (P > 0.10). Colonic TER tended to be increased in sCTC compared with CON and CTCDen (78, 56, and 59 Ω/cm2, respectively, P = 0.07). Compared with CON, colonic FD4 flux was decreased in sCTC and CTCDen by 35–40% (P = 0.03). Altogether, these data indicate that in-feed antibiotics improve colon integrity early in production which may contribute to improved growth performance.
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16
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Trevisan G, Linhares LCM, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Magalhães EDS, Crim B, Dubey P, Main RG, Gauger P, Thurn M, Lages PTF, Corzo CA, Torrison J, Henningson J, Herrman E, McGaughey R, Cino G, Greseth J, Clement T, Christopher-Hennings J, Linhares DCL. Data standardization implementation and applications within and among diagnostic laboratories: integrating and monitoring enteric coronaviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:457-468. [PMID: 33739188 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, thousands of samples from diverse populations of animals are submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for testing. Each VDL has its own laboratory information management system (LIMS), with processes and procedures to capture submission information, perform laboratory tests, define the boundaries of test results (i.e., positive or negative), and report results, in addition to internal business and accounting applications. Enormous quantities of data are accumulated and stored within VDL LIMSs. There is a need for platforms that allow VDLs to exchange and share portions of laboratory data using standardized, reliable, and sustainable information technology processes. Here we report concepts and applications for standardization and aggregation of data from swine submissions to multiple VDLs to detect and monitor porcine enteric coronaviruses by RT-PCR. Oral fluids, feces, and fecal swabs were the specimens submitted most frequently for enteric coronavirus testing. Statistical algorithms were used successfully to scan and monitor the overall and state-specific percentage of positive submissions. Major findings revealed a consistently recurrent seasonal pattern, with the highest percentage of positive submissions detected during December-February for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). After 2014, very few submissions tested positive for TGEV. Monitoring VDL data proactively has the potential to signal and alert stakeholders early of significant changes from expected detection. We demonstrate the importance of, and applications for, data organized and aggregated by using LOINC and SNOMED CTs, as well as the use of customized messaging to allow inter-VDL exchange of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Trevisan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Leticia C M Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Edison de S Magalhães
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Bret Crim
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Poonam Dubey
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Rodger G Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Mary Thurn
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Paulo T F Lages
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Cesar A Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Jerry Torrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Jamie Henningson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Eric Herrman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Rob McGaughey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Giselle Cino
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jon Greseth
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Travis Clement
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | | | - Daniel C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Derscheid RJ, Rahe MC, Burrough ER, Schwartz KJ, Arruda B. Disease diagnostic coding to facilitate evidence-based medicine: current and future perspectives. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:419-427. [PMID: 33719780 DOI: 10.1177/1040638721999373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologic advances in information management have rapidly changed laboratory testing and the practice of veterinary medicine. Timely and strategic sampling, same-day assays, and 24-h access to laboratory results allow for rapid implementation of intervention and treatment protocols. Although agent detection and monitoring systems have progressed, and wider tracking of diseases across veterinary diagnostic laboratories exists, such as by the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN), the distinction between detection of agent and manifestation of disease is critical to improved disease management. The implementation of a consistent, intuitive, and useful disease diagnosis coding system, specific for veterinary medicine and applicable to multiple animal species within and between veterinary diagnostic laboratories, is the first phase of disease data aggregation. Feedback loops for continuous improvement that could aggregate existing clinical and laboratory databases to improve the value and applications of diagnostic processes and clinical interventions, with interactive capabilities between clinicians and diagnosticians, and that differentiate disease causation from mere agent detection, remain incomplete. Creating an interface that allows aggregation of existing data from clinicians, including final diagnosis, interventions, or treatments applied, and measures of outcomes, is the second phase. Prototypes for stakeholder cooperation, collaboration, and beta testing of this vision are in development and becoming a reality. We focus here on how such a system is being developed and utilized at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory to facilitate evidence-based medicine and utilize diagnostic coding for continuous improvement of animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | - Michael C Rahe
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | - Bailey Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
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19
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Trevisan G, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Arruda B, Derscheid RJ, Rahe MC, Magalhães EDS, Almeida MN, Main RG, Linhares DCL. Visualization and application of disease diagnosis codes for population health management using porcine diseases as a model. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:428-438. [PMID: 33719758 DOI: 10.1177/1040638721995782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and timely results of diagnostic investigations and laboratory testing guide clinical interventions for the continuous improvement of animal health and welfare. Infectious diseases can severely limit the health, welfare, and productivity of populations of animals. Livestock veterinarians submit thousands of samples daily to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for disease diagnosis, pathogen monitoring, and surveillance. Individual diagnostic laboratory reports are immediately useful; however, aggregated historical laboratory data are increasingly valued by clinicians and decision-makers to identify changes in the health status of various animal populations over time and geographical space. The value of this historical information is enhanced by visualization of trends of agent detection, disease diagnosis, or both, which helps focus time and resources on the most significant pathogens and fosters more effective communication between livestock producers, veterinarians, and VDL professionals. Advances in data visualization tools allow quick, efficient, and often real-time scanning and analysis of databases to inform, guide, and modify animal health intervention algorithms. Value is derived at the farm, production system, or regional level. Visualization tools allow client-specific analyses, benchmarking, formulation of research questions, and monitoring the effects of disease management and precision farming practices. We present here the approach taken to visualize trends of disease occurrence using porcine disease diagnostic code data for the period 2010 to 2019. Our semi-automatic standardized creation of a visualization platform allowed the transformation of diagnostic report data into aggregated information to visualize and monitor disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Trevisan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Bailey Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Michael C Rahe
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Marcelo N Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Rodger G Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Daniel C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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20
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Helm ET, Gabler N, Burrough ER. PSIX-1 Altering dietary fiber components mitigates severity of Brachyspira hyodysentariae challenge. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa054.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) has recently become more prevalent in swine herds, renewing research interest regarding dietary mitigation strategies. It has been reported that insoluble dietary fiber such as DDGS influences Bhyo colonization leading to more rapid disease development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if replacement of insoluble (20% DDGS) with soluble and highly fermentable [sugar beet pulp (BP) and resistant potato starch (RS)] fiber would reduce Bhyo disease expression. At total of 38 pigs (40.9 ± 5.0 kg BW) were selected, confirmed negative for Bhyo, and allocated to dietary treatment groups (13 pigs/trt): 1) Control consisting of 20% DDGS, no BP or RS (0%), 2) 10% DDGS, 5% BP and 5% RS (5%), or 3) 0% DDGS, 10% BP, 10% RS (10%). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Diets were fed for 14 days pre-challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, all pigs were inoculated with Bhyo. Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly for 28 dpi. Overall, ADG was greater in both 5% (0.85 kg/d) and 10% (1.18 kg/d) pigs compared with 0% pigs (0.63 kg/d; P=0.004). The 10% pigs (2.46 kg/d) had greater ADFI compared with the 0% pigs (1.84 kg/d; P=0.024), 5% pigs being intermediate (2.20 kg/d). The 10% pigs also had greater G:F compared with both the 0% and 5% pigs (P< 0.001). In terms of clinical disease presentation, 11/13 0% pigs developed clinical SD compared with 6/13 5% pigs and only 2/13 10% pigs (P=0.002). In conclusion, while not completely protective, reducing insoluble dietary fiber via replacement with soluble and fermentable BP and RS reduced clinical SD and improved pig performance during a 28-day Bhyo challenge. These data suggest such dietary manipulation may reduce usage of antibiotics in SD treatment and control.
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Helm ET, Lin SJ, Gabler N, Burrough ER. 231 Impact of Brachyspira hyodysentariae on intestinal function and integrity. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa054.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) causes colitis and mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in grow-finish pigs, however little is known about the physiological changes that occur to the gastrointestinal tract during Bhyo infection. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a Bhyo challenge on intestinal function and integrity of pigs fed two divergent diets. A total of 36 Bhyo negative gilts (24.3 ± 3.6 kg BW) were selected and assigned to one of three treatment groups (n=12 pigs/trt): 1) Bhyo negative, 20% DDGS diet (CON), 2) Bhyo challenged, 20% DDGS diet (DDGS), and 3) Bhyo challenged, 10% DDGS, 5% beet pulp and 5% resistant potato starch diet (RS). Pigs were fed diets 21 days prior to challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0 and 1, pigs were inoculated with Bhyo or sham. Fecal samples were collected for ATTD and pigs were euthanized for colon collection within 72 hours of initial observation of clinical SD, or at the end of the study (dpi 10-16). Tissues were assessed for ex vivo measures of intestinal integrity and mitochondrial function. The challenge resulted in high morbidity, with 88% of DDGS and RS pigs developing clinical SD. Colon transepithelial resistance was increased in DDGS pigs compared with CON and RS pigs (P=0.005), and colon macromolecule permeability was reduced in both DDGS and RS pigs compared with CON pigs (P=0.006), likely due to mucoid discharge. Colonic mitochondrial oxygen consumption was not impacted by treatment (P >0.10). Further, ATTD of DM, OM, N, and GE were reduced in DDGS pigs compared with CON pigs (P< 0.001), whilst nutrient digestibility was not reduced in RS pigs. Taken together, these data show Bhyo does not appear to reduce ex vivo colonic integrity. Further, the RS diet may reduce severity of a Bhyo challenge.
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DeMille CM, Burrough ER, Gabler N. 292 The effect of pharmacological zinc on oral Salmonella vaccine efficacy. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa054.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmacological zinc (2,000-3,000 ppm) is commonly fed to nursery pigs to improve health and growth due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective was to test if pharmacological zinc at time of oral Salmonella vaccination impeded vaccine efficacy. Sixty-four weaned pigs (5.1±0.7 kg BW) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design. The diets were control (CON) or zinc (3,000 ppm for 1 week, 2,000 ppm for 2 weeks, and no additional zinc for 1 week [ZN]). On d 2 pigs were orally vaccinated for Salmonella with 1 of 2 commercially available vaccines, resulting in 4 treatments (CON1, CON2, ZN1, ZN2; n = 16/treatment). On d 28, n = 8 pigs/treatment were randomly selected and enrolled in a S. Typhimurium challenge study. On d 35 post-weaned, all pigs were inoculated with 108 cfu of a field S. Typhimurium isolate. Pig performance, febrile response, fecal shedding and serology was assessed over a 7-d challenge period. On dpi 7 all pigs were euthanized, and colon contents and ileocecal lymph nodes were collected for culture. The effect of nursery diet, vaccine and their interaction was assessed. Pigs were confirmed Salmonella culture positive at dpi 2 and 6 pigs were culture positive from the ileocecal lymph nodes at dpi 7. Salmonella-specific antibody titers (S/P) increased (P < 0.001) from dpi 0 (0.31) to 7 (2.01), and a time-by-vaccine interaction was reported (P < 0.05). Irrespective of diet and vaccine, core temperatures increased from 39.5°C (dpi 0) to 39.7°C (dpi 2) before decreasing (P = 0.02). Over the challenge period, ADG did not differ (0.67, 0.64, 0.61, 0.62 kg/d, CON1, CON2, ZN1, ZN2, respectively, P = 0.654). Furthermore, ADFI and G:F did not differ by diet or vaccine (P >0.05). In conclusion, pharmacological Zn did not inhibit efficacy of oral Salmonella vaccines.
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Helm ET, Lin SJ, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Infection Reduces Digestive Function but Not Intestinal Integrity in Growing Pigs While Disease Onset Can Be Mitigated by Reducing Insoluble Fiber. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:587926. [PMID: 33195620 PMCID: PMC7649115 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.587926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae manifests as mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in pigs, but little is known about the changes that occur to the gastrointestinal tract during this disease. It is thought that dietary fibers alter disease pathogenesis, although the mechanisms of action are unclear. Thus, the objectives of this study were to characterize intestinal integrity, metabolism, and function in pigs during SD and determine if replacing insoluble fiber with fermentable fibers mitigates disease. Thirty-six B. hyodysenteriae-negative gilts [24.3 ± 3.6 kg body weight (BW)] were assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) B. hyodysenteriae negative, control diet (NC); (2) B. hyodysenteriae challenged, control diet (PC); and (3) B. hyodysenteriae challenged, highly fermentable fiber diet (RS). The NC and PC pigs were fed the same control diet, containing 20% corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The RS pigs were fed a diet formulated with 5% sugar beet pulp and 5% resistant potato starch. On days post inoculation (dpi) 0 and 1, pigs were inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae or sham. Pigs were euthanized for sample collection after onset of SD. The challenge had high morbidity, with 100% of PC and 75% of RS pigs developing clinical SD. The timing of onset of clinical SD differed due to treatment, with RS pigs having a delayed onset (dpi 9) of clinical SD compared with dpi 7 for PC pigs. Colon transepithelial resistance was increased and macromolecule permeability was reduced in PC pigs compared with NC pigs (P < 0.01). Minimal changes in ileal permeability, mitochondrial function, or volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were observed. Total VFA concentrations were lower in the colon and cecum in both PC and RS pigs compared to NC pigs (both P < 0.05), but iso-acids were higher (both P < 0.05). Total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) was lower in PC pigs compared with both NC and RS pigs (both P < 0.001). These data indicate that SD reduces digestive function but does not reduce ex vivo intestinal integrity. Further, replacement of insoluble fiber with highly fermentable fibers mitigated and delayed the onset of SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Susanne J Lin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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24
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Becker SL, Li Q, Burrough ER, Kenne D, Sahin O, Gould SA, Patience JF. Effects of an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge on growth performance, immunological status, and gastrointestinal structure of weaned pigs and the potential protective effect of direct-fed microbial blends. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5821140. [PMID: 32300795 PMCID: PMC7228676 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge on growth performance, aspects of intestinal function, and selected immune responses of piglets, as well as to evaluate potential protective effects of direct-fed microbial (DFM) blends. Seventy-two weaned piglets (6.4 ± 0.2 kg body weight [BW]; ~21 d of age) were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) NC: Nonchallenged (n = 10), 2) positive challenged control (PC): F18 ETEC-challenged (n = 10), 3) PC + DFM1 (n = 8; three strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; 7.5 × 105 colony-forming units [cfu]/g), or 4) PC + DFM2 (n=8; 2 strains of B. amyloliquefaciens and one strain of Bacillus subtilis; 1.5 × 105 cfu/g). Feed intake and BW were recorded on day 0, 7, and 17. Pigs were sham-infected either with 6 mL phosphate-buffered saline or inoculated with 6 mL F18 ETEC (~1.9 × 109 cfu/mL) on day 7 (0 d postinoculation [dpi]). All ETEC-challenged pigs were confirmed to be genetically susceptible to F18. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the 17-d trial. Fecal scores were visually ranked and rectal temperatures were recorded daily. To evaluate ETEC shedding, fecal swabs were collected on dpi 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Blood samples were collected on dpi 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10. Ileal tissues were collected at necropsy on dpi 10. All challenged treatments had lower final BW, decreased average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the 10-d postchallenge period (P < 0.01). The DFM2 treatment increased E. coli shedding on dpi 2 and decreased iton dpi 7 (P < 0.05) compared with the PC. Rectal temperature decreased across all challenged treatments (P < 0.01). Ileal mRNA abundance of occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) decreased in PC and DFM1 compared with NC (P < 0.05). Pigs fed DFM2 had intermediate ileal mRNA abundance of OCLN and increased ZO-1 mRNA compared with pigs in PC (P < 0.05). Interleukin 8 (IL-8) increased in the plasma of PC and DFM2 on dpi 2 compared with NC (P < 0.05). Mucosal IL-8 increased in PC compared with NC (P < 0.05). All challenged treatments tended to have elevated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA abundance compared with NC (P < 0.10). Challenged pigs had reduced secretory immunoglobulin A and villus height compared with NC pigs (P < 0.05). The impact of an ETEC challenge on intestinal function and the immune system has been revealed, information critical to developing improved treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Danielle Kenne
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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25
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Chen YM, Helm ET, Groeltz-Thrush JM, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of absorptive enterocytes and depletion of Peyer's patch M cells after PEDV infection. Virology 2020; 552:43-51. [PMID: 33059319 PMCID: PMC7548064 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on intestinal restitution including phenotype switching of absorptive enterocytes and the abundance of different enterocyte subtypes in weaned pigs after porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. At 10 days post-PEDV-inoculation, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in both jejunum and ileum had restored, and the PEDV antigen was not detectable. However, enterocytes at the villus tips revealed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the jejunum in which E-cadherin expression decreased while expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail increased. Additionally, there was reduced expression of actin in microvilli and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in tight junctions. Moreover, the protein concentration of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), which mediates EMT and cytoskeleton alteration, was increased. We also found a decreased number of Peyer's patch M cells in the ileum. These results reveal incomplete restitution of enterocytes in the jejunum and potentially impaired immune surveillance in the ileum after PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Groeltz-Thrush
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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26
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Chen YM, Helm ET, Gabler N, Hostetter JM, Burrough ER. Alterations in Intestinal Innate Mucosal Immunity of Weaned Pigs During Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:642-652. [PMID: 32880235 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820932140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the small intestine, localized innate mucosal immunity is critical for intestinal homeostasis. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection induces villus injury and impairs digestive function. Moreover, the infection might comprise localized innate mucosal immunity. This study investigated specific enterocyte subtypes and innate immune components of weaned pigs during PEDV infection. Four-week-old pigs were orally inoculated with PEDV IN19338 strain (n = 40) or sham-inoculated (n = 24). At day post inoculation (DPI) 2, 4, and 6, lysozyme expression in Paneth cells, cellular density of villous and Peyer's patch microfold (M) cells, and the expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) were assessed in the jejunum and ileum by immunohistochemistry, and interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the jejunum by ELISA. PEDV infection led to a decrease in the ratios of villus height to crypt depth (VH-CD) in jejunum at DPI 2, 4, and 6 and in ileum at DPI 4. The number of villous M cells was reduced in jejunum at DPI 4 and 6 and in ileum at DPI 6, while the number of Peyer's patch M cells in ileum increased at DPI 2 and then decreased at DPI 6. PEDV-infected pigs also had reduced lysozyme expression in ileal Paneth cells at DPI 2 and increased ileal pIgR expression at DPI 4. There were no significant changes in IL-1β and TNF-α expression in PEDV-infected pigs compared to controls. In conclusion, PEDV infection affected innate mucosal immunity of weaned pigs through alterations in Paneth cells, villous and Peyer's patch M cells, and pIgR expression.
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27
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Li Q, Peng X, Burrough ER, Sahin O, Gould SA, Gabler NK, Loving CL, Dorman KS, Patience JF. Dietary Soluble and Insoluble Fiber With or Without Enzymes Altered the Intestinal Microbiota in Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic E. coli F18. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1110. [PMID: 32536908 PMCID: PMC7267687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) causes significant economic losses for pig producers. This study was to test the hypotheses that an ETEC challenge disrupts intestinal microbial homeostasis and the inclusion of dietary soluble (10% sugar beet pulp) or insoluble fiber (15% corn distillers dried grains with solubles) with or without exogenous carbohydrases will protect or restore the gut microbial homeostasis in weaned pigs. Sixty crossbred piglets (6.9 ± 0.1 kg) were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to one of six treatments (n = 10), including a non-challenged control (NC), ETEC F18-challenged positive control (PC), ETEC-challenged soluble fiber without (SF-) or with carbohydrases (SF+), and ETEC-challenged insoluble fiber without (IF-) or with carbohydrases (IF+). Pigs were housed individually and orally received either ETEC inoculum or PBS-sham inoculum on day 7 post-weaning. Intestinal contents were collected on day 14 or 15. The V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA was amplified and sequenced. High-quality reads (total 6,671,739) were selected and clustered into 3,330 OTUs. No differences were observed in α-diversity among treatments. The ileal microbiota in NC and PC had modest separation in the weighted PCoA plot; the microbial structures were slightly altered by SF+ and IF- compared with PC. The PC increased ileal Escherichia-Shigella (P < 0.01) and numerically decreased Lactobacillus compared to NC. Predicted functional pathways enriched in the ileal microbiota of PC pigs indicated enhanced activity of Gram-negative bacteria, in agreement with increased Escherichia-Shigella. The SF+ tended to decrease (P < 0.10) ileal Escherichia-Shigella compared to PC. Greater abundance of ileal Streptococcus, Turicibacter, and Roseburia and colonic Prevotella were observed in SF- and SF+ than PC (P < 0.05). Pigs fed IF + had greater Lactobacillus and Roseburia than PC pigs (P < 0.05). The ETEC challenge reduced total volatile fatty acid (VFA) compared with NC (P < 0.05). The SF+ tended to increase (P < 0.10) and SF- significantly increased (P < 0.05) colonic total VFA compared with PC. Collectively, ETEC challenge disrupted gut microbial homeostasis and impaired microbial fermentation capacity. Soluble fiber improved VFA production. Dietary fiber and carbohydrases altered microbiota composition to maintain or restore microbial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Xiyu Peng
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal L Loving
- Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karin S Dorman
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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28
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Trevisan G, Linhares LCM, Crim B, Dubey P, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Wang C, Main RG, Sundberg P, Thurn M, Lages PTF, Corzo CA, Torrison J, Henningson J, Herrman E, Hanzlicek GA, Raghavan R, Marthaler D, Greseth J, Clement T, Christopher-Hennings J, Muscatello D, Linhares DCL. Prediction of seasonal patterns of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA detection in the U.S. swine industry. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:394-400. [PMID: 32274974 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720912406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a model to predict the cyclic pattern of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA detection by reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) from 4 major swine-centric veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) in the United States and to use historical data to forecast the upcoming year's weekly percentage of positive submissions and issue outbreak signals when the pattern of detection was not as expected. Standardized submission data and test results were used. Historical data (2015-2017) composed of the weekly percentage of PCR-positive submissions were used to fit a cyclic robust regression model. The findings were used to forecast the expected weekly percentage of PCR-positive submissions, with a 95% confidence interval (CI), for 2018. During 2018, the proportion of PRRSV-positive submissions crossed 95% CI boundaries at week 2, 14-25, and 48. The relatively higher detection on week 2 and 48 were mostly from submissions containing samples from wean-to-market pigs, and for week 14-25 originated mostly from samples from adult/sow farms. There was a recurring yearly pattern of detection, wherein an increased proportion of PRRSV RNA detection in submissions originating from wean-to-finish farms was followed by increased detection in samples from adult/sow farms. Results from the model described herein confirm the seasonal cyclic pattern of PRRSV detection using test results consolidated from 4 VDLs. Wave crests occurred consistently during winter, and wave troughs occurred consistently during the summer months. Our model was able to correctly identify statistically significant outbreak signals in PRRSV RNA detection at 3 instances during 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Trevisan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Leticia C M Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Bret Crim
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Poonam Dubey
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Chong Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Rodger G Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Paul Sundberg
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Mary Thurn
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Paulo T F Lages
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Cesar A Corzo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Jerry Torrison
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Eric Herrman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Gregg A Hanzlicek
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Ram Raghavan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Jon Greseth
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Travis Clement
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - David Muscatello
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
| | - Daniel C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Trevisan, LCM Linhares, Crim, Dubey, Schwartz, Burrough, Wang, Main, DCL Linhares).,Swine Health Information Center; Ames, IA (Sundberg).,Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Thurn, Lages, Corzo, Torrison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS (Henningson, Herrman, Hanzlicek, Raghavan, Marthaler).,Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Greseth, Clement, Christopher-Hennings).,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Muscatello)
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Naberhaus SA, Krull AC, Arruda BL, Arruda P, Sahin O, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Matias Ferreyra F, Gatto IRH, Meiroz de Souza Almeida H, Wang C, Kreuder AJ. Pathogenicity and Competitive Fitness of Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12:i:- Compared to Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby in Swine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:502. [PMID: 32083096 PMCID: PMC7002397 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2014, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has emerged as the most common serovar of Salmonella enterica identified from swine samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States. To compare the pathogenicity of S. 4,[5],12:i:- in swine to the known pathogenic Salmonella Typhimurium and lesser pathogenic Salmonella Derby, 72 pigs (20 per Salmonella serovar treatment and 12 controls) were inoculated with either S. Typhimurium, S. 4,[5],12:i:-, S. Derby, or sham-inoculated and followed for up to 28 days thereafter via rectal temperature, fecal scoring, and fecal culture. Animals were euthanized on days 2, 4, or 28 to determine the gross and histopathologic signs of disease and tissue colonization. The results clearly demonstrate that for the isolates selected, serovar 4,[5],12:i:- possesses similar ability as serovar Typhimurium to cause clinical disease, colonize the tonsils and ileocecal lymph nodes, and be shed in the feces of infected swine past resolution of clinical disease. To compare the competitive fitness of S. 4,[5],12:i:- to S. Typhimurium in swine when co-infected, 12 pigs were co-inoculated with equal concentrations of both S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i and followed for up to 10 days thereafter. When co-inoculated, serovar 4,[5],12:i:- was consistently detected in the feces of a higher percentage of pigs and at higher concentrations than serovar Typhimurium, suggesting an increased competitive fitness of 4,[5],12:i:- relative to serovar Typhimurium when inoculated simultaneously into naïve pigs. Whole genome sequencing analysis of the isolates used in these studies revealed similar virulence factor presence in all S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium isolates, but not S. Derby, providing additional evidence for similar pathogenicity potential between serovars 4,[5],12:i:- and Typhimurium. Altogether, this data strongly supports the hypothesis that S. 4,[5],12:i:- is a pathogen of swine and suggests a mechanism through increased competitive fitness for the increasing identification of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- in swine diagnostic samples over the past several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Naberhaus
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adam C Krull
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Franco Matias Ferreyra
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Igor R H Gatto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amanda J Kreuder
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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30
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Helm ET, Curry SM, De Mille CM, Schweer WP, Burrough ER, Gabler NK. Impact of viral disease hypophagia on pig jejunal function and integrity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227265. [PMID: 31910236 PMCID: PMC6946155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen challenges are often accompanied by reductions in feed intake, making it difficult to differentiate impacts of reduced feed intake from impacts of pathogen on various response parameters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) and feed intake on parameters of jejunal function and integrity in growing pigs. Twenty-four pigs (11.34 ± 1.54 kg BW) were randomly selected and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 8 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRSV naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRSV-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRSV naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS+ pigs' daily feed intake (PF). At 17 days post inoculation, all pigs were euthanized and the jejunum was collected for analysis. At days post inoculation 17, PRRS+ and PF pigs had decreased (P < 0.05) transepithelial resistance compared with Ad pigs; whereas fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa permeability was not different among treatments. Active glucose transport was increased (P < 0.05) in PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs. Brush border carbohydrase activity was reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs for lactase (55%; P = 0.015), sucrase (37%; P = 0.002), and maltase (30%; P = 0.015). For all three carbohydrases, Ad pigs had activities intermediate that of PRRS+ and PF pigs. The mRNA abundance of the tight junction proteins claudin 2, claudin 3, claudin 4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 were reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs; however, neither the total protein abundance nor the cellular compartmentalization of these tight junction proteins differed among treatments. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the changes that occur to intestinal epithelium structure, function, and integrity during a systemic PRRSV challenge can be partially explained by reductions in feed intake. Further, long term adaptation to PRRSV challenge and caloric restriction does reduce intestinal transepithelial resistance but does not appear to reduce the integrity of tight junction protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shelby M. Curry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Carson M. De Mille
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wesley P. Schweer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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31
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Wang L, Marthaler D, Fredrickson R, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Burrough ER, Petznick T, Li G. Genetically divergent porcine sapovirus identified in pigs, United States. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:18-28. [PMID: 31461567 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sapoviruses (SaVs) are genetically diverse and widely distributed in pig-producing countries. Eight genogroups of porcine SaV have been identified, and genogroup III is the predominant type. Most of the eight genogroups of porcine SaV are circulating in the United States. In the present study, we report detection of porcine SaVs in pigs at different ages with clinical diarrhoea using next-generation sequencing and genetic characterization. All seven cases have porcine SaV GIII strains detected and one pooled case was found to have a porcine SaV GVI strain IA27912-B-2018. Sequence analysis showed that seven GIII isolates were genetically divergent and formed four different lineages on the trees of complete genome, RdRP, VP1 and VP2. In addition, these seven GIII isolates had three different deletion/insertion patterns in an identified variable region close to the 3' end of VP2. The GVI strain IA27912-B-2018 was closely related to strains previously detected in the United States and Japan. A 3-nt deletion in VP1 region of GVI IA27912-B-2018 was identified. Our study showed that genetically divergent SaVs of different genogroups are co-circulating in pigs in the United States. Future studies comparing the virulence of these different genogroups in pigs are needed to better understand this virus and to determine if surveillance and vaccine development are needed to monitor and control porcine SaVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Richard Fredrickson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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32
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- has been increasingly isolated from swine. However, its pathogenic potential is not well characterized. Analysis of swine cases confirmed a strong positive association between isolation of I 4,[5],12:i:- and lesions of enteric salmonellosis and suggested a similar pathogenic potential as that for Salmonella Typhimurium.
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33
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Naberhaus SA, Krull AC, Bradner LK, Harmon KM, Arruda P, Arruda BL, Sahin O, Burrough ER, Schwartz KJ, Kreuder AJ. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- as the primary serovar identified from swine clinical samples and development of a multiplex real-time PCR for improved Salmonella serovar-level identification. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:818-827. [PMID: 31646949 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719883843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of the infecting Salmonella serovar from porcine diagnostic samples is vital to allow implementation of appropriate on-farm treatment and management decisions. Although identification at the serogroup level can be rapidly achieved at most veterinary diagnostic laboratories, final Salmonella serovar identification often takes several weeks because of the limited number of reference laboratories performing the complex task of serotyping. Salmonella serogroup B, currently the dominant serogroup identified from swine clinical samples in the United States, contains serovars that vary from highly pathogenic to minimally pathogenic in swine. We determined the frequency of detection of individual group B serovars at the Iowa State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2008 to 2017, and validated a multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) to distinguish pathogenic serogroup B serovars from those of lesser pathogenicity. Our results indicate that, since 2014, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- has been the dominant serovar identified from swine clinical samples at the ISU-VDL, with S. Typhimurium now the second most common serovar identified. We developed a rtPCR to allow rapid differentiation of samples containing S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium from samples containing serovars believed to be of less pathogenicity, such as S. Agona and S. Derby. When combined with enrichment culture, this rtPCR has the ability to significantly improve the time to final serovar identification of the 2 most commonly identified pathogenic Salmonella serovars in swine, and allows rapid implementation of serovar-specific intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Naberhaus
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adam C Krull
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Laura K Bradner
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Amanda J Kreuder
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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34
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Trevisan G, Linhares LCM, Crim B, Dubey P, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Main RG, Sundberg P, Thurn M, Lages PTF, Corzo CA, Torrison J, Henningson J, Herrman E, Hanzlicek GA, Raghavan R, Marthaler D, Greseth J, Clement T, Christopher-Hennings J, Linhares DCL. Macroepidemiological aspects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus detection by major United States veterinary diagnostic laboratories over time, age group, and specimen. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223544. [PMID: 31618236 PMCID: PMC6795434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This project investigates the macroepidemiological aspects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA detection by veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for the period 2007 through 2018. Standardized submission data and PRRSV real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test results from porcine samples were retrieved from four VDLs representing 95% of all swine samples tested in NAHLN laboratories in the US. Anonymized data were retrieved and organized at the case level using SAS (SAS® Version 9.4, SAS® Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with the use of PROC DATA, PROC MERGE, and PROC SQL scripts. The final aggregated and anonymized dataset comprised of 547,873 unique cases was uploaded to Power Business Intelligence-Power BI® (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington) to construct dynamic charts. The number of cases tested for PRRSV doubled from 2010 to 2018, with that increase mainly driven by samples typically used for monitoring purposes rather than diagnosis of disease. Apparent seasonal trends for the frequency of PRRSV detection were consistently observed with a higher percentage of positive cases occurring during fall or winter months and lower during summer months, perhaps due to increased testing associated with well-known seasonal occurrence of swine respiratory disease. PRRSV type 2, also known as North American genotype, accounted for 94.76% of all positive cases and was distributed across the US. PRRSV type 1, also known as European genotype, was geographically restricted and accounted for 2.15% of all positive cases. Co-detection of both strains accounted for 3.09% of the positive cases. Both oral fluid and processing fluid samples, had a rapid increase in the number of submissions soon after they were described in 2008 and 2017, respectively, suggesting rapid adoption of these specimens by the US swine industry for PRRSV monitoring in swine populations. As part of this project, a bio-informatics tool defined as Swine Disease Reporting System (SDRS) was developed. This tool has real-time capability to inform the US swine industry on the macroepidemiological aspects of PRRSV detection, and is easily adaptable for other analytes relevant to the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Trevisan
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Leticia C. M. Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Bret Crim
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Poonam Dubey
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kent J. Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Rodger G. Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Paul Sundberg
- Swine Health Information Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mary Thurn
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paulo T. F. Lages
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jerry Torrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jamie Henningson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Eric Herrman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Hanzlicek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ram Raghavan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jon Greseth
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Travis Clement
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. L. Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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35
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Matias Ferreyra FS, Bradner LK, Burrough ER, Cooper VL, Derscheid RJ, Gauger PC, Harmon KM, Madson D, Piñeyro PE, Schwartz KJ, Stevenson GW, Zeller MA, Arruda BL. Polioencephalomyelitis in Domestic Swine Associated With Porcine Astrovirus Type 3. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:82-89. [PMID: 31551018 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819875741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, different members of the genus Mamastrovirus have been associated with outbreaks of neurologic disease in humans, cattle, sheep, mink, and, most recently, porcine astrovirus 3 (PoAstV3) in swine. We performed a retrospective analysis of 50 cases of porcine neurologic disease of undetermined cause but with microscopic lesions compatible with a viral encephalomyelitis to better understand the role and pathogenesis of PoAstV3 infection. Nucleic acid was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue for reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) testing for PoAstV3. In addition, 3 cases with confirmed PoAstV3-associated disease were assayed by RT-qPCR to investigate PoAstV3 tissue distribution. PoAstV3 was detected in central nervous system (CNS) tissue via RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization in 13 of 50 (26%) FFPE cases assayed. PoAstV3 was rarely detected in any tissues outside the CNS. Positive cases from the retrospective study included pigs in various production categories beginning in 2010, the earliest year samples were available. Based on these results, PoAstV3 appears to be a recurring putative cause of viral encephalomyelitis in swine that is rarely detected outside of the CNS at the time of clinical neurologic disease, unlike other common viral causes of neurologic disease in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco S Matias Ferreyra
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Laura K Bradner
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Vickie L Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Darin Madson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gregory W Stevenson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michel A Zeller
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, USA
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Helm ET, Curry SM, De Mille CM, Schweer WP, Burrough ER, Zuber EA, Lonergan SM, Gabler NK. Impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on muscle metabolism of growing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3213-3227. [PMID: 31212312 PMCID: PMC6667233 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pig pathogens worldwide. However, the metabolic explanation for reductions in tissue accretion observed in growing pigs remains poorly defined. Additionally, PRRS virus challenge is often accompanied by reduced feed intake, making it difficult to discern which effects are virus vs. feed intake driven. To account for this, a pair-fed model was employed to examine the effects of PRRS challenge and nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle and liver metabolism. Forty-eight pigs were randomly selected (13.1 ± 1.97 kg BW) and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 16 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRS naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRS naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS-inoculated pigs' daily feed intake (PF). At days postinoculation (dpi) 10 and 17, 8 pigs per treatment were euthanized and tissues collected. Tissues were assayed for markers of proteolysis (LM only), protein synthesis (LM only), oxidative stress (LM only), gluconeogenesis (liver), and glycogen concentrations (LM and liver). Growth performance, feed intake, and feed efficiency were all reduced in both PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, growth performance and feed efficiency were additionally reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs (P < 0.05). Activity of most markers of LM proteolysis (μ-calpain, 20S proteasome, and caspase 3/7) was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs, although activity of m-calpain was increased in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs (P = 0.025) at dpi 17. Muscle reactive oxygen species production was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs. However, phosphorylation of protein synthesis markers was decreased in PRRS+ pigs compared with both Ad (P < 0.05) and PF (P < 0.05) pigs. Liver gluconeogenesis was not increased as a result of PRRS; however, liver glycogen was decreased (P < 0.01) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad and PF pigs at both time points. Taken together, this work demonstrates the differential impact a viral challenge and nutrient restriction have on metabolism of growing pigs. Although markers of skeletal muscle proteolysis showed limited evidence of increase, markers of skeletal muscle synthesis were reduced during PRRS viral challenge. Furthermore, liver glycogenolysis seems to provide PRRS+ pigs with glucose needed to fuel the immune response during viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Shelby M Curry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Wesley P Schweer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Burrough ER, Gabler NK. 111 Common nutritional and infectious health challenges in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2019. [PMCID: PMC6666889 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor starting nursery pigs are a common source of frustration for pork producers due to suboptimal lean tissue production and failure to thrive. This is generally a multifactorial issue with potential nutritional, infectious and management contributors. Commonly encountered respiratory and enteric pathogens include porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), porcine enteric coronaviruses (TGEV/PEDV/PDCV), and group A, B, and C rotaviruses, as well as Salmonella typhimurium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Streptococcus suis, and Haemophilus parasuis. Infection with one or more of these agents can ultimately antagonize pig health and performance. However, while these specific pathogens may be causing an observed disease symptom, pigs may have been predisposed to infection due to various management, nutritional, and environmental risk factors. As many of these potential pathogens are endemic in production systems, it is important to remember that simply detecting a potential pathogen within a population is often not sufficient to assign cause for poor growth and production. To help fully interpret the impact of a detected agent, diagnostic efforts should focus on providing proof that the agent is actually causing disease. Molecular detection methods, such as PCR, are increasingly available for common pathogens and have high diagnostic sensitivity but lower diagnostic specificity. This paper will discuss the clinical signs and gross and microscopic lesions associated with common nursery pig pathogens, as well as proper sampling and diagnostic testing necessary to detect and confirm disease following infection with these agents.
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Li Q, Burrough ER, Gabler NK, Gould SA, Loving CL, Tuggle CK, Sahin O, Patience JF. 159 Impact of dietary fiber and carbohydrases on intestinal gene transcription in enterotoxigenic E. coli challenged pigs. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate if soluble (10% sugar beet pulp) or insoluble dietary fiber (15% corn DDGS) with or without exogenous carbohydrases protect piglets against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)-induced changes in gene transcription of markers of intestinal inflammation and barrier integrity. Sixty newly-weaned piglets (BW=6.9 ± 0.1 kg; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by initial BW, preselected for F18 ETEC sensitivity and placed in individual pens. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments (n = 10/trt): non-challenged (NC), ETEC-challenged (PC), PC-fed a soluble fiber diet without (SF-) or with (SF+) carbohydrases (xylanase, β-glucanase, and pectinase), or PC fed an insoluble fiber diet without (IF-) or with carbohydrases (IF+). Pigs were orally inoculated with ETEC or PBS on d 7 post-weaning. Intestinal tissues were collected on d 14 or 15. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4); treatment was a fixed effect and block a random effect. The NC decreased interleukin (IL)-8 and increased claudin-1 (CLDN1; 2.32 vs. 0.96) mRNA abundance in the ileum compared to PC (P < 0.05). The SF- increased ileal CLDN1 mRNA compared to PC (P < 0.05). A trend (P < 0.10) for lower levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and greater occludin (OCLN) mRNA in the ileum was observed in SF+ compared with PC. The IF+ decreased ileal cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) mRNA abundance compared to PC (P < 0.05). Greater colonic abundance of zonula occludens (ZO-1) mRNA was observed in NC than PC (P < 0.05). Pigs fed SF+ tended (P = 0.051) to have greater ZO-1 and greater OCLN mRNA abundance than pigs on PC (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data suggest that an ETEC challenge increased markers of gut inflammation and reduced mRNA levels of tight junction proteins. Soluble fiber, regardless of enzyme supplementation, may help improve gut barrier integrity during such a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Cargill Premix and Nutrition
- Iowa State University
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Helm ET, Curry S, Schweer W, De Mille C, Burrough ER, Zuber E, Lonergan S, Gabler NK. 374 Metabolic response of pigs to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus infection and nutrient restriction. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pig pathogens worldwide. The virus infects pigs at all production stages and significantly reduces the tissue accretion of growing pigs. However, the metabolic explanation for these reductions in tissue accretion remain poorly defined. Additionally, PRRS virus infection is often accompanied by reductions in feed intake, making it difficult to discern which effects are virus versus feed intake driven. To account for this, a pair-fed model was employed to examine the effects of PRRS infection and nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle and liver metabolism. Forty-eight pigs were randomly selected (11.34 ± 1.54 kg BW) and allotted to 3 treatments (n = 16 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRS naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRS naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS-inoculated pigs’ daily feed intake (PF). At dpi 10 and dpi 17, 8 pigs per treatment were euthanized and tissues collected. Tissues were assayed for markers of proteolysis [longissimus skeletal muscle (LM) only], oxidative stress (LM only), and glycogen levels (LM and liver). Markers of LM proteolysis (calpain, 20s proteasome, caspase 3/7 activities) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatment groups at either timepoint. Liver glycogen stores were reduced (P < 0.001) in PRRS+ pigs compared with both Ad and PF pigs, which did not differ from each other. Muscle glycogen did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatment groups. However, liver glycogen stores were completely depleted due to PRRS+, but not pair-feeding, indicating that liver glycogen stores and glucose are preferentially utilized by pigs to produce and support immune components. These data suggest that even under severe viral challenge and feed restriction, the pig does not upregulate LM proteolysis to re-allocate nutrients to fuel the immune response.
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Li Q, Gabler NK, Burrough ER, Loving CL, Schmitz-Esser S, Patience JF, Peng X. 130 Young Scholar Presentation: Can exogenous carbohydrase supplementation to higher-fiber diets improve gut function, microbiota, and growth performance of weaned pigs? J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
There is increasing interest in feeding higher-fiber coproducts to weaned pigs due to their potential benefits on gut function and microbiota. However, young pigs are not efficient at utilizing fibrous coproducts. Exogenous carbohydrases can be used to improve nutrient utilization and growth of pigs fed higher levels of coproducts. Previous results regarding the impact of carbohydrases on performance in pigs have been inconsistent, thus a better understanding of associated mechanisms is needed. Using 460 weaned pigs (6.4 ± 0.1 kg), our first study showed that a carbohydrase enzyme blend (EB) improved ADG of weaned pigs fed higher-fiber diets (with added DDGS and wheat middlings) over a 28-d experimental period (P < 0.05). Pigs fed EB-supplemented diets had lower urinary lactulose:mannitol ratio, decreased plasma IL-8 concentration, and greater ileal CLDN3 (claudin 3) mRNA abundance, compared with those fed diets without EB (P < 0.05). These changes may partly explain the improved growth, providing mode of action evidence for carbohydrase in improving performance of weaned pigs. Carbohydrases may also exert prebiotic effects through release of oligosaccharides from fiber degradation. Thus, carbohydrases and dietary fiber may improve disease resilience of young pigs against bacterial infections, for example, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) induced post-weaning diarrhea. Our second study evaluated the impact of soluble versus insoluble fiber with or without carbohydrases in newly weaned pigs (n = 60; 6.9 ± 0.07 kg) challenged with F18 ETEC. A diet containing a soluble and highly fermentable fiber from sugar beet pulp with added carbohydrases improved (P < 0.05) ADG, tended to increase (P < 0.10) ileal OCLN (occludin) mRNA, increased (P < 0.05) colonic OCLN mRNA, and tended to decrease (P < 0.10) ileal Escherichia-Shigella compared with ETEC-challenged control. Collectively, appropriate use of exogenous carbohydrases in higher-fiber diets (with the right type and amount of enzyme substrate) is promising in improving gut health and growth performance in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Cargill Premix and Nutrition
- Iowa State University
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Becker SL, Li Q, Burrough ER, Patience JF. 132 The impact of F18 ETEC challenge on intestinal integrity and immune response of nursery pigs, and the potential protective effects of direct-fed microbial blends. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objectives were to investigate the impact of an F18 ETEC challenge on localized immune responses and intestinal function of piglets, and to evaluate potential protective effects of direct-fed microbial blends (DFM1 and DFM2). Thirty-six pens of 3-wk old weaned piglets (2 pigs/pen; BW=6.42 ± 0.22 kg; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) NC: Non-challenged (n = 10), 2) PC:F18 ETEC challenged (n = 10), 3) PC+DFM1 (n = 8) or 4) PC+DFM2 (n = 8). Pigs were either sham-infected with saline or orally challenged with ETEC on d 7 (d 0 post-inoculation, dpi). On dpi 10, ileal mucosa was collected for disaccharidase quantification and whole ileal tissue was collected for immune marker and tight junction protein analysis via qRT-PCR. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4) with dietary treatment as a fixed effect and pen as the experimental unit. There were no differences in lactase activity (P > 0.10). Sucrase and maltase activity increased in PC vs. NC (P < 0.05). Ileal mRNA abundance of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) decreased in PC and DFM1 compared with NC (P < 0.05). DFM2 increased ZO-1 compared with PC (P < 0.05). There was no difference in claudin-1 mRNA (P > 0.10). Cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) mRNA was elevated in challenged pigs compared with NC (P < 0.05). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) tended to be elevated in both DFM treatments compared with PC (P < 0.10). All challenged treatments tended to have elevated tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) abundance vs. NC (P < 0.10). There were no differences in IL-1b, IL-6, or toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA abundance (P > 0.10). In conclusion, the ETEC challenge increased CD14, tended to increase TNFa, and decreased ZO-1 mRNA abundance, indicating activation of intestinal inflammation and impaired intestinal barrier integrity. DFM2 may improve intestinal barrier integrity impaired by ETEC as evidenced by increased ZO-1 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingyun Li
- Iowa State University
- Cargill Premix and Nutrition
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De Mille C, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. PSVII-5 Zinc overload in weaned pigs: tissue accumulation, pathology, and growth impacts. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn, 2000-3000 ppm) are commonly fed to nursery pigs. However, diet manufacturing errors can result in supra-pharmacological concentrations of Zn (>4000 ppm) being fed. Clinical and phenotypic data reflective of Zn associated morbidity in modern genotype pigs are poorly defined. Therefore, the study objective was to characterize the effect of dietary Zn overload on nursery pig performance, body mineral concentrations and pathologic changes. Fifty-five 21 d old weaned pigs (4.50 ± 0.2 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of five Zn diet treatments for 21 d. Diets included: 1) Control no additional Zn (NC), 2) 6000 ppm Zn for 21 d (Zn6), 3) 6000 ppm Zn for 7 d plus 4000 ppm Zn for 14 d (Zn64), 4) 3000 ppm Zn for 7 d and no additional Zn for 14 d (Zn3), and 5) 3000 ppm Zn for 7 d plus 2000 ppm for 14 d (Zn32). All pigs were bled and weighed at d 0, 7 and 21, and ADFI and G:F were determined for the overall 21 d test period. Thereafter, all pigs were necropsied for histopathology and serum, tissue and feed trace mineral concentrations were determined. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer adjustment in JMP. Overall pig ADG, ADFI and G:F was not statistically different between treatments. Feeding greater than 6000 ppm Zn increased pancreatic Zn concentrations compared to other groups (P < 0.001), and pancreatic apoptosis was more frequent in pigs fed supra-pharmacological levels of Zn (P < 0.0001). Hepatic and serum Zn levels were highest in diet 2 and 3 pigs compared to the other diets (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0003 respectively) and only pigs from these treatments had serum Zn >2.0 ppm or hepatic Zn >500 ppm. Accordingly, these mineral levels should warrant further feed analysis if expected inclusion rates are 3,000 ppm Zn or less.
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Mille CD, Helm ET, Loving CL, Burrough ER, Gabler NK. PSIV-18 Effect of sub-therapeutic antibiotics and pharmacological zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and intestinal integrity and function. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of sub-therapeutic chlortetracycline (CTC) and pharmacological zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and intestinal integrity and function. Twenty-four newly weaned pigs (4.51 ± 0.21 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 21 d (n = 8/treatment): 1) Control diet (NC), 2) NC + Zinc oxide at 3000 ppm for 7 d followed by 2000 ppm for 14 d (ZnO), and 3) NC + 40 ppm CTC for 21 d (sCTC). Pig ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined for the overall 21 d test period. At d 21, all pigs were euthanized for tissue collection. Jejunum and ileum ex vivo transepithelial resistance (TER), macromolecule (FD4) flux, and active glucose and glutamine transport were assessed in modified Ussing Chambers. Additionally, jejunum brush border enzyme and Na+/K+ ATPase activities were determined. Morphology and T-cell abundance were determined in all ileum sections by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Compared to the NC, sCTC and ZnO increased ADG (0.14, 0.20 and 0.23 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.020). Overall ADFI was increased by 150% due to sCTC compared to the NC and ZnO pigs (P < 0.05). G:F was increased due to ZnO and sCTC compared to the NC (0.82, 0.63 and 0.47, respectively, P < 0.01). Jejunum and ileum ex vivo function and integrity did not differ. Ileal villus height was increased in the NC compared to sCTC treatment (P < 0.01), but not different from the ZnO treatment. In the ileum, total T-cell number per unit area was significantly lower in the ZnO segments compared to sCTC and NC (0.95, 2.29 and 2.59 count per μm2, respectively, P = 0.05). These data indicate that ZnO and sCTC improved pig performance but did not directly alter small intestinal integrity and function. However, mucosal T cell abundance was altered.
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Helm ET, Burrough ER, Gabler NK. 198 An in vivo model to investigate the effects of host stress and Salmonella typhimurium infection on nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz122.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In animals, the sympathoadrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis release chemicals that can act on and alter host microbiota. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate if host stress (via adrenocorticotropin and catecholamine challenge) would increase the severity of a salmonella typhimurium infection. A total of 32 nursery pigs (7.6 ± 1.5 kg BW) were selected and split into treatment groups using a 2 x 2 factorial design to examine the impacts of stress hormone challenge, S. Typhimurium challenge, and their interaction. The resulting treatment groups (n = 8 pigs/treatment) were: 1) non-challenged controls (CON), 2) stress challenged, S. Typhimurium negative (CAT), 3) stress challenge negative, S. Typhimurium challenged (SAL), and 4) stress challenged, S. Typhimurium challenged (CAT+SAL). On days post inoculation (dpi) -1, the stress challenge was initiated and continued daily until dpi 4. The stress challenge consisted of an adrenocorticotropin injection (intramuscular, 0.2 IU/kg BW), a norepinephrine injection (intramuscular, 45 μg/kg BW), and an oral drench of L-DOPA (50 mg/kg BW). On dpi 0, pigs were inoculated with a field strain of S. Typhimurium. On dpi 5, plasma was collected and all pigs were necropsied for tissue collection. Plasma and colon samples were assayed for cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Colon contents and the ileocecal lymph node were cultured for S. Typhimurium. At dpi 5, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) and plasma cortisol tended to be increased (P = 0.077) due to stress challenge. However, only colon dopamine concentrations were increased (P = 0.050) due to stress challenge. Further, CAT+SAL pigs didn’t have increased colon colonization of S. typhimurium or increased translocation to the ileocecal lymph node compared with SAL pigs. This suggests that host driven stress may not specifically exacerbate the severity of an S. Typhimurium infection.
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Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is commonly fed to pigs at pharmacologic concentrations (2,000-3,000 ppm) for the first 3 wk post-weaning to increase growth and reduce enteric bacterial disease. The safety of this high-dose treatment is assumed based upon lower bioavailability of ZnO compared to other common forms of Zn in feed; however, limited data are available regarding the specific serum and tissue concentrations of Zn expected in animals experiencing overload following feeding of excessive ZnO. Fifty-five 3-wk-old pigs were divided into 5 groups receiving various concentrations of ZnO (0-6,000 ppm) for 3 wk. Pigs receiving 6,000 ppm ZnO had higher mean pancreatic Zn concentrations (p < 0.001) compared to other treatments, and higher pancreatic Zn concentrations were associated with pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis (p < 0.0001). Hepatic Zn concentrations were highest for pigs receiving 6,000 ppm ZnO (mean ± SEM; 729 ± 264 ppm) and significantly higher than all other groups (p < 0.0001), with controls having concentrations <60 ppm. Similarly, serum Zn was highest in pigs receiving 6,000 ppm ZnO (4.81 ± 2.31 ppm) and significantly higher than all groups (controls, <1 ppm). Additionally, as pigs became overloaded with Zn, there were significant reductions in serum Cu and both serum and hepatic Se. Hepatic and serum Zn concentrations >500 ppm and >2 ppm, respectively, are indicative of Zn overload, and dietary trace mineral analysis is warranted if expected inclusion rates are ≤3,000 ppm ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Burrough
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Burrough), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Animal Science (De Mille, Gabler), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Carson De Mille
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Burrough), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Animal Science (De Mille, Gabler), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Burrough), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Animal Science (De Mille, Gabler), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Li Q, Burrough ER, Gabler NK, Loving CL, Sahin O, Gould SA, Patience JF. A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2139-2153. [PMID: 30888017 PMCID: PMC6488326 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a source of dietary soluble (SF) and insoluble fiber (IF) without or with exogenous carbohydrases (xylanase, β-glucanase, and pectinase) on diarrhea incidence, selected immune responses, and growth performance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-challenged pigs. Sixty weaned pigs (6.9 ± 0.1 kg BW, ~23 d of age) were blocked by initial BW and placed in individual pens. Pens were randomly assigned to one of six treatments (n = 10 per treatment), including a nonchallenged control (NC), a positive challenge control (PC), the PC + a soluble fiber diet (10% sugar beet pulp) without (SF-) or with carbohydrases (SF+), and PC + an IF diet (15% corn distillers dried grains with solubles) without (IF-) or with carbohydrases (IF+). The control diet was primarily based on corn and soybean meal with 13.5% whey powder. The two sources of fiber were added at the expense of cornstarch in the control diet. Pigs were orally inoculated with 6 mL hemolytic F18 ETEC (~3.5 × 109 cfu/mL) or sham infected with 6 mL phosphate-buffered saline on day 7 (0 d postinoculation, dpi) postweaning. All ETEC challenged pigs were confirmed to be genetically susceptible to F18 ETEC. Pigs had free access to feed and water throughout the 14-d trial. Pig BW and feed intake were recorded on dpi -7, 0, and 7 or 8. Fecal swabs were collected on dpi -7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 or 8 to evaluate hemolytic E. coli shedding. Fecal score was visually ranked daily postchallenge to evaluate diarrhea incidence. Blood samples were collected on dpi -1, 3, and 7 or 8 at necropsy and intestinal tissues were collected at necropsy. Pigs on PC had lower dpi 1 to 7 ADG and ADFI than those on NC (P < 0.05). Compared with PC pigs, SF+ pigs had greater ADG during both pre- and postchallenge period (P < 0.05). The IF- increased postchallenge diarrhea incidence compared with PC (P < 0.05). Pigs on SF- had lower ileal E. coli attachment than PC (P < 0.05). The SF+ reduced haptoglobin and IF+ reduced C-reactive protein on dpi 3 compared with PC (P < 0.05). Compared with PC pigs, SF+ pigs tended to have lower ileal tumor necrosis factor alpha and greater ileal occludin (OCLN) mRNA (P < 0.10) and had greater (P < 0.05) colonic OCLN mRNA levels. Collectively, IF- increased incidence of diarrhea and fecal E. coli shedding compared with PC. The SF+ pigs had improved growth compared with PC pigs, likely due in part to a reduction in inflammatory intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Card RM, La T, Burrough ER, Ellis RJ, Nunez-Garcia J, Thomson JR, Mahu M, Phillips ND, Hampson DJ, Rohde J, Tucker AW. Weakly haemolytic variants of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae newly emerged in Europe belong to a distinct subclade with unique genetic properties. Vet Res 2019; 50:21. [PMID: 30845993 PMCID: PMC6407217 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae is widespread globally, and can cause mucohaemorrhagic colitis (swine dysentery, SD) with severe economic impact in infected herds. Typical strains of B. hyodysenteriae are strongly haemolytic on blood agar, and the haemolytic activity is believed to contribute to virulence in vivo. However, recently there have been reports of atypical weakly haemolytic isolates of B. hyodysenteriae (whBh). In this study, 34 European whBh and 82 strongly haemolytic isolates were subjected to comparative genomic analysis. A phylogenetic tree constructed using core single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the whBh formed a distinct sub-clade. All eight genes previously associated with haemolysis in B. hyodysenteriae were present in the whBh. No consistent patterns of amino acid substitutions for all whBh were found in these genes. In contrast, a genome region containing six coding sequences (CDSs) had consistent nucleotide sequence differences between strongly and whBh isolates. Two CDSs were predicted to encode ABC transporter proteins, and a TolC family protein, which may have a role in the export of haemolysins from B. hyodysenteriae. Another difference in this region was the presence of three CDSs in whBh that are pseudogenes in strongly haemolytic isolates. One of the intact CDSs from whBh encoded a predicted PadR-like transcriptional repressor that may play a role in repression of haemolysis functions. In summary, a sub-clade of whBh isolates has emerged in Europe, and several genomic differences, that potentially explain the weakly haemolytic phenotype, were identified. These markers may provide targets for discriminatory molecular tests needed in SD surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick M Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Richard J Ellis
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK.,Genomics Medicine Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jill R Thomson
- Veterinary Services, Scotland's Rural College, Penicuik, UK
| | - Maxime Mahu
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nyree D Phillips
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - David J Hampson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Schweer WP, Burrough ER, Patience JF, Kerr BJ, Gabler NK. Impact of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae on intestinal amino acid digestibility and endogenous amino acid losses in pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:257-268. [PMID: 30335136 PMCID: PMC6313137 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (Bhyo) induces mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in pigs and is an economically significant disease worldwide. Our objectives were to determine the impact of Bhyo on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), ileal digestibility (AID), and ileal basal endogenous losses (BEL) in grower pigs. In addition, we assessed the effect of Bhyo on hindgut disappearance of DM, N, and GE. Thirty-two Bhyo negative gilts (38.6 ± 0.70 kg BW) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and individually penned. In replicates 1 and 2, pigs were fed a complete diet (7 Bhyo-, 10 Bhyo+ pigs) or nitrogen-free diet (NFD; 4 Bhyo-, 11 Bhyo+ pigs), respectively. Across multiple rooms, the 21 Bhyo+ pigs (62.6 ± 1.39 kg BW) were inoculated with Bhyo on day post inoculation (dpi) 0, and the 11 Bhyo- pigs were sham inoculated. Feces were collected from 9 to 11 dpi and ileal digesta collected from 12 to 13 dpi. All pigs were euthanized at 14 to 15 dpi and intestinal tract pathology assessed. Within the complete diet and NFD treatments, data were analyzed to determine pathogen effects. All Bhyo- pigs remained Bhyo negative, and 5 Bhyo+ pigs in each replicate were confirmed Bhyo positive within 9 dpi. Infection with Bhyo reduced ATTD of DM, N, and GE and increased AID of Gly (P < 0.05). No other AA AID differences were observed. Only BEL of Pro was reduced (P < 0.05) while Arg, Trp, and Gly tended (P < 0.10) to be reduced in Bhyo+ pigs. When calculated from AID and BEL, Bhyo infection reduced standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of N, Arg, Lys, Ala, Gly, Pro, and Ser (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce Thr SID (P = 0.09). In the hindgut of Bhyo+ pigs, there was generally an appearance of nutrients rather than disappearance. In Bhyo+ pigs fed a complete diet, hindgut appearance of N and GE were increased (P < 0.05) by 58 and nine-fold, respectively, and DM tended to be increased two-fold (P = 0.06). Similarly, in NFD fed pigs, hindgut appearance of N and GE was increased by 172% and 162%, respectively, although high variability led to no significance. Altogether, Bhyo infection decreases ATTD but has minimal impact on AID of AA, when corrected for BEL, SID of N, Arg, Lys and some nonessential AA are specifically reduced. Unexpectedly, BEL of several AA involved in mucin production were unaffected by Bhyo infection. This may suggest an increased need for specific AA and energy during a Bhyo challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Brian J Kerr
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA
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49
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Curry SM, Burrough ER, Schwartz KJ, Yoon KJ, Lonergan SM, Gabler NK. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus reduces feed efficiency in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:85-97. [PMID: 29378029 PMCID: PMC6140930 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infects enterocytes and in nursery pigs, results in diarrhea, anorexia, and reduced performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how PEDV infection influenced growth performance and repartitioning of amino acids and energy in nursery pigs. A total of 32 barrows and gilts, approximately 1 wk post-wean (BW = 8.46 ± 0.50 kg), and naïve for PEDV were obtained, weighed, and allotted based on sex and BW to one of two treatments: 1) Control, PEDV naïve and 2) PEDV-inoculated (PEDV) with eight pens of two pigs each per treatment. On day post-inoculation (dpi) 0, PEDV pigs were inoculated via intragastric gavage with PEDV isolate (USA/Iowa/18984/2013). Pig and feeder weights were recorded at dpi −7, 0, 5, and 20 in order to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Eight pigs per treatment were euthanized on dpi 5 and 20, and tissues and blood were collected. At dpi 5, all PEDV pigs were PCR positive for PEDV in feces. Overall, PEDV pigs tended (P < 0.10) to increase ADFI, which resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) feed efficiency. At dpi 5, PEDV pigs had reduced (P < 0.05) villus height and increased (P < 0.05) stem cell proliferation in the jejunum compared with Control pigs. Pigs inoculated with PEDV had increased (P < 0.05) serum haptoglobin and increased insulin-to-glucose ratios compared with Control pigs at dpi 5. Markers of muscle proteolysis were not different (P > 0.05) between treatments within dpi; however, at dpi 5, 20S proteasome activity was increased (P < 0.05) in longissimus dorsi of PEDV pigs compared with Control pigs. Liver and jejunum gluconeogenic enzyme activities were not different (P > 0.05) between treatments within dpi. Overall, PEDV-inoculated pigs did recover the absorptive capacity that was reduced during PEDV infection by increasing proliferation of intestinal stem cells. However, the energy and nutrients needed to recover the epithelium may be originating from available luminal nutrients instead of muscle proteolysis and gluconeogenesis. This study provides insight into the effects of an enteric coronavirus on postabsorptive metabolism in nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Curry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - E R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - K J Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - K J Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - S M Lonergan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - N K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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50
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Schweer WP, Patience JF, Burrough ER, Kerr BJ, Gabler NK. Impact of PRRSV infection and dietary soybean meal on ileal amino acid digestibility and endogenous amino acid losses in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1846-1859. [PMID: 29534187 PMCID: PMC6140837 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a significant disease in the swine industry, and increasing soybean meal (SBM) consumption during this disease challenge may improve performance. Our objectives were to determine the impact of SBM level on apparent total tract (ATTD) and ileal (AID) digestibility during PRRSV infection and to determine ileal basal endogenous losses (BEL) during PRRSV infection. Forty PRRSV negative gilts were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with high and low SBM (HSBM, 29% vs. LSBM, 10%), with and without PRRSV (n = 6/treatment). The remaining pigs (n = 8/challenge status) were fed a N-free diet. Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. On day post inoculation (dpi) 0, at 47.7 ± 0.57 kg BW, 20 pigs were inoculated with live PRRSV; 20 control pigs were sham inoculated. Infection was confirmed by serum PCR. Feces were collected at dpi 5 to 6 and dpi 16 to 17, and ileal digesta collected at dpi 7 to 8 and dpi 18 to 19. Feed, feces, and digesta were analyzed for DM, N, and GE. Digesta and feed were analyzed for AA. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 + 2 factorial design to determine main effects of diet and PRRSV and their interaction. Data from N-free fed pigs were analyzed separately to determine BEL and hindgut disappearance due to PRRSV infection. All control pigs remained PRRSV negative. There were no interactions for AID of AA; however, HSBM reduced DM, GE, Lys, and Met AID and increased Arg and Gly AID during both collection periods (P < 0.05). At dpi 7 to 8 only, PRRSV reduced DM and GE AID (P < 0.05). At 7 to 8 dpi, BEL of Arg, Ala, and Pro were reduced (P < 0.05) due to PRRSV by 64%, 39%, and 94%, respectively. At dpi 18 to 19, BEL of Thr tended (P = 0.06) to be increased in PRRSV-infected pigs; however, no other differences were observed. Pigs fed LSBM had increased Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Pro standardized ileal digestibility (SID), primarily at 7 to 8 dpi. At 7 to 8 dpi, PRRSV reduced Arg, Gly, and Pro SID (P < 0.01), and SID Pro continued to be reduced by 17% at dpi 18 to 19. Compared with HSBM pigs, LSBM reduced hindgut disappearance of DM and GE at dpi 5 to 8 and dpi 16 to 19, while N disappearance was reduced at dpi 5 to 8. There were no differences between control and PRRSV N-free fed pigs. Altogether, SBM inclusion impacts SID of AA and hindgut disappearance of nutrients, regardless of PRRSV. In contrast, there is minimal impact of PRRSV on BEL, and therefore, SID of most AA are not different.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Brian J Kerr
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA
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