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Cimini D, Bedini E, Schiraldi C. Biotechnological advances in the synthesis of modified chondroitin towards novel biomedical applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108185. [PMID: 37290584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a well-known glycosaminoglycan present in a large variety of animal tissues, with an outstanding structural heterogeneity mainly related to molecular weight and sulfation pattern. Recently, few microorganisms, eventually engineered, proved able to synthesize the CS biopolymer backbone, composed of d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine linked through alternating β-(1-3)- and β-(1-4)-glycosidic bonds, and secrete the biopolymers generally unsulfated and possibly decorated with other carbohydrates/molecules. Enzyme catalyzed/assisted methods and chemical tailored protocols allowed to obtain a variety of macromolecules not only resembling the natural extractive ones, but even enlarging the access to unnatural structural features. These macromolecules have been investigated for their bioactivity in vitro and in vivo establishing their potentialities in an array of novel applications in the biomedical field. This review aims to present an overview of the advancements in: i) the metabolic engineering strategies and the biotechnological processes towards chondroitin manufacturing; ii) the chemical approaches applied to obtain specific structural features and targeted decoration of the chondroitin backbone; iii) the biochemical and biological properties of the diverse biotechnological-sourced chondroitin polysaccharides reported so far, unraveling novel fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cimini
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via L. de Crecchio 7, I-80138 Naples, Italy.
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2
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Schöbel L, Boccaccini AR. A review of glycosaminoglycan-modified electrically conductive polymers for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:45-65. [PMID: 37532132 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The application areas of electrically conductive polymers have been steadily growing since their discovery in the late 1970s. Recently, electrically conductive polymers have found their way into biomedicine, allowing the realization of many relevant applications ranging from bioelectronics to scaffolds for tissue engineering. Extracellular matrix components, such as glycosaminoglycans, build an important class of biomaterials that are heavily researched for biomedical applications due to their favorable properties. Due to their highly anionic character and the presence of sulfate groups in glycosaminoglycans, these biomolecules can be employed to functionalize conductive polymers, which enables the tailorability and improvement of cell-material interactions of conductive polymers. This review paper gives an overview of recent research on glycosaminoglycan-modified conductive polymers intended for biomedical applications and discusses the effect of different biological dopants on material characteristics, such as surface roughness, stiffness, and electrochemical properties. Moreover, the key findings of the biological characterization in vitro and in vivo are summarized, and remaining challenges in the field, particularly related to the modification of electrically conductive polymers with glycosaminoglycans to achieve improved functional and biological outcomes, are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The development of functional biomaterials based on electrically conductive polymers (CPs) for various biomedical applications, such as neural regeneration, drug delivery, or bioelectronics, has been increasingly investigated over the last decades. Recent literature has shown that changes in the synthesis procedure or the chosen dopant could adjust the resulting material characteristics. Hence, an interesting approach lies in using natural biomolecules as dopants for CPs to tailor the biological outcome. This review comprehensively summarizes the state of the art in the field of glycosaminoglycan-modified electrically conductive polymers for the first time, particularly highlighting the effect of the chosen dopant on material characteristics, such as surface morphology or stiffness, electrochemical properties, and consequently, cell-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schöbel
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Potential of Biofermentative Unsulfated Chondroitin and Hyaluronic Acid in Dermal Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031686. [PMID: 35163608 PMCID: PMC8835970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin obtained through biotechnological processes (BC) shares similarities with both chondroitin sulfate (CS), due to the dimeric repetitive unit, and hyaluronic acid (HA), as it is unsulfated. In the framework of this experimental research, formulations containing BC with an average molecular size of about 35 KDa and high molecular weight HA (HHA) were characterized with respect to their rheological behavior, stability to enzymatic hydrolysis and they were evaluated in different skin damage models. The rheological characterization of the HHA/BC formulation revealed a G’ of 92 ± 3 Pa and a G″ of 116 ± 5 Pa and supported an easy injectability even at a concentration of 40 mg/mL. HA/BC preserved the HHA fraction better than HHA alone. BTH was active on BC alone only at high concentration. Assays on scratched keratinocytes (HaCaT) monolayers showed that all the glycosaminoglycan formulations accelerated cell migration, with HA/BC fastening healing 2-fold compared to the control. In addition, in 2D HaCaT cultures, as well as in a 3D skin tissue model HHA/BC efficiently modulated mRNA and protein levels of different types of collagens and elastin remarking a functional tissue physiology. Finally, immortalized human fibroblasts were challenged with TNF-α to obtain an in vitro model of inflammation. Upon HHA/BC addition, secreted IL-6 level was lower and efficient ECM biosynthesis was re-established. Finally, co-cultures of HaCaT and melanocytes were established, showing the ability of HHA/BC to modulate melanin release, suggesting a possible effect of this specific formulation on the reduction of stretch marks. Overall, besides demonstrating the safety of BC, the present study highlights the potential beneficial effect of HHA/BC formulation in different damage dermal models.
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Tomczak W, Gryta M. Clarification of 1,3-Propanediol Fermentation Broths by Using a Ceramic Fine UF Membrane. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E319. [PMID: 33143063 PMCID: PMC7692167 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work examined the use of a ceramic fine ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for the pre-treatment of 1,3-propanodiol (1,3-PD) fermentation broths. It has been demonstrated that the membrane used provides obtaining a high-quality, sterile permeate, which can be sequentially separated by other processes such as nanofiltration (NF) and membrane distillation (MD). Special attention was paid to the impact of the operational parameters on the membrane performance. The series of UF experiments under transmembrane pressure (TMP) from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa and feed flow rate (Q) from 200 to 400 dm3/h were performed. Moreover, the impact of the feed pH, in the range from 5 to 10, on the flux was investigated. It has been demonstrated that for fine UF, increasing the TMP is beneficial, and TMP equal to 0.4 MPa and Q of 400 dm3/h ensure the highest flux and its long-term stability. It has been shown that in terms of process efficiency, the most favorable pH of the broths is equal to 9.4. An effective and simple method of membrane cleaning was presented. Finally, the resistance-in-series model was applied to describe resistances that cause flux decline. Results obtained in this study can assist in improving the cost-effectiveness of the UF process of 1,3-PD fermentation broths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wirginia Tomczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
- CEA, DEN/DEC, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Marek Gryta
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
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D'ambrosio S, Alfano A, Cassese E, Restaino OF, Barbuto Ferraiuolo S, Finamore R, Cammarota M, Schiraldi C, Cimini D. Production and purification of higher molecular weight chondroitin by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli K4 strains. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13200. [PMID: 32764548 PMCID: PMC7411012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide obtained from Escherichia coli K4 is a glycosaminoglycan-like molecule, similar to chondroitin sulphate, that has established applications in the biomedical field. Recent efforts focused on the development of strategies to increase K4 polysaccharide fermentation titers up to technologically attractive levels, but an aspect that has not been investigated so far, is how changes in the molecular machinery that produces this biopolymer affect its molecular weight. In this work, we took advantage of recombinant E. coli K4 strains that overproduce capsular polysaccharide, to study whether the inferred pathway modifications also influenced the size of the produced polymer. Fed-batch fermentations were performed up to the 22 L scale, in potentially industrially applicable conditions, and a purification protocol that allows in particular the recovery of high molecular weight unsulphated chondroitin, was developed next. This approach allowed to determine the molecular weight of the purified polysaccharide, demonstrating that kfoF overexpression increased polymer size up to 133 kDa. Higher polysaccharide titers and size were also correlated to increased concentrations of UDP-GlcA and decreased concentrations of UDP-GalNAc during growth. These results are interesting also in view of novel potential applications of higher molecular weight chondroitin and chondroitin sulphate in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D'ambrosio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Alfano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - E Cassese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - O F Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - S Barbuto Ferraiuolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - R Finamore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - M Cammarota
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - C Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - D Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, via de Crecchio 7, 80138, Napoli, Italy.
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6
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Molecular weight determination of heparosan- and chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharides: figuring out differences between wild -type and engineered Escherichia coli strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6771-6782. [PMID: 31222385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and chondroitin sulfate are used as anti-thrombic and anti-osteoarthritis drugs, respectively, but their pharmacological actions depend on their structural characteristics such as their sulfation grade and their molecular weight. In the last years, new fermentation-based biotechnological approaches have tried to obtain heparin and chondroitin sulfate starting from the heparosan and chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharides produced by Escherichia coli K5 and K4. The study of the microbial capsular polysaccharide molecular weight is critical to obtain nature-like or structural tailor cut glycosaminoglycan homologues. However, so far, it has been scarcely investigated. In this paper, for the first time, a new protocol was set up to determine the molecular weights of the capsular polysaccharides of three wild-type and three engineered E. coli K5 and K4 strains. The protocol includes a small-scale downstream train to purify the intact polysaccharides, directly from the fermentation broth supernatants, by using ultrafiltration membranes and anion exchange chromatography, and it couples size exclusion chromatography analyses with triple detector array. In the purification high recovery (> 85.0%) and the removal of the main contaminant, the lipopolysaccharide, were obtained. The averaged molecular weights of the wild-type capsular polysaccharides ranged from 51.3 to 90.9 kDa, while the engineered strains produced polysaccharides with higher molecular weights, ranging from 68.4 to 130.6 kDa, but with similar polydispersity values between 1.1 and 1.5.
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Shao W, Zhang H, Duan R, Xie Q, Hong Z, Xiao Z. A rapid and scalable integrated membrane separation process for purification of polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:3109-3119. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1519823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, SOA, The Third Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Ran Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quanling Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, SOA, The Third Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhuan Hong
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, SOA, The Third Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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8
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Microbial production and metabolic engineering of chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:349-361. [PMID: 33525790 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several commercial uses and potential novel applications have recently been described for chondroitin sulfate (CS). However, the currently applied animal extractive procedure has a high environmental impact, which may become more profound especially in relation to the forecasted expansion of the CS market for applications as a food supplement, pharmaceutical ingredient, and biopolymer in materials for regenerative medicine. This issue, together with religious and consumer concerns, has prompted the good manufacturing practice (GMP) of chondroitin and CS. This is achievable by combining the design of metabolically engineered microorganisms and tailor-made fermentation processes with semi-synthetic or enzyme-based approaches. The final target is to obtain molecules with specific sulfation patterns that resemble those occurring in natural products and improve the sulfation motif or introduce specific substitutions, such as fucosylation, to tune the biological function. The frontier that is currently triggering attention is related to evaluating the bioactivity of unsulfated chondroitin. Due to recent advancements in the field, a brief survey of the most recent patent and research literature is discussed here.
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Porzio E, Bettazzi F, Mandrich L, Del Giudice I, Restaino OF, Laschi S, Febbraio F, De Luca V, Borzacchiello MG, Carusone TM, Worek F, Pisanti A, Porcaro P, Schiraldi C, De Rosa M, Palchetti I, Manco G. Innovative Biocatalysts as Tools to Detect and Inactivate Nerve Agents. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13773. [PMID: 30214052 PMCID: PMC6137069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides and warfare nerve agents are frequently organophosphates (OPs) or related compounds. Their acute toxicity highlighted more than ever the need to explore applicable strategies for the sensing, decontamination and/or detoxification of these compounds. Herein, we report the use of two different thermostable enzyme families capable to detect and inactivate OPs. In particular, mutants of carboxylesterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and of phosphotriesterase-like lactonases from Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, have been selected and assembled in an optimized format for the development of an electrochemical biosensor and a decontamination formulation, respectively. The features of the developed tools have been tested in an ad-hoc fabricated chamber, to mimic an alarming situation of exposure to a nerve agent. Choosing ethyl-paraoxon as nerve agent simulant, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 nM, after 5 s of exposure time was obtained. Furthermore, an optimized enzymatic formulation was used for a fast and efficient environmental detoxification (>99%) of the nebulized nerve agent simulants in the air and on surfaces. Crucial, large-scale experiments have been possible thanks to production of grams amounts of pure (>90%) enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porzio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bettazzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Luigi Mandrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina De Luca
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Teresa M Carusone
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mario De Rosa
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy.
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Kang Z, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Huang H, Du G, Chen J. Bio-Based Strategies for Producing Glycosaminoglycans and Their Oligosaccharides. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:806-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Restaino OF, Borzacchiello MG, Scognamiglio I, Fedele L, Alfano A, Porzio E, Manco G, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. High yield production and purification of two recombinant thermostable phosphotriesterase-like lactonases from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and Sulfolobus solfataricus useful as bioremediation tools and bioscavengers. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:18. [PMID: 29558934 PMCID: PMC5861644 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thermostable phosphotriesterase-like lactonases (PLLs) are able to degrade organophosphates and could be potentially employed as bioremediation tools and bioscavengers. But nowadays their manufacturing in high yields is still an issue that limits their industrial applications. In this work we aimed to set up a high yield production and purification biotechnological process of two recombinant PLLs expressed in E. coli, the wild type SacPox from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and a triple mutated SsoPox C258L/I261F/W263A, originally from Sulfolobus solfataricus. To follow this aim new induction approaches were investigated to boost the enzyme production, high cell density fermentation strategies were set-up to reach higher and higher enzyme yields up to 22-L scale, a downstream train was studied to meet the requirements of an efficient industrial purification process. Results Physiological studies in shake flasks demonstrated that the use of galactose as inducer increased the enzyme concentrations up to 4.5 folds, compared to the production obtained by induction with IPTG. Optimising high cell density fed-batch strategies the production and the productivity of both enzymes were further enhanced of 26 folds, up to 2300 U·L− 1 and 47.1 U·L− 1·h− 1 for SacPox and to 8700 U·L− 1 and 180.6 U·L− 1·h− 1 for SsoPox C258L/I261F/W263A, and the fermentation processes resulted scalable from 2.5 to 22.0 L. After being produced and extracted from the cells, the enzymes were first purified by a thermo-precipitation step, whose conditions were optimised by response surface methodology. A following ultra-filtration process on 100 and 5 KDa cut-off membranes drove to a final pureness and a total recovery of both enzymes of 70.0 ± 2.0%, suitable for industrial applications. Conclusions In this paper, for the first time, a high yield biotechnological manufacturing process of the recombinant enzymes SacPox and SsoPox C258L/I261F/W263A was set-up. The enzyme production was boosted by combining a new galactose induction approach with high cell density fed-batch fermentation strategies. An efficient enzyme purification protocol was designed coupling a thermo-precipitation step with a following membrane-based ultra-filtration process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0427-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-ex Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Borzacchiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-ex Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scognamiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-ex Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Fedele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-ex Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Alfano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-ex Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Porzio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-ex Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"-ex Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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12
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New insight into chondroitin and heparosan-like capsular polysaccharide synthesis by profiling of the nucleotide sugar precursors. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160548. [PMID: 28104792 PMCID: PMC5317027 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli K4 and K5 capsular polysaccharides (K4 and K5 CPSs) have been used as starting material for the biotechnological production of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparin (HP) respectively. The CPS covers the outer cell wall but in late exponential or stationary growth phase it is released in the surrounding medium. The released CPS concentration was used, so far, as the only marker to connect the strain production ability to the different cultivation conditions employed. Determining also the intracellular UDP-sugar precursor concentration variations, during the bacterial growth, and correlating it with the total CPS production (as sum of the inner and the released ones), could help to better understand the chain biosynthetic mechanism and its bottlenecks. In the present study, for the first time, a new capillary electrophoresis method was set up to simultaneously analyse the UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc), UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal), UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and the inner CPS portion, extracted at the same time from the bacterial biomasses; separation was performed at 18°C and 18 kV with a borate-based buffer and detection at 200 nm. The E. coli K4 and K5 UDP-sugar pools were profiled, for the first time, at different time points of shake flask growths on a glycerol-containing medium and on the same medium supplemented with the monosaccharide precursors of the CPSs: their concentrations varied from 0.25 to 11 μM·gcdw-1, according to strain, the type of precursor, the growth phase and the cultivation conditions and their availability dramatically influenced the total CPS produced.
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13
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Restaino OF, Borzacchiello MG, Scognamiglio I, Porzio E, Manco G, Fedele L, Donatiello C, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. Boosted large-scale production and purification of a thermostable archaeal phosphotriesterase-like lactonase for organophosphate decontamination. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:363-375. [PMID: 28074318 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermostable phosphotriesterase-like lactonases (PLLs) from extremophile archaea, like SsoPox from Sulfolobus solfataricus, are attractive biotechnological tools with industrial applications as organophosphate decontaminants, but their manufacturing still remains an unresolved issue because of the high costs and the low production yields. In this paper, for the first time, an efficient biotechnological process for the production and purification of a recombinant, engineered PLL, SsoPox W263F, expressed in E. coli, has been set up by studying new induction strategies, by designing high cell density cultivations and a new membrane-based downstream process. In fed batches, the enzyme production was boosted of 69-fold up to 4660.0 U L-1 using galactose as inducer in the replacement of IPTG; the process was scalable from 2.5 up to 150 L. By coupling a single thermo-precipitation step and an ultrafiltration process, a total enzyme recovery of 77% with a purity grade of almost 80% was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Borzacchiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Scognamiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Porzio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Fedele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Cinzia Donatiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Restaino OF, Finamore R, Diana P, Marseglia M, Vitiello M, Casillo A, Bedini E, Parrilli M, Corsaro MM, Trifuoggi M, De Rosa M, Schiraldi C. A multi-analytical approach to better assess the keratan sulfate contamination in animal origin chondroitin sulfate. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 958:59-70. [PMID: 28110685 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan widely used as active principle of anti-osteoarthritis drugs and nutraceuticals, manufactured by extraction from animal cartilaginous tissues. During the manufacturing procedures, another glycosaminoglycan, the keratan sulfate, might be contemporarily withdrawn, thus eventually constituting a contaminant difficult to be determined because of its structural similarity. Considering the strict regulatory rules on the pureness of pharmaceutical grade chondrotin sulfate there is an urgent need and interest to determine the residual keratan sulfate with specific, sensitive and reliable methods. To pursue this aim, in this paper, for the first time, we set up a multi-analytical and preparative approach based on: i) a newly developed method by high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, ii) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, iii) size exclusion chromatography analyses coupled with triple detector array module and on iv) strong anion exchange chromatography separation. Varied KS percentages, in the range from 0.1 to 19.0% (w/w), were determined in seven pharmacopeia and commercial standards and nine commercial samples of different animal origin and manufacturers. Strong anion exchange chromatography profiles of the samples showed three or four different peaks. These peaks analyzed by high performance anion-exchange with pulsed amperometric detection and size exclusion chromatography with triple detector array, ion chromatography and by mono- or two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance revealed a heterogeneous composition of both glycosaminoglycans in terms of sulfation grade and molecular weight. High molecular weight species (>100 KDa) were also present in the samples that counted for chains still partially linked to a proteoglycan core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosario Finamore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Diana
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariacarmela Marseglia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario Vitiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Angela Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania-L.Vanvitelli, ex Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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15
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Cress BF, Englaender JA, He W, Kasper D, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. Masquerading microbial pathogens: capsular polysaccharides mimic host-tissue molecules. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:660-97. [PMID: 24372337 PMCID: PMC4120193 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria portends an impending postantibiotic age, characterized by diminishing efficacy of common antibiotics and routine application of multifaceted, complementary therapeutic approaches to treat bacterial infections, particularly multidrug-resistant organisms. The first line of defense for most bacterial pathogens consists of a physical and immunologic barrier known as the capsule, commonly composed of a viscous layer of carbohydrates that are covalently bound to the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria or often to lipids of the outer membrane in many Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are a diverse class of high molecular weight polysaccharides contributing to virulence of many human pathogens in the gut, respiratory tree, urinary tract, and other host tissues, by hiding cell surface components that might otherwise elicit host immune response. This review highlights capsular polysaccharides that are structurally identical or similar to polysaccharides found in mammalian tissues, including polysialic acid and glycosaminoglycan capsules hyaluronan, heparosan, and chondroitin. Such nonimmunogenic coatings render pathogens insensitive to certain immune responses, effectively increasing residence time in host tissues and enabling pathologically relevant population densities to be reached. Biosynthetic pathways and capsular involvement in immune system evasion are described, providing a basis for potential therapies aimed at supplementing or replacing antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady F Cress
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Vázquez JA, Rodríguez-Amado I, Montemayor MI, Fraguas J, del Pilar González M, Murado MA. Chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and chitin/chitosan production using marine waste sources: characteristics, applications and eco-friendly processes: a review. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:747-74. [PMID: 23478485 PMCID: PMC3705368 DOI: 10.3390/md11030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, an increasing number of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chitin and chitosan applications have been reported. Their commercial demands have been extended to different markets, such as cosmetics, medicine, biotechnology, food and textiles. Marine wastes from fisheries and aquaculture are susceptible sources for polymers but optimized processes for their recovery and production must be developed to satisfy such necessities. In the present work, we have reviewed different alternatives reported in the literature to produce and purify chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitin/chitosan (CH/CHs) with the aim of proposing environmentally friendly processes by combination of various microbial, chemical, enzymatic and membranes strategies and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Amado
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - María Ignacia Montemayor
- Research Centre of Vine and Wine Related Science (ICVV-CSIC), Scientific and Technical Complex of the University of La Rioja, Logroño 26006, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Javier Fraguas
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - María del Pilar González
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Miguel Anxo Murado
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), r/Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo, Galicia 36208, Spain; E-Mails: (I.R.-A.); (J.F.); (M.P.G.); (M.A.M.)
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17
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Monosaccharide precursors for boosting chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharide production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1699-709. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Schiraldi C, Alfano A, Cimini D, Rosa MD, Panariello A, Restaino OF, Rosa MD. Application of a 22L scale membrane bioreactor and cross-flow ultrafiltration to obtain purified chondroitin. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1012-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Cimini D, Rosa MD, Schiraldi C. Production of glucuronic acid-based polysaccharides by microbial fermentation for biomedical applications. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:237-50. [PMID: 22125298 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the properties, different biosynthetic machineries, and biotechnological production processes of four microbially derived glucuronic acid-based polysaccharides that are of interest for diverse biomedical purposes. In particular, the utilization of hyaluronic acid and heparin sulfate in high-value medical applications is already well established, whereas chondroitin sulfate and alginate show high potential within this ever-growing field. Furthermore, new strategies exploiting genetically engineered microorganisms generated through improving naturally existing pathways or de novo designed ones are described. These new developments result in increased fermentation titers, and thereby, pave the way towards feasible, or at least improved, process economy. Moreover, these strategies also allow for the future possibility of producing tailor-made biopolymers with specified characteristics, even novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cimini
- Second University of Naples, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Naples, Italy
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20
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Jungbauer A. Editorial: Improved products and processes through biochemical engineering science. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:362-3. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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