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Valakos D, Klagkou E, Kokkalis A, Polyzos A, Kyrilis FL, Banos A, Vatsellas G, Pliatska M, Ford E, Stravopodis DJ, Thanos D. Combinatorial targeting of a specific EMT/MET network by macroH2A variants safeguards mesenchymal identity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288005. [PMID: 37432970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from specialized cell types provides an excellent model to study how cells maintain their stability, and how they can change identity, especially in the context of disease. Previous studies have shown that chromatin safeguards cell identity by acting as a barrier to reprogramming. We investigated mechanisms by which the histone macroH2A variants inhibit reprogramming and discovered that they work as gate keepers of the mesenchymal cell state by blocking epithelial transition, a step required for reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. More specifically, we found that individual macroH2A variants regulate the expression of defined sets of genes, whose overall function is to stabilize the mesenchymal gene expression program, thus resisting reprogramming. We identified a novel gene network (MSCN, mesenchymal network) composed of 63 macroH2A-regulated genes related to extracellular matrix, cell membrane, signaling and the transcriptional regulators Id2 and Snai2, all of which function as guardians of the mesenchymal phenotype. ChIP-seq and KD experiments revealed a macroH2A variant-specific combinatorial targeting of the genes reconstructing the MSCN, thus generating robustness in gene expression programs to resist cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Valakos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Klagkou
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Kokkalis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Fotis L Kyrilis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggelos Banos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Pliatska
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ethan Ford
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios J Stravopodis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Thanos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Transcription Factor CTCFL Promotes Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Gastric Cancer via Activating DPPA2. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9097931. [PMID: 34721660 PMCID: PMC8548907 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9097931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between CTCFL and DPPA2 and validate the positive role of CTCFL/DPPA2 in cell malignant behaviors in gastric cancer. Methods We predicted gastric cancer-related transcription factors and corresponding target mRNAs through bioinformatics. Levels of CTCFL and DPPA2 were assessed via qRT-PCR and western blot. In vitro experiments were utilized to assay the cell biological behaviors. CHIP was utilized for the assessment of the targeted relationship between CTCFL and DPPA2. Results CTCFL and DPPA2 were both highly expressed in gastric cancer cells, and high CTCFLL and DPPA2 could promote cell malignant behaviors. CHIP validated that DPPA2 was a target of CTCFL. In addition, high DPPA2 rescued the repressive impact of CTCFL silencing on the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer. Conclusion The transcription factor CTCFL fosters cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive properties via activating DPPA2 in gastric cancer.
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Pluripotency Stemness and Cancer: More Questions than Answers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1376:77-100. [PMID: 34725790 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells provided us with fascinating new knowledge in recent years. Mechanistic insight into intricate regulatory circuitry governing pluripotency stemness and disclosing parallels between pluripotency stemness and cancer instigated numerous studies focusing on roles of pluripotency transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Nanog, Sall4 and Tfcp2L1, in cancer. Although generally well substantiated as tumour-promoting factors, oncogenic roles of pluripotency transcription factors and their clinical impacts are revealing themselves as increasingly complex. In certain tumours, both Oct4 and Sox2 behave as genuine oncogenes, and reporter genes driven by composite regulatory elements jointly recognized by both the factors can identify stem-like cells in a proportion of tumours. On the other hand, cancer stem cells seem to be biologically very heterogeneous both among different tumour types and among and even within individual tumours. Pluripotency transcription factors are certainly implicated in cancer stemness, but do not seem to encompass its entire spectrum. Certain cancer stem cells maintain their stemness by biological mechanisms completely different from pluripotency stemness, sometimes even by engaging signalling pathways that promote differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, while these signalling pathways may well be antithetical to stemness in pluripotent stem cells, they may cooperate with pluripotency factors in cancer stem cells - a paradigmatic example is provided by the MAPK-AP-1 pathway. Unexpectedly, forced expression of pluripotency transcription factors in cancer cells frequently results in loss of their tumour-initiating ability, their phenotypic reversion and partial epigenetic normalization. Besides the very different signalling contexts operating in pluripotent and cancer stem cells, respectively, the pronounced dose dependency of reprogramming pluripotency factors may also contribute to the frequent loss of tumorigenicity observed in induced pluripotent cancer cells. Finally, contradictory cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects of various signalling molecules operate during pluripotency (cancer) reprogramming. The effects of pluripotency transcription factors in cancer are thus best explained within the concept of cancer stem cell heterogeneity.
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Granados K, Poelchen J, Novak D, Utikal J. Cellular Reprogramming-A Model for Melanoma Cellular Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218274. [PMID: 33167306 PMCID: PMC7663830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity of cancer cells is often associated with phenotypic heterogeneity and drug resistance and thus remains a major challenge for the treatment of melanoma and other types of cancer. Melanoma cells have the capacity to switch their phenotype during tumor progression, from a proliferative and differentiated phenotype to a more invasive and dedifferentiated phenotype. However, the molecular mechanisms driving this phenotype switch are not yet fully understood. Considering that cellular heterogeneity within the tumor contributes to the high plasticity typically observed in melanoma, it is crucial to generate suitable models to investigate this phenomenon in detail. Here, we discuss the use of complete and partial reprogramming into induced pluripotent cancer (iPC) cells as a tool to obtain new insights into melanoma cellular plasticity. We consider this a relevant topic due to the high plasticity of melanoma cells and its association with a strong resistance to standard anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Granados
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.P.); (D.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Rodrigo Facio Campus, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Juliane Poelchen
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.P.); (D.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.P.); (D.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.P.); (D.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Zhang X, Blockhuys S, Devkota R, Pilon M, Wittung-Stafshede P. The Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of human copper chaperone Atox1, CUC-1, aids in distal tip cell migration. Biometals 2020; 33:147-157. [PMID: 32506305 PMCID: PMC7295847 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental biological process involved in for example embryonic development, immune system and wound healing. Cell migration is also a key step in cancer metastasis and the human copper chaperone Atox1 was recently found to facilitate this process in breast cancer cells. To explore the role of the copper chaperone in other cell migration processes, we here investigated the putative involvement of an Atox1 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans, CUC-1, in distal tip cell migration, which is a key process during the development of the C. elegans gonad. Using knock-out worms, in which the cuc-1 gene was removed by CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we probed life span, brood size, as well as distal tip cell migration in the absence or presence of supplemented copper. Upon scoring of gonads, we found that cuc-1 knock-out, but not wild-type, worms exhibited distal tip cell migration defects in approximately 10–15% of animals and, had a significantly reduced brood size. Importantly, the distal tip cell migration defect was rescued by a wild-type cuc-1 transgene provided to cuc-1 knock-out worms. The results obtained here for C. elegans CUC-1 imply that Atox1 homologs, in addition to their well-known cytoplasmic copper transport, may contribute to developmental cell migration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Blockhuys
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ranjan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Raspollini MR, Montagnani I, Cirri P, Baroni G, Cimadamore A, Scarpelli M, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Barnea ER. PreImplantation Factor immunohistochemical expression correlates with prostate cancer aggressiveness. Int J Biol Markers 2020; 35:82-90. [PMID: 32389051 DOI: 10.1177/1724600820919969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PreImplantation Factor (PIF)-a peptide secreted by viable embryos-exerts autotrophic protective effects, promotes endometrial receptivity and controls trophoblast invasion. Synthetic PIF (sPIF) has both immune-protective and regenerative properties, and reduces oxidative stress and protein misfolding. PIF is detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in hyperplastic endometriotic lesions and advanced uterine cancer. sPIF reduces graft-versus-host disease while maintaining a graft-versus-leukemia effect. METHODS PIF detection in prostate cancer was assessed in 50 human prostate samples following radical prostatectomy using tumor-microarray-based IHC correlating PIF immune staining with Gleason score (GS) and cancer aggressiveness. RESULTS PIF was detected in moderate-to-high risk prostate cancer (GS 4+3 and beyond, prognostic groups 3 to 5). In prostate cancer (GS (WHO Grade Group (GG)5), PIF was detected in 50% of cases; in prostate cancer (GS 4+4 GG4), PIF was observed in 62.5% of cases; in prostate cancer (GS 4+3 GG3), PIF immunostaining was observed in 57.1% of cases. In prostate cancer, (GS 3+4 GG2) and (GS 3+3 GG1) cases where PIF staining was negative to weak, membranous staining was observed in 20% of cases (staining pattern considered negative). High-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia PIF positive stain in 28.57% of cases (6 of 21) was observed. In contrast, PIF was not detected in normal prostate glands. Importantly, sPIF added to the PC3 cell line alone or combined with prostate cancer fibroblast feeder-cells did not affect proliferation. Only when peripheral blood mononuclear cells were added to the culture, a minor increase in cell proliferation was noted, reflecting local proliferation control. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, PIF assessment could be a valuable, simple-to-use immunohistochemical biomarker to evaluate aggressiveness/prognosis in specimens from prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Montagnani
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Toscana, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche Sezione di Scienze Biochimiche, Scuola di Scienze della Salute Umana Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Toscana, Italy
| | - Gianna Baroni
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Toscana, Italy
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Torrette, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Torrette, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Torrette, Italy
| | - Eytan R Barnea
- BioIncept, LLC & The Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy (SIEP), New York, NY, USA
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Granados K, Hüser L, Federico A, Sachindra S, Wolff G, Hielscher T, Novak D, Madrigal-Gamboa V, Sun Q, Vierthaler M, Larribère L, Umansky V, Utikal J. T-type calcium channel inhibition restores sensitivity to MAPK inhibitors in de-differentiated and adaptive melanoma cells. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1023-1036. [PMID: 32063604 PMCID: PMC7109069 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance remains as one of the major challenges in melanoma therapy. It is well known that tumour cells undergo phenotypic switching during melanoma progression, increasing melanoma plasticity and resistance to mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors (MAPKi). Methods We investigated the melanoma phenotype switching using a partial reprogramming model to de-differentiate murine melanoma cells and target melanoma therapy adaptation against MAPKi. Results Here, we show that partially reprogrammed cells are a less proliferative and more de-differentiated cell population, expressing a gene signature for stemness and suppressing melanocyte-specific markers. To investigate adaptation to MAPKi, cells were exposed to B-Raf Proto-Oncogene (BRAF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors. De-differentiated cells became less sensitive to MAPKi, showed increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis. Furthermore, T-type calcium channels expression increased in adaptive murine cells and in human adaptive melanoma cells. Treatment with the calcium channel blocker mibefradil induced cell death, differentiation and susceptibility to MAPKi in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion In summary, we show that partial reprogramming of melanoma cells induces de-differentiation and adaptation to MAPKi. Moreover, we postulated a calcium channel blocker such as mibefradil, as a potential candidate to restore sensitivity to MAPKi in adaptive melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Granados
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Rodrigo Facio Campus, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Laura Hüser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Aniello Federico
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sachindra Sachindra
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gretchen Wolff
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verónica Madrigal-Gamboa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Rodrigo Facio Campus, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Qian Sun
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlene Vierthaler
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lionel Larribère
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135, Mannheim, Germany.
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Novak D, Hüser L, Elton JJ, Umansky V, Altevogt P, Utikal J. SOX2 in development and cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:74-82. [PMID: 31412296 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX2 is essential for embryonic development and plays a crucial role in maintaining the stemness of embryonic cells and various adult stem cell populations. On the other hand, dysregulation of SOX2 expression is associated with a multitude of cancer types and it has been shown that SOX2 positively affects cancer cell traits such as the capacity to proliferate, migrate, invade and metastasize. Moreover, there is growing evidence that SOX2 mediates resistance towards established cancer therapies and that it is expressed in cancer stem cells. These findings indicate that studying the role of SOX2 in the context of cancer progression could lead to the development of new therapeutic options. In this review, the current knowledge about the role of SOX2 in development, maintenance of stemness, cancer progression and the resistance towards cancer therapies is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Hüser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Elton
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Tumour microenvironment and metabolic plasticity in cancer and cancer stem cells: Perspectives on metabolic and immune regulatory signatures in chemoresistant ovarian cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:265-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Hüser L, Sachindra S, Granados K, Federico A, Larribère L, Novak D, Umansky V, Altevogt P, Utikal J. SOX2-mediated upregulation of CD24 promotes adaptive resistance toward targeted therapy in melanoma. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:3131-3142. [PMID: 29905375 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is often characterized by a constitutively active RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. For targeted therapy, BRAF inhibitors are available that are powerful in the beginning but resistance occurs rather fast. A better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance is urgently needed to increase the success of the treatment. Here, we observed that SOX2 and CD24 are upregulated upon BRAF inhibitor treatment. A similar upregulation was seen in targeted therapy-resistant, melanoma-derived induced pluripotent cancer cells (iPCCs). SOX2 and CD24 are known to promote an undifferentiated and cancer stem cell-like phenotype associated with resistance. We, therefore, elucidated the role of SOX2 and CD24 in targeted therapy resistance in more detail. We found that the upregulation of SOX2 and CD24 required activation of STAT3 and that SOX2 induced the expression of CD24 by binding to its promoter. We find that the overexpression of SOX2 or CD24 significantly increases the resistance toward BRAF inhibitors, while SOX2 knock-down rendered cells more sensitivity toward treatment. The overexpression of CD24 or SOX2 induced Src and STAT3 activity. Importantly, by either CD24 knock-down or Src/STAT3 inhibition in resistant SOX2-overexpressing cells, the sensitivity toward BRAF inhibitors was re-established. Hence, we suggest a novel mechanism of adaptive resistance whereby BRAF inhibition is circumvented via the activation of STAT3, SOX2 and CD24. Thus, to prevent adaptive resistance, it might be beneficial to combine Src/STAT3 inhibitors together with MAPK pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hüser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
| | - Sachindra Sachindra
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
| | - Karol Granados
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
| | - Aniello Federico
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
| | - Lionel Larribère
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68135, Germany
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Weina K, Wu H, Knappe N, Orouji E, Novak D, Bernhardt M, Hüser L, Larribère L, Umansky V, Gebhardt C, Utikal J. TGF-β induces SOX2 expression in a time-dependent manner in human melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 29:453-8. [PMID: 27105574 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sry-related high-mobility box (SOX)-2 protein has recently been proven to play a significant role in progression, metastasis, and clinical prognosis spanning several cancer types. Research on the role of SOX2 in melanoma is limited and currently little is known about the mechanistic function of this gene in this context. Here, we observed high expression of SOX2 in both human melanoma cell lines and primary melanomas in contrast to melanocytic nevi. This overexpression in melanoma can, in part, be explained by extra gene copy numbers of SOX2 in primary samples. Interestingly, we were able to induce SOX2 expression, mediated by SOX4, via TGF-β1 stimulation in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the knockdown of SOX2 impaired TGF-β-induced invasiveness. This phenotype switch can be explained by SOX2-mediated cross talk between TGF-β and non-canonical Wnt signaling. Thus, we propose that SOX2 is involved in the critical TGF-β signaling pathway, which has been shown to correlate with melanoma aggressiveness and metastasis. In conclusion, we have identified a novel downstream factor of TGF-β signaling in melanoma, which may have further implications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Huizi Wu
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nathalie Knappe
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elias Orouji
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Bernhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Hüser
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lionel Larribère
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Kourtidis A, Necela B, Lin WH, Lu R, Feathers RW, Asmann YW, Thompson EA, Anastasiadis PZ. Cadherin complexes recruit mRNAs and RISC to regulate epithelial cell signaling. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3073-3085. [PMID: 28877994 PMCID: PMC5626537 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence demonstrates that most RNAs exhibit specific subcellular distribution. However, the mechanisms regulating this phenomenon and its functional consequences are still under investigation. Here, we reveal that cadherin complexes at the apical zonula adherens (ZA) of epithelial adherens junctions recruit the core components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) Ago2, GW182, and PABPC1, as well as a set of 522 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and 28 mature microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), via PLEKHA7. Top canonical pathways represented by these mRNAs include Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, and stem cell signaling. We specifically demonstrate the presence and silencing of MYC, JUN, and SOX2 mRNAs by miR-24 and miR-200c at the ZA. PLEKHA7 knockdown dissociates RISC from the ZA, decreases loading of the ZA-associated mRNAs and miRNAs to Ago2, and results in a corresponding increase of MYC, JUN, and SOX2 protein expression. The present work reveals a mechanism that directly links junction integrity to the silencing of a set of mRNAs that critically affect epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Kourtidis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL .,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Brian Necela
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Ruifeng Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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13
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Baranek M, Belter A, Naskręt-Barciszewska MZ, Stobiecki M, Markiewicz WT, Barciszewski J. Effect of small molecules on cell reprogramming. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:277-313. [PMID: 27918060 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The essential idea of regenerative medicine is to fix or replace tissues or organs with alive and patient-specific implants. Pluripotent stem cells are able to indefinitely self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of the body which makes them a potent substantial player in regenerative medicine. The easily accessible source of induced pluripotent stem cells may allow obtaining and cultivating tissues in vitro. Reprogramming refers to regression of mature cells to its initial pluripotent state. One of the approaches affecting pluripotency is the usage of low molecular mass compounds that can modulate enzymes and receptors leading to the formation of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It would be great to assess the general character of such compounds and reveal their new derivatives or modifications to increase the cell reprogramming efficiency. Many improvements in the methods of pluripotency induction have been made by various groups in order to limit the immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, increase the efficiency and accelerate the kinetics. Understanding the epigenetic changes during the cellular reprogramming process will extend the comprehension of stem cell biology and lead to potential therapeutic approaches. There are compounds which have been already proven to be or for now only putative inducers of the pluripotent state that may substitute for the classic reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) in order to improve the time and efficiency of pluripotency induction. The effect of small molecules on gene expression is dosage-dependent and their application concentration needs to be strictly determined. In this review we analysed the role of small molecules in modulations leading to pluripotency induction, thereby contributing to our understanding of stem cell biology and uncovering the major mechanisms involved in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baranek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - A Belter
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Z Naskręt-Barciszewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - W T Markiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - J Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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14
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Copper chaperone ATOX1 regulates pluripotency factor OCT4 in preimplantation mouse embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:147-153. [PMID: 28711491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite of the importance of copper (Cu) during pregnancy, the roles of Cu-binding proteins during early embryonic development are unknown. The Cu chaperone ATOX1 was recently suggested to have additional functions related to transcription and cancer. When we analyzed single-cell RNA transcript data from early mouse embryos, Atox1 transcript levels increased dramatically at the 8-cell stage and, at 16- and 32-cell embryo stages, matched those of Oct4 which expresses a transcription factor essential for pluripotency in the inner cell mass. To explore this, we probed Atox1 expression during the first week of development of mouse embryos. ATOX1 appeared ubiquitously expressed throughout the cells until compaction; in subsequent embryo stages, ATOX1 relocalized to cytoplasmic perinuclear domains in the inner cell mass. Silencing of Oct4 did not affect Atox1 expression, but silencing of Atox1 at the 2-cell stage strongly diminished Oct4 expression in 16-cell embryos.
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15
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Rawat N, Singh MK. Induced pluripotent stem cell: A headway in reprogramming with promising approach in regenerative biology. Vet World 2017; 10:640-649. [PMID: 28717316 PMCID: PMC5499081 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.640-649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the embryonic stem cells have knocked the doorsteps, they have proved themselves in the field of science, research, and medicines, but the hovered restrictions confine their application in human welfare. Alternate approaches used to reprogram the cells to the pluripotent state were not up to par, but the innovation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) paved a new hope for the researchers. Soon after the discovery, iPSCs technology is undergoing renaissance day by day, i.e., from the use of genetic material to recombinant proteins and now only chemicals are employed to convert somatic cells to iPSCs. Thus, this technique is moving straightforward and productive at an astonishing pace. Here, we provide a brief introduction to iPSCs, the mechanism and methods for their generation, their prevailing and prospective applications and the future opportunities that can be expected from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rawat
- Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - M K Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
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16
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Bernhardt M, Novak D, Assenov Y, Orouji E, Knappe N, Weina K, Reith M, Larribere L, Gebhardt C, Plass C, Umansky V, Utikal J. Melanoma-Derived iPCCs Show Differential Tumorigenicity and Therapy Response. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1379-1391. [PMID: 28392221 PMCID: PMC5425615 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A point mutation in the BRAF gene, leading to a constitutively active form of the protein, is present in 45%–60% of patients and acts as a key driver in melanoma. Shortly after therapy induction, resistance to MAPK pathway-specific inhibitors develops, indicating that pathway inhibition is circumvented by epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we mimicked epigenetic modifications in melanoma cells by reprogramming them into metastable induced pluripotent cancer cells (iPCCs) with the ability to terminally differentiate into non-tumorigenic lineages. iPCCs and their differentiated progeny were characterized by an increased resistance against targeted therapies, although the cells harbor the same oncogenic mutations and signaling activity as the parental melanoma cells. Furthermore, induction of a pluripotent state allowed the melanoma-derived cells to acquire a non-tumorigenic cell fate, further suggesting that tumorigenicity is influenced by the cell state. Human melanoma cells reprogrammed toward an iPSC-like state (iPCCs) iPCCs differentiated into neurons and fibroblasts iPCC-derived fibroblasts show no tumorigenic potential iPCCs and iPCC-derived fibroblasts lose oncogene addiction
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Bernhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yassen Assenov
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elias Orouji
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Knappe
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maike Reith
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lionel Larribere
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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17
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Abba ML, Patil N, Leupold JH, Moniuszko M, Utikal J, Niklinski J, Allgayer H. MicroRNAs as novel targets and tools in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 387:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Borges GT, Vêncio EF, Quek SI, Chen A, Salvanha DM, Vêncio RZN, Nguyen HM, Vessella RL, Cavanaugh C, Ware CB, Troisch P, Liu AY. Conversion of Prostate Adenocarcinoma to Small Cell Carcinoma-Like by Reprogramming. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2040-7. [PMID: 26773436 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lineage relationship between prostate adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma was studied by using the LuCaP family of xenografts established from primary neoplasm to metastasis. Expression of four stem cell transcription factor (TF) genes, LIN28A, NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, were analyzed in the LuCaP lines. These genes, when force expressed in differentiated cells, can reprogram the recipients into stem-like induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Most LuCaP lines expressed POU5F1, while LuCaP 145.1, representative of small cell carcinoma, expressed all four. Through transcriptome database query, many small cell carcinoma genes were also found in stem cells. To test the hypothesis that prostate cancer progression from "differentiated" adenocarcinoma to "undifferentiated" small cell carcinoma could involve re-expression of stem cell genes, the four TF genes were transduced via lentiviral vectors into five adenocarcinoma LuCaP lines-70CR, 73CR, 86.2, 92, 105CR-as done in iPS cell reprogramming. The resultant cells from these five transductions displayed a morphology of small size and dark appearing unlike the parentals. Transcriptome analysis of LuCaP 70CR* ("*" to denote transfected progeny) revealed a unique gene expression close to that of LuCaP 145.1. In a prostate principal components analysis space based on cell-type transcriptomes, the different LuCaP transcriptome datapoints were aligned to suggest a possible ordered sequence of expression changes from the differentiated luminal-like adenocarcinoma cell types to the less differentiated, more stem-like small cell carcinoma types, and LuCaP 70CR*. Prostate cancer progression can thus be molecularly characterized by loss of differentiation with re-expression of stem cell genes. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2040-2047, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisely T Borges
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Pharmacy School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eneida F Vêncio
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Oral Pathology, Dental School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Sue-Ing Quek
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Adeline Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Diego M Salvanha
- Department of Computing and Mathematics, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Z N Vêncio
- Department of Computing and Mathematics, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Puget Sound VA Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher Cavanaugh
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Carol B Ware
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Alvin Y Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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19
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Knappe N, Novak D, Weina K, Bernhardt M, Reith M, Larribere L, Hölzel M, Tüting T, Gebhardt C, Umansky V, Utikal J. Directed Dedifferentiation Using Partial Reprogramming Induces Invasive Phenotype in Melanoma Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:832-46. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Knappe
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Mathias Bernhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Maike Reith
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Lionel Larribere
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Unit for RNA Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Dermatology; Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
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20
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Persano L, Zagoura D, Louisse J, Pistollato F. Role of Environmental Chemicals, Processed Food Derivatives, and Nutrients in the Induction of Carcinogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2337-52. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Persano
- Istituto di Riceca Pediatrica Città della Speranza—IRP, Padova, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dimitra Zagoura
- Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Pistollato
- Center for Nutrition & Health, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (UEA), Santander, Spain
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21
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Borges GT, Vêncio EF, Vêncio RZN, Vessella RL, Ware CB, Liu AY. Reprogramming of prostate cancer cells--technical challenges. Curr Urol Rep 2015; 16:468. [PMID: 25404182 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-014-0468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer progression is characterized by tumor dedifferentiation. Cancer cells of less differentiated tumors have a gene expression/transcriptome more similar to that of stem cells. In dedifferentiation, cancer cells may follow a specific program of gene expression changes to a stem-like state. In order to treat cancer effectively, the stem-like cancer cells and cancer differentiation pathway need to be identified and studied. Due to the very low abundance of stem-like cancer cells, their isolation from fresh human tumors is technically challenging. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology can reprogram differentiated cells into stem-like, and this may be a tool to generate sufficient stem-like cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisely T Borges
- School of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil,
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22
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Liu S, Cheng T, Yuan W. [Research progress in tumorigenicity of human induced pluripotent stem cells]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:258-61. [PMID: 25854478 PMCID: PMC7342526 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Liu
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
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23
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Rodriguez E, Chen L, Ao MH, Geddes S, Gabrielson E, Askin F, Zhang H, Li QK. Expression of transcript factors SALL4 and OCT4 in a subset of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). TRANSLATIONAL RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:10. [PMID: 25346886 PMCID: PMC4201749 DOI: 10.1186/s40247-014-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SALL4 and OCT4 are transcription factors and play essential roles in stem cell development and oncogenesis. However, the expression of these transcription factors has not been well studied in lung cancers. In this study, we evaluated the expression of SALL4 and OCT4 in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) by immunochemistry. NSCLC tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed with a total of 77 primary lung adenocarcinomas (ADCs) and 90 primary lung squamous cell carcinomas (SqCCs). A mouse monoclonal anti-human SALL4 (1:400 dilution) and a polyclonal anti-human OCT4 (1:200 dilution) antibodies were used. Nuclear staining of SALL4 and OCT4 was scored semi-quantitatively using a three tiered scale. The expressions of SALL4 and OCT4 were correlated with the tumor differentiation, pathological stage, and patients' clinical information. RESULTS In primary ADCs, the stronger expression of SALL4 and OCT4 was 7.8% and 9.1%, respectively. The stronger expression of SALL4 was inversely correlated with tumor differentiations. In primary SqCCs, the stronger expressions of SALL4 and OCT4 were 16.7% and 0%, respectively. The expression of SALL4 is correlated with the expression of OCT4, but inversely correlated with the tumor stage in SqCCs. CONCLUSIONS We found that both SALL4 and OCT4 were differentially expressed in a subset of primary ADC and SqCC. Our finding suggest that different stem cell markers may be expressed and/or play differential role in different subtypes of NSCLC. The potential role of SALL4 and OCT4 needs to be further investigated in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, 21287 MD USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, 21287 MD USA
| | - Ming-Hui Ao
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, 21287 MD USA
| | - Susan Geddes
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, 21287 MD USA
| | - Ed Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, 21287 MD USA
| | - Frederic Askin
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, 21287 MD USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, 21287 MD USA
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, 21287 MD USA
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24
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CORTECON: a temporal transcriptome analysis of in vitro human cerebral cortex development from human embryonic stem cells. Neuron 2014; 83:51-68. [PMID: 24991954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many neurological and psychiatric disorders affect the cerebral cortex, and a clearer understanding of the molecular processes underlying human corticogenesis will provide greater insight into such pathologies. To date, knowledge of gene expression changes accompanying corticogenesis is largely based on murine data. Here we present a searchable, comprehensive, temporal gene expression data set encompassing cerebral cortical development from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Using a modified differentiation protocol that yields neurons suggestive of prefrontal cortex, we identified sets of genes and long noncoding RNAs that significantly change during corticogenesis and those enriched for disease-associations. Numerous alternatively spliced genes with varying temporal patterns of expression are revealed, including TGIF1, involved in holoprosencephaly, and MARK1, involved in autism. We have created a database (http://cortecon.neuralsci.org/) that provides online, query-based access to changes in RNA expression and alternatively spliced transcripts during human cortical development.
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25
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Weina K, Utikal J. SOX2 and cancer: current research and its implications in the clinic. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:19. [PMID: 25114775 PMCID: PMC4126816 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a gene that encodes for a transcription factor belonging to the SOX gene family and contains a high-mobility group (HMG) domain, which permits highly specific DNA binding. Consequently, SOX2 functions as an activator or suppressor of gene transcription. SOX2 has been described as an essential embryonic stem cell gene and moreover, a necessary factor for induced cellular reprogramming. SOX2 research has only recently switched focus from embryogenesis and development to SOX2’s function in disease. Particularly, the role of SOX2 in cancer pathogenesis has become of interest in the field. To date, studies have shown SOX2 to be amplified in various cancer types and affect cancer cell physiology via involvement in complicated cell signaling and protein-protein interactions. Recent reviews in this field have highlighted SOX2 in mammalian physiology, development and pathology. In this review, we comprehensively compile what is known to date about SOX2’s involvement in cancer biology, focusing on the most recent findings in the fields of cellular signaling and cancer stem cells. Lastly, we underscore the role of SOX2 in the clinic and highlight new findings, which may provide novel clinical applications for SOX2 as a prognostic marker, indicator of metastasis, biomarker or potential therapeutic target in some cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Weina
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
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26
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Ortenberg R, Galore-Haskel G, Greenberg I, Zamlin B, Sapoznik S, Greenberg E, Barshack I, Avivi C, Feiler Y, Zan-Bar I, Besser MJ, Azizi E, Eitan F, Schachter J, Markel G. CEACAM1 promotes melanoma cell growth through Sox-2. Neoplasia 2014; 16:451-60. [PMID: 24931667 PMCID: PMC4198694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic value of the carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in melanoma was demonstrated more than a decade ago as superior to Breslow score. We have previously shown that intercellular homophilic CEACAM1 interactions protect melanoma cells from lymphocyte-mediated elimination. Here, we study the direct effects of CEACAM1 on melanoma cell biology. By employing tissue microarrays and low-passage primary cultures of metastatic melanoma, we show that CEACAM1 expression gradually increases from nevi to metastatic specimens, with a strong dominance of the CEACAM1-Long tail splice variant. Using experimental systems of CEACAM1 knockdown and overexpression of selective variants or truncation mutants, we prove that only the full-length long tail variant enhances melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. This effect is not reversed with a CEACAM1-blocking antibody, suggesting that it is not mediated by intercellular homophilic interactions. Downstream, CEACAM1-Long increases the expression of Sox-2, which we show to be responsible for the CEACAM1-mediated enhanced proliferation. Furthermore, analysis of the CEACAM1 promoter reveals two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that significantly enhance the promoter's activity compared with the consensus nucleotides. Importantly, case-control genetic SNP analysis of 134 patients with melanoma and matched healthy donors show that patients with melanoma do not exhibit the Hardy-Weinberg balance and that homozygous SNP genotype enhances the hazard ratio to develop melanoma by 35%. These observations shed new mechanistic light on the role of CEACAM1 in melanoma, forming the basis for development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Ortenberg
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilli Galore-Haskel
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilanit Greenberg
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Bella Zamlin
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Sapoznik
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eyal Greenberg
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 526260, Israel
| | - Camila Avivi
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 526260, Israel
| | - Yulia Feiler
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Israel Zan-Bar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ester Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Friedman Eitan
- The Susanne-Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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27
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Herreros-Villanueva M, Bujanda L, Billadeau DD, Zhang JS. Embryonic stem cell factors and pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2247-2254. [PMID: 24605024 PMCID: PMC3942830 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i9.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic tumor, is a highly aggressive human cancer with the lowest five-year survival rate of any human maligancy primarily due to its early- metastasis and lack of response to chemotherapy and radiation. Recent research suggests that PDAC cells comprise a hierarchy of tumor cells that develop around a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small and distinct population of cancer cells that mediates tumoregenesis, metastasis and resistance to standard treatments. Thus, CSCs could be a target for more effective treatment options. Interestingly, pancreatic CSCs are subject to regulation by some of key embryonic stem cell (ESC) transctiption factors abberently expressed in PDAC, such as SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG. ESC transcription factors are important DNA-binding proteins present in both embryonic and adult somatic cells. The critical role of these factors in reprogramming processes makes them essential not only for embryonic development but also tumorigenesis. Here we provide an overview of stem cell transcription factors, particularly SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG, on their expression and function in pancreatic cancer. In contrast to embryonic stem cells, in which OCT4 and SOX2 are tightly regulated and physically interact to regulate a wide spectrum of target genes, de novo SOX2 expression alone in pancreatic cancer cells is sufficient to promote self-renewal, de-differentiation and imparting stemness characteristics via impacting specific cell cycle regulatory genes and epithelial-mesnechymal transtion driver genes. Thus, targeting ESC factors, particularly SOX2, could be a worthy strategy for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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28
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Jung L, Tropel P, Moal Y, Teletin M, Jeandidier E, Gayon R, Himmelspach C, Bello F, André C, Tosch A, Mansouri A, Bruant-Rodier C, Bouillé P, Viville S. ONSL and OSKM cocktails act synergistically in reprogramming human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:538-49. [PMID: 24501429 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is revolutionizing many research fields including cell-replacement therapy, drug screening, physiopathology of specific diseases and more basic research such as embryonic development or diseases modeling. Despite the large number of reports on reprogramming methods, techniques in use remain globally inefficient. We present here a new optimized approach to improve this efficiency. After having tested different monocistronic vectors with poor results, we adopted a polycistronic cassette encoding Thomson's cocktail OCT4, NANOG, SOX2 and LIN28 (ONSL) separated by 2A peptides. This cassette was tested in various vector backbones, based on lentivirus or retrovirus under a LTR or EF1 alpha promoter. This allowed us to show that ONSL-carrier retrovectors reprogrammed adult fibroblast cells with a much higher efficiency (up to 0.6%) than any other tested. We then compared the reprogramming efficiencies of two different polycistronic genes, ONSL and OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and cMYC (OSKM) placed in the same retrovector backbone. Interestingly, in this context ONSL gene reprograms more efficiently than OSKM but OSKM reprograms faster suggesting that the two cocktails may reprogram through distinct pathways. By equally mixing RV-LTR-ONSL and RV-LTR-OSKM, we indeed observed a remarkable synergy, yielding a reprogramming efficiency of >2%. We present here a drastic improvement of the reprogramming efficiency, which opens doors to the development of automated and high throughput strategies of hiPSC production. Furthermore, non-integrative reprogramming protocols (i.e. mRNA) may take advantage of this synergy to boost their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jung
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR1704, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Philippe Tropel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR1704, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France Present Address: Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, GMGF UMR_F 910, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Moal
- Vectalys SAS CanalBiotech II, 3 rue des Satellites, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Marius Teletin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR1704, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Eric Jeandidier
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier de Mulhouse 20, rue du Dr Laennec, Mulhouse Cedex 68070, France
| | - Régis Gayon
- Vectalys SAS CanalBiotech II, 3 rue des Satellites, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Christian Himmelspach
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier de Mulhouse 20, rue du Dr Laennec, Mulhouse Cedex 68070, France
| | - Fiona Bello
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR1704, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Cécile André
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR1704, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Adeline Tosch
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR1704, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Ahmed Mansouri
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Molecular Cell Differentiation, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany Genome and Stem Cell Center, GENKOK, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Catherine Bruant-Rodier
- Service de Chirurgie Plastique Reconstructrice et Esthétique, Chirurgie B - Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Pascale Bouillé
- Vectalys SAS CanalBiotech II, 3 rue des Satellites, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Stéphane Viville
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR1704, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg F-67000, France
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29
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De- and re-differentiation of the melanocytic lineage. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 93:30-5. [PMID: 24365127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed by the transient, ectopic overexpression of different sets of genes into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This process not only has considerable implications for regenerative medicine but is also highly relevant to multiple stages of oncogenesis, including melanoma. In other settings, the de-differentiation of normal and tumor cells is also responsible for a phenotype switch which completely changes the cell fate. Conversely, iPSCs as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated in vitro toward specific lineages, for example melanocytes, which offer useful models to investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular differentiation. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the reprogramming and de-differentiation of melanocytic cells as well as the latest differentiation protocols of pluripotent stem cells into the melanocyte lineage.
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30
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Romano G, Morales F, Marino IR, Giordano A. A Commentary on iPS Cells: Potential Applications in Autologous Transplantation, Study of Illnesses and Drug Screening. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:148-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Romano
- Department of Biology; College of Science and Technology, Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology, Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Fátima Morales
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology, Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ignazio R. Marino
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology, Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery; Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology; College of Science and Technology, Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience; University of Siena; Siena Italy
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31
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Siller R, Greenhough S, Park IH, Sullivan GJ. Modelling human disease with pluripotent stem cells. Curr Gene Ther 2013; 13:99-110. [PMID: 23444871 DOI: 10.2174/1566523211313020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of cellular reprogramming has opened up the doors to a new era of disease modelling, as pluripotent stem cells representing a myriad of genetic diseases can now be produced from patient tissue. These cells can be expanded and differentiated to produce a potentially limitless supply of the affected cell type, which can then be used as a tool to improve understanding of disease mechanisms and test therapeutic interventions. This process requires high levels of scrutiny and validation at every stage, but international standards for the characterisation of pluripotent cells and their progeny have yet to be established. Here we discuss the current state of the art with regard to modelling diseases affecting the ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal lineages, focussing on studies which have demonstrated a disease phenotype in the tissue of interest. We also discuss the utility of pluripotent cell technology for the modelling of cancer and infectious disease. Finally, we spell out the technical and scientific challenges which must be addressed if the field is to deliver on its potential and produce improved patient outcomes in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Siller
- Stem Cell Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo. PO Box 1112. Blindern. 0317 Oslo. Norway
| | - Sebastian Greenhough
- Stem Cell Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo. PO Box 1112. Blindern. 0317 Oslo. Norway
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad, 201B, New Haven. CT. 06520. USA
| | - Gareth J Sullivan
- Stem Cell Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo. PO Box 1112. Blindern. 0317 Oslo. Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research. PO Box 1112 Blindern. 0317 Oslo. Norway
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32
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Voon DCC, Wang H, Koo JKW, Chai JH, Hor YT, Tan TZ, Chu YS, Mori S, Ito Y. EMT-induced stemness and tumorigenicity are fueled by the EGFR/Ras pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70427. [PMID: 23950932 PMCID: PMC3741305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that differentiated epithelial cells would acquire stem cell-like and tumorigenic properties following an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). However, the signaling pathways that participate in this novel mechanism of tumorigenesis have not been fully characterized. In Runx3−/−p53−/− murine gastric epithelial (GIF-14) cells, EMT-induced plasticity is reflected in the expression of the embryonal proto-oncogene Hmga2 and Lgr5, an exclusive gastrointestinal stem cell marker. Here, we report the concurrent activation of an EGFR/Ras gene expression signature during TGF-β1-induced EMT in GIF-14 cells. Amongst the altered genes was the induction of Egfr, which corresponded with a delayed sensitization to EGF treatment in GIF-14. Co-treatment with TGF-β1 and EGF or the expression of exogenous KRas led to increased Hmga2 or Lgr5 expression, sphere initiation and colony formation in soft agar assay. Interestingly, the gain in cellular plasticity/tumorigenicity was not accompanied by increased EMT. This uncoupling of EMT and the induction of plasticity reveals an involvement of distinct signaling cues, whereby the EGFR/Ras pathway specifically promotes stemness and tumorigenicity in EMT-altered GIF-14 cells. These data show that the EGFR/Ras pathway requisite for the sustenance of gastric stem cells in vivo and in vitro is involved in the genesis and promotion of EMT-induced tumor-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huajing Wang
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason Kin Wai Koo
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juin Hsien Chai
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yit Teng Hor
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeh-Shiu Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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33
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Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cells in medicine and biology. Development 2013; 140:2457-61. [PMID: 23715538 DOI: 10.1242/dev.092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency and other cell fates by treatment with defined factors. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened up unprecedented opportunities in the pharmaceutical industry, in the clinic and in laboratories. In particular, the medical applications of human iPSCs in disease modeling and stem cell therapy have been progressing rapidly. The ability to induce cell fate conversion is attractive not only for these applications, but also for basic research fields, such as development, cancer, epigenetics and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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34
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Chiou SS, Wang SSW, Wu DC, Lin YC, Kao LP, Kuo KK, Wu CC, Chai CY, Lin CLS, Lee CY, Liao YM, Wuputra K, Yang YH, Wang SW, Ku CC, Nakamura Y, Saito S, Hasegawa H, Yamaguchi N, Miyoshi H, Lin CS, Eckner R, Yokoyama KK. Control of Oxidative Stress and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-like Cells by Jun Dimerization Protein 2. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:959-84. [PMID: 24202329 PMCID: PMC3795374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) plays a critical role as a cofactor for the transcription factors nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and MafK in the regulation of the antioxidants and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). JDP2 associates with Nrf2 and MafK (Nrf2-MafK) to increase the transcription of antioxidant response element-dependent genes. Oxidative-stress-inducing reagent led to an increase in the intracellular accumulation of ROS and cell proliferation in Jdp2 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In Jdp2-Cre mice mated with reporter mice, the expression of JDP2 was restricted to granule cells in the brain cerebellum. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-like cells were generated from DAOY medulloblastoma cell by introduction of JDP2, and the defined factor OCT4. iPSC-like cells expressed stem cell-like characteristics including alkaline phosphatase activity and some stem cell markers. However, such iPSC-like cells also proliferated rapidly, became neoplastic, and potentiated cell malignancy at a later stage in SCID mice. This study suggests that medulloblastoma cells can be reprogrammed successfully by JDP2 and OCT4 to become iPSC-like cells. These cells will be helpful for studying the generation of cancer stem cells and ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Sheng-Wen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Li-Pin Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (K.-K.K.); (Y.-H.Y.)
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-C.W.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Cheng-Lung Steve Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Cheng-Yi Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Liao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.L.); (Y.-M.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Ya-Han Yang
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (K.-K.K.); (Y.-H.Y.)
| | - Shin-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.S.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.); (S.-W.W.)
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi 329-1571, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; E-Mails: (H.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; E-Mails: (H.H.); (N.Y.)
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Chang-Sheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Richard Eckner
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 807 Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-P.K.); (C.-L.S.L.); (K.W.); (C.-C.K.); (S.S.); (C.-S.L.)
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The pleiotrophin-ALK axis is required for tumorigenicity of glioblastoma stem cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:2236-44. [PMID: 23686309 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that brain tumors arise from the transformation of neural stem/precursor/progenitor cells. Much current research on human brain tumors is focused on the stem-like properties of glioblastoma. Here we show that anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and its ligand pleiotrophin are required for the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). Furthermore, we demonstrate that pleiotrophin is transactivated directly by SOX2, a transcription factor essential for the maintenance of both neural stem cells and GSCs. We speculate that the pleiotrophin-ALK axis may be a promising target for the therapy of glioblastoma.
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Potential of herpesvirus saimiri-based vectors to reprogram a somatic Ewing's sarcoma family tumor cell line. J Virol 2013; 87:7127-39. [PMID: 23596304 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03147-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) infects a range of human cell types with high efficiency. Upon infection, the viral genome can persist as high-copy-number, circular, nonintegrated episomes that segregate to progeny cells upon division. This allows HVS-based vectors to stably transduce a dividing cell population and provide sustained transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the HVS episome is able to persist and provide prolonged transgene expression during in vitro differentiation of mouse and human hemopoietic progenitor cells. Together, these properties are advantageous for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, whereby stem cell-like cells are generated from adult somatic cells by exogenous expression of specific reprogramming factors. Here we assess the potential of HVS-based vectors for the generation of induced pluripotent cancer stem-like cells (iPCs). We demonstrate that HVS-based exogenous delivery of Oct4, Nanog, and Lin28 can reprogram the Ewing's sarcoma family tumor cell line A673 to produce stem cell-like colonies that can grow under feeder-free stem cell culture conditions. Further analysis of the HVS-derived putative iPCs showed some degree of reprogramming into a stem cell-like state. Specifically, the putative iPCs had a number of embryonic stem cell characteristics, staining positive for alkaline phosphatase and SSEA4, in addition to expressing elevated levels of pluripotent marker genes involved in proliferation and self-renewal. However, differentiation trials suggest that although the HVS-derived putative iPCs are capable of differentiation toward the ectodermal lineage, they do not exhibit pluripotency. Therefore, they are hereby termed induced multipotent cancer cells.
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Schreiber C, Kuch V, Umansky V, Sleeman JP. Autochthonous mouse melanoma and mammary tumors do not express the pluripotency genes Oct4 and Nanog. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57465. [PMID: 23468991 PMCID: PMC3585372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factors Oct4 and Nanog maintain pluripotency and self-renewal in embryonic stem cells. In somatic cells, inappropriate expression of these genes has been associated with loss of differentiation, malignant transformation, and the acquisition of cancer stem cell-like properties. As cancer stem cells have been suggested to underlie the growth and malignancy of tumors, Oct4 and Nanog may represent therapeutic targets. Their expression could also act as a marker of the cancer stem cell population, permitting its isolation and characterisation. Nevertheless, the existence of multiple pseudogenes and isoforms of these genes has complicated the interpretation of the data that supports a role for Oct4 and Nanog in the cancer context. Here we addressed this issue using knockin mice in which IRES elements are used to allow GFP expression under the control of the endogenous Oct4 or Nanog promoters, while maintaining correct expression of the Oct4 or Nanog gene. These mice were crossed with MT/ret mice that develop melanomas, and with MMTV-PyMT mice and MMTV-Neu mice that develop mammary adenocarcinomas. We analysed the tumors that developed in these compound mice for GFP expression. In this way we could assess transcription of Oct4 and Nanog in autochthonous cancers without the complication of factors such as pseudogene expression, alternative splicing and antibody specificity. Both the Oct4 and Nanog knockin tumor-bearing mice expressed GFP in blastocysts and testes as expected. However, we could find no evidence for expression of the GFP reporter above background levels in tumors using FACS, qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, cultivation of Oct4GFP and NanogGFP MMTV-PyMT tumor cells either adherently or as spheroids had no effect on the expression of the GFP reporter. Together these data suggest that Oct4 and Nanog are not expressed in tumor cells that arise in the autochthonous cancer models studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schreiber
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Mooney BM, Raof NA, Li Y, Xie Y. Convergent mechanisms in pluripotent stem cells and cancer: Implications for stem cell engineering. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:408-19. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Targeted therapy of cancer stem cells: science or fiction. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:135-8. [PMID: 23343151 DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Samardzija C, Quinn M, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. Attributes of Oct4 in stem cell biology: perspectives on cancer stem cells of the ovary. J Ovarian Res 2012; 5:37. [PMID: 23171809 PMCID: PMC3536609 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-5-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal of all the gynaecological malignancies with drug resistance and recurrence remaining the major therapeutic barrier in the management of the disease. Although several studies have been undertaken to understand the mechanisms responsible for chemoresistance and subsequent recurrence in EOC, the exact mechanisms associated with chemoresistance/recurrence continue to remain elusive. Recent studies have shown that the parallel characteristics commonly seen between embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are also shared by a relatively rare population of cells within tumors that display stem cell-like features. These cells, termed 'cancer initiating cells' or 'cancer stem cells (CSCs)' have been shown not only to display increased self renewal and pluripotent abilities as seen in ESCs and iPSCs, but are also highly tumorigenic in in vivo mouse models. Additionally, these CSCs have been implicated in tumor recurrence and chemoresistance, and when isolated have consistently shown to express the master pluripotency and embryonic stem cell regulating gene Oct4. This article reviews the involvement of Oct4 in cancer progression and chemoresistance, with emphasis on ovarian cancer. Overall, we highlight why ovarian cancer patients, who initially respond to conventional chemotherapy subsequently relapse with recurrent chemoresistant disease that is essentially incurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Samardzija
- Women's Cancer Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Ho A, Nakatsuji N. Editorial: "crossing boundaries: stem cells, materials, and mesoscopic sciences". Biotechnol J 2012; 7:694-5. [PMID: 22653821 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Crossing Boundaries: Stem Cells, Materials, and Mesoscopic Sciences". This Special Issue, edited by Prof. Anthony Ho and Prof. Norio Nakatsuji, comprises review articles on the interdisciplinary study of stem cells and material science and is a celebration of the friendship and collaboration between Heidelberg University and Kyoto University in Germany and Japan, respectively.
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Parasramka MA, Dashwood WM, Wang R, Saeed HH, Williams DE, Ho E, Dashwood RH. A role for low-abundance miRNAs in colon cancer: the miR-206/Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) axis. Clin Epigenetics 2012; 4:16. [PMID: 23006636 PMCID: PMC3506528 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are short non-coding RNAs that affect the expression of genes involved in normal physiology, but that also become dysregulated in cancer development. In the latter context, studies to date have focused on high-abundance miRNAs and their targets. We hypothesized that among the pool of low-abundance miRNAs are some with the potential to impact crucial oncogenic signaling networks in colon cancer. Results Unbiased screening of over 650 miRNAs identified miR-206, a low-abundance miRNA, as the most significantly altered miRNA in carcinogen-induced rat colon tumors. Computational modeling highlighted the stem-cell marker Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) as a potential target of miR-206. In a panel of primary human colon cancers, target validation at the mRNA and protein level confirmed a significant inverse relationship between miR-206 and KLF4, which was further supported by miR-206 knockdown and ectopic upregulation in human colon cancer cells. Forced expression of miR-206 resulted in significantly increased cell proliferation kinetics, as revealed by real-time monitoring using HCT116 cells. Conclusions Evolutionarily conserved high-abundance miRNAs are becoming established as key players in the etiology of human cancers. However, low-abundance miRNAs, such as miR-206, are often among the most significantly upregulated miRNAs relative to their expression in normal non-transformed tissues. Low-abundance miRNAs are worthy of further investigation, because their targets include KLF4 and other pluripotency and cancer stem-cell factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi A Parasramka
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
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