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Zhong CB, Ma H, Wang JJ, Zhang LL, Ying YL, Wang R, Wan YJ, Long YT. An ultra-low noise amplifier array system for high throughput single entity analysis. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:33-43. [PMID: 34913454 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements at the single entity level provide ultra-sensitive tools for the precise diagnosis and understanding of basic biological and chemical processes. By decoding current signatures, single-entity electrochemistry provides abundant information on charges, sizes, shapes, catalytic performances and compositions. The accuracy of single-entity electrochemistry highly relies on advanced instrumentation to achieve the amperometric resolution at the sub-picoampere level and the temporal resolution at the sub-microsecond level. Currently, it is still a challenge for paralleling amplifiers to allow low-noise and high bandwidth single-entity electrochemical measurements. Herein, we developed a low-noise four-channel electrochemical instrumentation that integrates an Au electrode array with amplifiers in the circuit board. With this amplifier array, we achieved a high bandwidth (>100 kHz) electrochemical measurement. The further practical experiments proved the capability of this amplifier array system in acquiring transient signals from both single-molecule detection with an aerolysin nanopore and single Pt nanoparticle catalysis during the dynamic collision process. Paired with appropriate microfluidic array systems, our instrumentation will enable an extraordinarily high-throughput feature for single-entity sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Bing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China. .,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Jing Wan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
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Wang J, Ying YL, Zhong CB, Zhang LM, Yan F, Long YT. Instrumentational implementation for parallelized nanopore electrochemical measurements. Analyst 2021; 146:4111-4120. [PMID: 34116564 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanopore electrochemistry, as one of the promising tools for single molecule sensing, has proved its capability in DNA sequencing and protein analysis. To achieve a high resolution for obtaining molecular information, the nanopore electrochemical technique not only urgently requires an appropriate nanopore sensing interface with atomic resolution but also requires advanced instrumentation and its related data processing methods. In order to reveal the fundamental biological process and process the point-of-care diagnosis, it is necessary to use a nanopore sensing instrument with a high amperometric and temporal resolution as well as high throughput. The development of the instrumentation requires multi-disciplinary collaboration involving preparing a sensitive nanopore interface, low-noise circuit design, and intelligent data analysis. In this review, we have summarized the recent improvements in the nanopore sensing interface as well as discussed the higher throughput achieved by nanopore arrays and intelligent nanopore data analysis methods. The parallelized nanopore instrumentation could be popularized to all ranges of single-molecule applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China. and Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Bing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
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Fu J, Wu L, Qiao Y, Tu J, Lu Z. Microfluidic Systems Applied in Solid-State Nanopore Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030332. [PMID: 32210148 PMCID: PMC7142662 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic system, as a kind of miniature integrated operating platform, has been applied to solid-state nanopore sensors after many years of experimental study. In the process of introducing microfluidic into solid-state nanopore sensors, many novel device structures are designed due to the abundance of analytes and the diversity of detection methods. Here we review the fundamental setup of nanopore-based microfluidic systems and the developments and advancements that have been taking place in the field. The microfluidic systems with a multichannel strategy to elevate the throughput and efficiency of nanopore sensors are then presented. Multifunctional detection represented by optical-electrical detection, which is realized by microfluidic integration, is also described. A high integration microfluidic system with nanopore is further discussed, which shows the prototype of commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Tu
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-25-8379-2396 (J.T.); +86-25-8379-3779 (Z.L.)
| | - Zuhong Lu
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-25-8379-2396 (J.T.); +86-25-8379-3779 (Z.L.)
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Booth MJ, Restrepo Schild V, Downs FG, Bayley H. Functional aqueous droplet networks. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:1658-1691. [PMID: 28766622 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Droplet interface bilayers (DIBs), comprising individual lipid bilayers between pairs of aqueous droplets in an oil, are proving to be a useful tool for studying membrane proteins. Recently, attention has turned to the elaboration of networks of aqueous droplets, connected through functionalized interface bilayers, with collective properties unachievable in droplet pairs. Small 2D collections of droplets have been formed into soft biodevices, which can act as electronic components, light-sensors and batteries. A substantial breakthrough has been the development of a droplet printer, which can create patterned 3D droplet networks of hundreds to thousands of connected droplets. The 3D networks can change shape, or carry electrical signals through defined pathways, or express proteins in response to patterned illumination. We envisage using functional 3D droplet networks as autonomous synthetic tissues or coupling them with cells to repair or enhance the properties of living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Booth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Runas KA, Acharya SJ, Schmidt JJ, Malmstadt N. Addition of Cleaved Tail Fragments during Lipid Oxidation Stabilizes Membrane Permeability Behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:779-786. [PMID: 26704691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation has been linked to plasma membrane damage leading to cell death. In previous work, we examined the effect of oxidation on bilayer permeability by replacing defined amounts of an unsaturated lipid species with the corresponding phospholipid product that would result from oxidative tail scission of that species. This study adds the cleaved tail fragment, better mimicking the chemical results of oxidation. Permeability of PEG12-NBD, a small, uncharged molecule, was measured for vesicles with oxidation concentration corresponding to between 0 and 18 mol % of total lipid content. Permeability was measured using a microfluidic trap to capture the vesicles and spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM) to measure the transport of fluorescent PEG12-NBD at the equatorial plane. The thicknesses of lipid bilayers containing oxidized species were estimated by measuring capacitance of a black lipid membrane while simultaneously measuring bilayer area. We found that relative to chemically modeled oxidized bilayers without tail fragments, bilayers containing cleaved tail groups were less permeable for the same degree of oxidation. Curiously, membrane capacitance measurements indicated that the addition of tail fragments to chemically modeled oxidized bilayers also thinned these bilayers relative to samples with no tail fragments; in other words, the more permeable membranes were thicker. Above 12.5% chemically modeled oxidation, compositions both with and without the cleaved tail groups showed pore formation. This work highlights the complexity of the relationship between chemically modeled lipid bilayer oxidation and cell membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Runas
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Shiv J Acharya
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jacob J Schmidt
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Noah Malmstadt
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Schmidt J. Membrane platforms for biological nanopore sensing and sequencing. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 39:17-27. [PMID: 26773300 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, biological nanopores have been developed and explored for use in sensing applications as a result of their exquisite sensitivity and easily engineered, reproducible, and economically manufactured structures. Nanopore sensing has been shown to differentiate between highly similar analytes, measure polymer size, detect the presence of specific genes, and rapidly sequence nucleic acids translocating through the pore. Devices featuring protein nanopores have been limited in part by the membrane support containing the nanopore, the shortcomings of which have been addressed in recent work developing new materials, approaches, and apparatus resulting in membrane platforms featuring automatability and increased robustness, lifetime, and measurement throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schmidt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Vijayvergiya V, Acharya S, Wilson SP, Schmidt JJ. Measurement of Ensemble TRPV1 Ion Channel Currents Using Droplet Bilayers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141366. [PMID: 26513481 PMCID: PMC4626236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological characterization of ion channels is useful for elucidation of channel function as well as quantitative assessment of pharmaceutical effects on ion channel conductance. We used droplet bilayers to measure ensemble ion channel currents from membrane preparations made from TRPV1-expressing HEK cells. Conductance measurements showed rectification, activation by acid and capsaicin, and inhibition by capsazepine, SB 452533, and JNJ 17293212. We also quantitatively measured concentration-dependent inhibition of channel conductance through determination of capsazepine IC50 in agreement with previously published studies using patch clamp. These results, combined with the reduced apparatus and material requirements of droplet bilayers, indicate that this platform could be used for study of other physiologically relevant ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viksita Vijayvergiya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shiv Acharya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sidney P. Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Schmidt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vijayvergiya V, Acharya S, Poulos J, Schmidt J. Single channel and ensemble hERG conductance measured in droplet bilayers. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:12. [PMID: 25653065 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-014-9919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encodes the potassium channel Kv11.1, which plays a key role in the cardiac action potential and has been implicated in cardiac disorders as well as a number of off-target pharmaceutical interactions. The electrophysiology of this channel has been predominantly studied using patch clamp, but lipid bilayers have the potential to offer some advantages, including apparatus simplicity, ease of use, and the ability to control the membrane and solution compositions. We made membrane preparations from hERG-expressing cells and measured them using droplet bilayers, allowing measurement of channel ensemble currents and 13.5 pS single channel currents. These currents were ion selective and were blockable by E-4031 and dofetilide in a dose-dependent manner, allowing determination of IC50 values of 17 nM and 9.65 μM for E-4031 and dofetilide, respectively. We also observed time- and voltage- dependent currents following step changes in applied potential that were similar to previously reported patch clamp measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viksita Vijayvergiya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Lu B, Smith T, Schmidt JJ. Nanoparticle-lipid bilayer interactions studied with lipid bilayer arrays. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7858-66. [PMID: 25853986 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06892k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The widespread environmental presence and commercial use of nanoparticles have raised significant health concerns as a result of many in vitro and in vivo assays indicating toxicity of a wide range of nanoparticle species. Many of these assays have identified the ability of nanoparticles to damage cell membranes. These interactions can be studied in detail using artificial lipid bilayers, which can provide insight into the nature of the particle-membrane interaction through variation of membrane and solution properties not possible with cell-based assays. However, the scope of these studies can be limited because of the low throughput characteristic of lipid bilayer platforms. We have recently described an easy to use, parallel lipid bilayer platform which we have used to electrically investigate the activity of 60 nm diameter amine and carboxyl modified polystyrene nanoparticles (NH2-NP and COOH-NP) with over 1000 lipid bilayers while varying lipid composition, bilayer charge, ionic strength, pH, voltage, serum, particle concentration, and particle charge. Our results confirm recent studies finding activity of NH2-NP but not COOH-NP. Detailed analysis shows that NH2-NP formed pores 0.3-2.3 nm in radius, dependent on bilayer and solution composition. These interactions appear to be electrostatic, as they are regulated by NH2-NP surface charge, solution ionic strength, and bilayer charge. The ability to rapidly measure a large number of nanoparticle and membrane parameters indicates strong potential of this bilayer array platform for additional nanoparticle bilayer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Czekalska MA, Kaminski TS, Jakiela S, Tanuj Sapra K, Bayley H, Garstecki P. A droplet microfluidic system for sequential generation of lipid bilayers and transmembrane electrical recordings. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:541-8. [PMID: 25412368 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a microfluidic system that automates i) formation of a lipid bilayer at the interface between a pair of nanoliter-sized aqueous droplets in oil, ii) exchange of one droplet of the pair to form a new bilayer, and iii) current measurements on single proteins. A new microfluidic architecture is introduced - a set of traps designed to localize the droplets with respect to each other and with respect to the recording electrodes. The system allows for automated execution of experimental protocols by active control of the flow on chip with the use of simple external valves. Formation of stable artificial lipid bilayers, incorporation of α-hemolysin into the bilayers and electrical measurements of ionic transport through the protein pore are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Czekalska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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Wink M. Editorial: Biotechnology Journal's diverse coverage of biotechnology. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:311-2. [PMID: 24591238 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This issue of Biotechnology Journal is a regular issue edited by Prof. Michael Wink. The issue covers all the major focus areas of the journal, including medical biotechnology, synthetic biology, and novel biotechnological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wink
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg, Germany.
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