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Liu X, Kouassi KGW, Vanbever R, Dumoulin M. Impact of the PEG length and PEGylation site on the structural, thermodynamic, thermal, and proteolytic stability of mono-PEGylated alpha-1 antitrypsin. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4392. [PMID: 36040264 PMCID: PMC9375436 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a widely used approach to improve the therapeutic value of proteins essentially by prolonging their body residence time. PEGylation may however induce changes in the structure and/or the stability of proteins and thus on their function(s). The effects of PEGylation on the thermodynamic stability can either be positive (stabilization), negative (destabilization), or neutral (no effect). Moreover, various factors such as the PEG length and PEGylation site can influence the consequences of PEGylation on the structure and stability of proteins. In this study, the effects of PEGylation on the structure, stability, and polymerization of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) were investigated, using PEGs with different lengths, different structures (linear or 2-armed) and different linking chemistries (via amine or thiol) at two distinct positions of the sequence. The results show that whatever the size, position, and structure of PEG chains, PEGylation (a) does not induce significant changes in AAT structure (either at the secondary or tertiary level); (b) does not alter the stability of the native protein upon both chemical- and heat-induced denaturation; and (c) does not prevent AAT to fully refold and recover its activity following chemical denaturation. However, the propensity of AAT to aggregate upon heat treatment was significantly decreased by PEGylation, although PEGylation did not prevent the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Moreover, conjugation to PEG, especially 2-armed 40 kDa PEG, greatly improved the proteolytic resistance of AAT. PEGylation of AAT could be a promising strategy to prolong its half-life after infusion in AAT-deficient patients and thereby decrease the frequency of infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Advanced Drug Delivery and BiomaterialsLouvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Kobenan G. W. Kouassi
- Advanced Drug Delivery and BiomaterialsLouvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Advanced Drug Delivery and BiomaterialsLouvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Mireille Dumoulin
- Department of Life SciencesInBios, Center for Protein Engineering, Nanobodies to Explore Protein Structure and Functions, University of LiègeLiègeBelgium
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2
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Chen SY, Xu XX, Li X, Yi NB, Li SZ, Xiang XC, Cheng DB, Sun T. Recent advances in the intracellular delivery of macromolecule therapeutics. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6642-6655. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01348g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the uptake pathway of intracellular delivery vehicles for macromolecule therapeutics, and provides in-depth discussions and prospects about intracellular delivery of macromolecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yi Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xue Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ning-Bo Yi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Shi-Zhuo Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Xing-Cheng Xiang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Dong-Bing Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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3
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Lai X, Tang J, ElSayed MEH. Recent advances in proteolytic stability for peptide, protein, and antibody drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1467-1482. [PMID: 34187273 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1942837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: To discover and develop a peptide, protein, or antibody into a drug requires overcoming multiple challenges to obtain desired properties. Proteolytic stability is one of the challenges and deserves a focused investigation.Areas covered: This review concentrates on improving proteolytic stability by engineering the amino acids around the cleavage sites of a liable peptide, protein, or antibody. Peptidases are discussed on three levels including all peptidases in databases, mixtures based on organ and tissue types, and individual peptidases. The technique to identify cleavage sites is spotlighted on mass spectrometry-based approaches such as MALDI-TOF and LC-MS. For sequence engineering, the replacements that have been commonly applied with a higher chance of success are highlighted at the beginning, while the rarely used and more complicated replacements are discussed later. Although a one-size-fits-all approach does not exist to apply to different projects, this review provides a 3-step strategy for effectively and efficiently conducting the proteolytic stability experiments to achieve the eventual goal of improving the stability by engineering the molecule itself.Expert opinion: Improving the proteolytic stability is a spiraling up process sequenced by testing and engineering. There are many ways to engineer amino acids, but the choice must consider the cost and properties affected by the changes of the amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyin Lai
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jason Tang
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed E H ElSayed
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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4
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Delfino D, Mori G, Rivetti C, Grigoletto A, Bizzotto G, Cavozzi C, Malatesta M, Cavazzini D, Pasut G, Percudani R. Actin-Resistant DNase1L2 as a Potential Therapeutics for CF Lung Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030410. [PMID: 33802146 PMCID: PMC8002113 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the accumulation of viscous lung secretions rich in DNA and actin is a major cause of chronic inflammation and recurrent infections leading to airway obstruction. Mucolytic therapy based on recombinant human DNase1 reduces CF mucus viscosity and promotes airway clearance. However, the marked susceptibility to actin inhibition of this enzyme prompts the research of alternative treatments that could overcome this limitation. Within the human DNase repertoire, DNase1L2 is ideally suited for this purpose because it exhibits metal-dependent endonuclease activity on plasmid DNA in a broad range of pH with acidic optimum and is minimally inhibited by actin. When tested on CF artificial mucus enriched with actin, submicromolar concentrations of DNase1L2 reduces mucus viscosity by 50% in a few seconds. Inspection of superimposed model structures of DNase1 and DNase1L2 highlights differences at the actin-binding interface that justify the increased resistance of DNase1L2 toward actin inhibition. Furthermore, a PEGylated form of the enzyme with preserved enzymatic activity was obtained, showing interesting results in terms of activity. This work represents an effort toward the exploitation of natural DNase variants as promising alternatives to DNase1 for the treatment of CF lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Delfino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.D.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Giulia Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.D.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Claudio Rivetti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.D.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Antonella Grigoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Gloria Bizzotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Cristian Cavozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.D.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Marco Malatesta
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.D.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Davide Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.D.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (A.G.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Riccardo Percudani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.D.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (D.C.); (R.P.)
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5
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Matthews AA, Ee PLR, Ge R. Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:11. [PMID: 34765995 PMCID: PMC7595758 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic therapeutics such as protein/polypeptide drugs are conventionally administered systemically via intravenous injection for the treatment of diseases including lung diseases, although this approach leads to low target site accumulation and the potential risk for systemic side effects. In comparison, topical delivery of protein drugs to the lung via inhalation is deemed to be a more effective approach for lung diseases, as proteins would directly reach the target in the lung while exhibiting poor diffusion into the systemic circulation, leading to higher lung drug retention and efficacy while minimising toxicity to other organs. This review examines the important considerations and challenges in designing an inhaled protein therapeutics for local lung delivery: the choice of inhalation device, structural changes affecting drug deposition in diseased lungs, clearance mechanisms affecting an inhaled protein drug’s lung accumulation, protein stability, and immunogenicity. Possible approaches to overcoming these issues will also be discussed.
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6
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Guichard M, Wilms T, Mahri S, Patil HP, Hoton D, Ucakar B, Vanvarenberg K, Cheou P, Beka M, Marbaix E, Leal T, Vanbever R. PEGylation of Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I Provides a Long‐Acting Version of the Mucolytic for Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Julie Guichard
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Tobias Wilms
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Sohaib Mahri
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Harshad P. Patil
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Delphine Hoton
- St‐Luc University Hospital Anatomopathology Department 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Bernard Ucakar
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanvarenberg
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Pamela Cheou
- UCLouvain, de Duve Institute Experimental Medicine Unit 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Mathilde Beka
- UCLouvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC) Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- Department of Communicable Diseases Interactive Research School for Health Affairs Bharati Vidyapeeth University Pune Maharashtra India
- UCLouvain, de Duve Institute Cell Biology Unit 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Teresinha Leal
- UCLouvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC) Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1200 Brussels Belgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials 1200 Brussels Belgium
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7
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Trujillo S, Gonzalez-Garcia C, Rico P, Reid A, Windmill J, Dalby MJ, Salmeron-Sanchez M. Engineered 3D hydrogels with full-length fibronectin that sequester and present growth factors. Biomaterials 2020; 252:120104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Review transglutaminases: part II-industrial applications in food, biotechnology, textiles and leather products. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 36:11. [PMID: 31879822 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of their protein cross-linking properties, transglutaminases are widely used in several industrial processes, including the food and pharmaceutical industries. Transglutaminases obtained from animal tissues and organs, the first sources of this enzyme, are being replaced by microbial sources, which are cheaper and easier to produce and purify. Since the discovery of microbial transglutaminase (mTGase), the enzyme has been produced for industrial applications by traditional fermentation process using the bacterium Streptomyces mobaraensis. Several studies have been carried out in this field to increase the enzyme industrial productivity. Researches on gene expression encoding transglutaminase biosynthesis were performed in Streptomyces lividans, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Pichia pastoris. In the first part of this review, we presented an overview of the literature on the origins, types, mediated reactions, and general characterizations of these important enzymes, as well as the studies on recombinant microbial transglutaminases. In this second part, we focus on the application versatility of mTGase in three broad areas: food, pharmacological, and biotechnological industries. The use of mTGase is presented for several food groups, showing possibilities of applications and challenges to further improve the quality of the end-products. Some applications in the textile and leather industries are also reviewed, as well as special applications in the PEGylation reaction, in the production of antibody drug conjugates, and in regenerative medicine.
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9
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Freches D, Rocks N, Patil HP, Perin F, Van Snick J, Vanbever R, Cataldo D. Preclinical evaluation of topically-administered PEGylated Fab' lung toxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100019. [PMID: 31517284 PMCID: PMC6733299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation is a promising approach to increase the residence time of antibody fragments in the lungs and sustain their therapeutic effects. However, concerns arise as to the potential pulmonary toxicity of antibody fragments conjugated to high molecular weight (HMW) polyethylene glycol (PEG), notably after repeated administrations, and the possibility of PEG accumulation in the lungs. The purpose of this proof-of-concept study is to give insights about the safety of lung administration of a Fab’ anti-IL17A antibody fragment conjugated to two-armed 40 kDa PEG (PEG40). The presence of the PEG40 moiety inside alveolar macrophages remained stable for at least 24 h after intratracheal administration of PEG40-Fab’ to mice. PEG40 was then progressively cleared from alveolar macrophages. Incubation of PEG40 alone with macrophages in vitro did not significantly harm macrophages and did not affect phagocytosis or the production of inflammatory markers. After acute or chronic administration of PEG40-Fab’ to mice, no signs of significant pulmonary toxicity or inflammatory cell accumulation were observed. A vacuolization of alveolar macrophages not associated with any inflammation was noticed when PEG40, PEG40-Fab’, or unPEGylated Fab’ were administered. To conclude this preliminary proof of concept study, acute or repeated pulmonary administrations of PEGylated Fab’ appear safe in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Freches
- Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Natacha Rocks
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Harshad P Patil
- Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Perin
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jacques Van Snick
- Ludwig Cancer Research Ltd, Brussels Branch, Avenue Hippocrate 74, UCLouvain, 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Cataldo
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer and GIGA-I, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Liege and CHU Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Menacho-Melgar R, Decker JS, Hennigan JN, Lynch MD. A review of lipidation in the development of advanced protein and peptide therapeutics. J Control Release 2018; 295:1-12. [PMID: 30579981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of biologics (peptide and protein based drugs) has increased significantly over the past few decades. However, their development has been limited by their short half-life, immunogenicity and low membrane permeability, restricting most therapies to extracellular targets and administration by injection. Lipidation is a clinically-proven post-translational modification that has shown great promise to address these issues: improving half-life, reducing immunogenicity and enabling intracellular uptake and delivery across epithelia. Despite its great potential, lipidation remains an underutilized strategy in the clinical translation of lead biologics. We review how lipidation can overcome common challenges in biologics development as well as highlight gaps in our understanding of the effect of lipidation on therapeutic efficacy, where increased research and development efforts may lead to next-generation drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael D Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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11
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Guichard MJ, Leal T, Vanbever R. PEGylation, an approach for improving the pulmonary delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Reports on drug delivery systems capable of overcoming multiple biological barriers are rare. We introduce a nanoparticle-based drug delivery technology capable of rapidly penetrating both lung tumor tissue and the mucus layer that protects airway tissues from nanoscale objects. Specifically, human ferritin heavy-chain nanocages (FTn) were functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in a unique manner that allows robust control over PEG location (nanoparticle surface only) and surface density. We varied PEG surface density and molecular weight to discover PEGylated FTn that rapidly penetrated both mucus barriers and tumor tissues in vitro and in vivo. Upon inhalation in mice, PEGylated FTn with optimized PEGylation rapidly penetrated the mucus gel layer and thus provided a uniform distribution throughout the airways. Subsequently, PEGylated FTn preferentially penetrated and distributed within orthotopic lung tumor tissue, and selectively entered cancer cells, in a transferrin receptor 1-dependent manner, which is up-regulated in most cancers. To test the potential therapeutic benefits, doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated to PEGylated FTn via an acid-labile linker to facilitate intracellular release of DOX after cell entry. Inhalation of DOX-loaded PEGylated FTn led to 60% survival, compared with 10% survival in the group that inhaled DOX in solution at the maximally tolerated dose, in a murine model of malignant airway lung cancer. This approach may provide benefits as an adjuvant therapy combined with systemic chemo- or immunotherapy or as a stand-alone therapy for patients with tumors confined to the airways.
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13
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Ramanathan A, Karuri N. Proteolysis of decellularized extracellular matrices results in loss of fibronectin and cell binding activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:246-251. [PMID: 25724944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive inflammation in the chronic wound bed is believed to result in increased fibronectin (FN) proteolysis and poor tissue repair. However, FN fragments can prime the immune response and result in higher protease levels. The reciprocity between FN proteolysis and inflammation makes it challenging to determine the specific contribution of FN proteolysis in the extracellular matrix (ECM) on tissue responses. We studied the impact of proteolysis of decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs) obtained from NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts on FN level and activity. The dECMs were treated with α chymotrypsin and proteolysis was stopped at different time points. The protease solution was obtained, the remaining dECM was scrapped and examined by immunoblotting and Bicinchoninic Acid assays. Fibronectin was 9.4 ± 1.8% of the total protein content in the dECM but was more susceptible to proteolysis. After 15 min of protease treatment there was a 67.6% and 11.1% decrease in FN and total protein, respectively, in the dECMs. Fibronectin fragments were present both in the proteolysis solution and in the dECM. Cell adhesion, spreading and actin extensions on dECMs decreased with increasing proteolysis time. Interestingly, the solutions obtained after proteolysis of the dECMs supported cell adhesion and spreading in a time dependent manner, thus demonstrating the presence of FN cell binding activity in the protease solution of dECMs. This study demonstrates the susceptibility of FN in the ECM to proteolysis and the resulting loss of cell adhesion due to the decrease of FN activity and places weight on bioengineering strategies to stabilize FN against proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ramanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W. 33rd St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Nancy Karuri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W. 33rd St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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14
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Zhang C, Ramanathan A, Karuri NW. Proteolytically stabilizing fibronectin without compromising cell and gelatin binding activity. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:277-88. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Dept. Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Inst. of Technology; Chicago IL 60616
| | - Anand Ramanathan
- Dept. Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Inst. of Technology; Chicago IL 60616
| | - Nancy Wangechi Karuri
- Dept. Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Inst. of Technology; Chicago IL 60616
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15
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Lee SY, Jungbauer A. Editorial: Biotechnology as an enabling technology and much more. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:991-2. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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