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Han Z, Nina MRH, Zhang X, Huang H, Fan D, Bai Y. Discovery and characterization of two novel polyethylene terephthalate hydrolases: One from a bacterium identified in human feces and one from the Streptomyces genus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134532. [PMID: 38749251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used for various industrial applications. However, owing to its extremely slow breakdown rate, PET accumulates as plastic trash, which negatively affects the environment and human health. Here, we report two novel PET hydrolases: PpPETase from Pseudomonas paralcaligenes MRCP1333, identified in human feces, and ScPETase from Streptomyces calvus DSM 41452. These two enzymes can decompose various PET materials, including semicrystalline PET powders (Cry-PET) and low-crystallinity PET films (gf-PET). By structure-guided engineering, two variants, PpPETaseY239R/F244G/Y250G and ScPETaseA212C/T249C/N195H/N243K were obtained that decompose Cry-PET 3.1- and 1.9-fold faster than their wild-type enzymes, respectively. The co-expression of ScPETase and mono-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate hydrolase from Ideonella sakaiensis (IsMHETase) resulted in 1.4-fold more degradation than the single enzyme system. This engineered strain degraded Cry-PET and gf-PET by more than 40% and 6%, respectively, after 30 d. The concentrations of terephthalic acid (TPA) in the Cry-PET and gf-PET degradation products were 37.7% and 25.6%, respectively. The discovery of these two novel PET hydrolases provides opportunities to create more powerful biocatalysts for PET biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mario Roque Huanca Nina
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hanyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi R&D Centre of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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2
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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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3
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Qi X, Wu Y, Zhang ST, Yin CF, Ji M, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhou NY. The unique salt bridge network in GlacPETase: a key to its stability. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0224223. [PMID: 38358247 PMCID: PMC10952487 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02242-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The extensive accumulation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become a critical environmental issue. PET hydrolases can break down PET into its building blocks. Recently, we identified a glacial PET hydrolase GlacPETase sharing less than 31% amino acid identity with any known PET hydrolases. In this study, the crystal structure of GlacPETase was determined at 1.8 Å resolution, revealing unique structural features including a distinctive N-terminal disulfide bond and a specific salt bridge network. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that the disruption of the N-terminal disulfide bond did not reduce GlacPETase's thermostability or its catalytic activity on PET. However, mutations in the salt bridges resulted in changes in melting temperature ranging from -8°C to +2°C and the activity on PET ranging from 17.5% to 145.5% compared to the wild type. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that these salt bridges stabilized the GlacPETase's structure by maintaining their surrounding structure. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GlacPETase represented a distinct branch within PET hydrolases-like proteins, with the salt bridges and disulfide bonds in this branch being relatively conserved. This research contributed to the improvement of our comprehension of the structural mechanisms that dictate the thermostability of PET hydrolases, highlighting the diverse characteristics and adaptability observed within PET hydrolases.IMPORTANCEThe pervasive problem of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) pollution in various terrestrial and marine environments is widely acknowledged and continues to escalate. PET hydrolases, such as GlacPETase in this study, offered a solution for breaking down PET. Its unique origin and less than 31% identity with any known PET hydrolases have driven us to resolve its structure. Here, we report the correlation between its unique structure and biochemical properties, focusing on an N-terminal disulfide bond and specific salt bridges. Through site-directed mutagenesis experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, the roles of the N-terminal disulfide bond and salt bridges were elucidated in GlacPETase. This research enhanced our understanding of the role of salt bridges in the thermostability of PET hydrolases, providing a valuable reference for the future engineering of PET hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Fan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mukan Ji
- Center for Pan-third Pole Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongqin Liu
- Center for Pan-third Pole Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Shi L, Zhu L. Recent Advances and Challenges in Enzymatic Depolymerization and Recycling of PET Wastes. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300578. [PMID: 37960968 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most commonly used plastics in daily life and various industries. Enzymatic depolymerization and recycling of post-consumer PET (pc-PET) provides a promising strategy for the sustainable circular economy of polymers. Great protein engineering efforts have been devoted to improving the depolymerization performance of PET hydrolytic enzymes (PHEs). In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms and challenges of enzymatic PET depolymerization. Subsequently, we summarize the state-of-the-art engineering of PHEs including rational design, machine learning, and directed evolution for improved depolymerization performance, and highlight the advances in screening methods of PHEs. We further discuss several factors that affect the enzymatic depolymerization efficiency. We conclude with our perspective on the opportunities and challenges in bio-recycling and bio-upcycling of PET wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Shi
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
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5
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Qiu J, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wu J, Zeng X, Shi X, Liu L, Chen J. A comprehensive review on enzymatic biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117427. [PMID: 37865324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a polymer synthesized via the dehydration and condensation reaction between ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. PET has emerged as one of the most extensively employed plastic materials due to its exceptional plasticity and durability. Nevertheless, PET has a complex structure and is extremely difficult to degrade in nature, causing severe pollution to the global ecological environment and posing a threat to human health. Currently, the methods for PET processing mainly include physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biological enzyme degradation is considered the most promising PET degradation method. In recent years, an increasing number of enzymes that can degrade PET have been identified, and they primarily target the ester bond of PET. This review comprehensively introduced the latest research progress in PET enzymatic degradation from the aspects of PET-degrading enzymes, PET biodegradation pathways, the catalytic mechanism of PET-degrading enzymes, and biotechnological strategies for enhancing PET-degrading enzymes. On this basis, the current challenges within the enzymatic PET degradation process were summarized, and the directions that need to be worked on in the future were pointed out. This review provides a reference and basis for the subsequent effective research on PET biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Qiu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China; Development Center of Science and Education Park of Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362251, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China
| | - Liangqing Zhang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China; Development Center of Science and Education Park of Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, 362251, China.
| | - Jinzhi Wu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinguo Shi
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China
| | - Lemian Liu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362251, China
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6
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Wu J, Lv J, Zhao L, Zhao R, Gao T, Xu Q, Liu D, Yu Q, Ma F. Exploring the role of microbial proteins in controlling environmental pollutants based on molecular simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167028. [PMID: 37704131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular simulation has been widely used to study microbial proteins' structural composition and dynamic properties, such as volatility, flexibility, and stability at the microscopic scale. Herein, this review describes the key elements of molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in molecular simulation; reviews the techniques combined with molecular simulation, such as crystallography, spectroscopy, molecular biology, and machine learning, to validate simulation results and bridge information gaps in the structure, microenvironmental changes, expression mechanisms, and intensity quantification; illustrates the application of molecular simulation, in characterizing the molecular mechanisms of interaction of microbial proteins with four different types of contaminants, namely heavy metals (HMs), pesticides, dyes and emerging contaminants (ECs). Finally, the review outlines the important role of molecular simulations in the study of microbial proteins for controlling environmental contamination and provides ideas for the application of molecular simulation in screening microbial proteins and incorporating targeted mutagenesis to obtain more effective contaminant control proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jin Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources & Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ruofan Zhao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qi Xu
- PetroChina Fushun Petrochemical Company, Fushun 113000, China
| | - Dongbo Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Qiqi Yu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources & Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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7
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Tiong E, Koo YS, Bi J, Koduru L, Koh W, Lim YH, Wong FT. Expression and engineering of PET-degrading enzymes from Microbispora, Nonomuraea, and Micromonospora. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0063223. [PMID: 37943056 PMCID: PMC10686063 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00632-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mismanagement of PET plastic waste significantly threatens human and environmental health. Together with the relentless increase in plastic production, plastic pollution is an issue of rising concern. In response to this challenge, scientists are investigating eco-friendly approaches, such as bioprocessing and microbial factories, to sustainably manage the growing quantity of plastic waste in our ecosystem. Industrial applicability of enzymes capable of degrading PET is limited by numerous factors, including their scarcity in nature. The objective of this study is to enhance our understanding of this group of enzymes by identifying and characterizing novel enzymes that can facilitate the breakdown of PET waste. This data will expand the enzymatic repertoire and provide valuable insights into the prerequisites for successful PET degradation.
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Grants
- C211917006 Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- C211917006 Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- C211917003 Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- A*STAR Graduate Academy Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- C233017006 Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- C233017004 Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Tiong
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, Singapore
| | - Ying Sin Koo
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy, and Environment (ISCE), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiawu Bi
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, Singapore
| | - Lokanand Koduru
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, Singapore
| | - Winston Koh
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy, and Environment (ISCE), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwee Lim
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy, and Environment (ISCE), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fong Tian Wong
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, Singapore
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy, and Environment (ISCE), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Zeng C, Ding F, Zhou J, Dong W, Cui Z, Yan X. Biodegradation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) by Bacillus safensis YX8. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16434. [PMID: 38003625 PMCID: PMC10671283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the extensive utilization of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a significant amount of PET waste has been discharged into the environment, endangering both human health and the ecology. As an eco-friendly approach to PET waste treatment, biodegradation is dependent on efficient strains and enzymes. In this study, a screening method was first established using polycaprolactone (PCL) and PET nanoparticles as substrates. A PET-degrading strain YX8 was isolated from the surface of PET waste. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrA genes, this strain was identified as Bacillus safensis. Strain YX8 demonstrated the capability to degrade PET nanoparticles, resulting in the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), mono (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MHET), and bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (BHET). Erosion spots on the PET film were observed after incubation with strain YX8. Furthermore, the extracellular enzymes produced by strain YX8 exhibited the ability to form a clear zone on the PCL plate and to hydrolyze PET nanoparticles to generate TPA, MHET, and BHET. This work developed a method for the isolation of PET-degrading microorganisms and provides new strain resources for PET degradation and for the mining of functional enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiting Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (F.D.); (Z.C.)
| | - Fanghui Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (F.D.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (J.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Weiliang Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (J.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Zhongli Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (F.D.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xin Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (F.D.); (Z.C.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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9
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Sui B, Wang T, Fang J, Hou Z, Shu T, Lu Z, Liu F, Zhu Y. Recent advances in the biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate with cutinase-like enzymes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1265139. [PMID: 37849919 PMCID: PMC10577388 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer in the polyester family. It is widely found in objects used daily, including packaging materials (such as bottles and containers), textiles (such as fibers), and even in the automotive and electronics industries. PET is known for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and transparency. However, these features (e.g., high hydrophobicity and high molecular weight) also make PET highly resistant to degradation by wild-type microorganisms or physicochemical methods in nature, contributing to the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. Therefore, accelerated PET recycling is becoming increasingly urgent to address the global environmental problem caused by plastic wastes and prevent plastic pollution. In addition to traditional physical cycling (e.g., pyrolysis, gasification) and chemical cycling (e.g., chemical depolymerization), biodegradation can be used, which involves breaking down organic materials into simpler compounds by microorganisms or PET-degrading enzymes. Lipases and cutinases are the two classes of enzymes that have been studied extensively for this purpose. Biodegradation of PET is an attractive approach for managing PET waste, as it can help reduce environmental pollution and promote a circular economy. During the past few years, great advances have been accomplished in PET biodegradation. In this review, current knowledge on cutinase-like PET hydrolases (such as TfCut2, Cut190, HiC, and LCC) was described in detail, including the structures, ligand-protein interactions, and rational protein engineering for improved PET-degrading performance. In particular, applications of the engineered catalysts were highlighted, such as improving the PET hydrolytic activity by constructing fusion proteins. The review is expected to provide novel insights for the biodegradation of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Sui
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxiang Fang
- Rizhao Administration for Market Regulation, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoxuan Hou
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Shu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhua Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Youshuang Zhu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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10
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Hong H, Ki D, Seo H, Park J, Jang J, Kim KJ. Discovery and rational engineering of PET hydrolase with both mesophilic and thermophilic PET hydrolase properties. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4556. [PMID: 37507390 PMCID: PMC10382486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste causes a variety of problems. Extensive research focused on the development of superior PET hydrolases for PET biorecycling has been conducted. However, template enzymes employed in enzyme engineering mainly focused on IsPETase and leaf-branch compost cutinase, which exhibit mesophilic and thermophilic hydrolytic properties, respectively. Herein, we report a PET hydrolase from Cryptosporangium aurantiacum (CaPETase) that exhibits high thermostability and remarkable PET degradation activity at ambient temperatures. We uncover the crystal structure of CaPETase, which displays a distinct backbone conformation at the active site and residues forming the substrate binding cleft, compared with other PET hydrolases. We further develop a CaPETaseM9 variant that exhibits robust thermostability with a Tm of 83.2 °C and 41.7-fold enhanced PET hydrolytic activity at 60 °C compared with CaPETaseWT. CaPETaseM9 almost completely decompose both transparent and colored post-consumer PET powder at 55 °C within half a day in a pH-stat bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwaseok Hong
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Ki
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Jang
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang Co., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Zyen Co, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Fang Y, Chao K, He J, Wang Z, Chen Z. High-efficiency depolymerization/degradation of polyethylene terephthalate plastic by a whole-cell biocatalyst. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:138. [PMID: 37124986 PMCID: PMC10130265 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most abundantly produced plastic due to its excellent performance, but is also the primary source of poorly degradable plastic pollution. The development of environment-friendly PET biodegradation is attracting increasing interest. The leaf-branch compost cutinase mutant ICCG (F243I/D238C/S283C/Y127G) exhibits the best hydrolytic activity and thermostability of all known PET hydrolases. However, its superior PET degradation is highly dependent on its preparation as a purified enzyme, which critically reduces its industrial utility. Herein, we report the use of rational design and combinatorial mutagenesis to develop a novel ICCG mutant RITK (D53R/R143I/D193T/E208K) that demonstrated excellent whole-cell biocatalytic activity. Whole cells expressing RITK showed an 8.33-fold increase in biocatalytic activity compared to those expressing ICCG. Thermostability was also improved. After reacting at 85 °C for 3 h, purified RITK exhibited a 12.75-fold increase in depolymerization compared to ICCG. These results will greatly enhance the industrial utility of PET hydrolytic enzymes and further the progress of PET recycling. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03557-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Fang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang China
| | - Kexin Chao
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang China
| | - Jin He
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhenming Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang China
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12
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Richter PK, Blázquez-Sánchez P, Zhao Z, Engelberger F, Wiebeler C, Künze G, Frank R, Krinke D, Frezzotti E, Lihanova Y, Falkenstein P, Matysik J, Zimmermann W, Sträter N, Sonnendecker C. Structure and function of the metagenomic plastic-degrading polyester hydrolase PHL7 bound to its product. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1905. [PMID: 37019924 PMCID: PMC10076380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered metagenomic-derived polyester hydrolase PHL7 is able to efficiently degrade amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in post-consumer plastic waste. We present the cocrystal structure of this hydrolase with its hydrolysis product terephthalic acid and elucidate the influence of 17 single mutations on the PET-hydrolytic activity and thermal stability of PHL7. The substrate-binding mode of terephthalic acid is similar to that of the thermophilic polyester hydrolase LCC and deviates from the mesophilic IsPETase. The subsite I modifications L93F and Q95Y, derived from LCC, increased the thermal stability, while exchange of H185S, derived from IsPETase, reduced the stability of PHL7. The subsite II residue H130 is suggested to represent an adaptation for high thermal stability, whereas L210 emerged as the main contributor to the observed high PET-hydrolytic activity. Variant L210T showed significantly higher activity, achieving a degradation rate of 20 µm h-1 with amorphous PET films.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Konstantin Richter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ziyue Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felipe Engelberger
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wiebeler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Künze
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Frank
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dana Krinke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emanuele Frezzotti
- Department of Chemical Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Yuliia Lihanova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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13
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Fayon P, Devémy J, Emeriau-Viard C, Ballerat-Busserolles K, Goujon F, Dequidt A, Marty A, Hauret P, Malfreyt P. Energetic and Structural Characterizations of the PET-Water Interface as a Key Step in Understanding Its Depolymerization. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3543-3555. [PMID: 37018548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
We report molecular simulations of the interaction between poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) surfaces and water molecules with a short-term goal to better evaluate the different energy contributions governing the enzymatic degradation of amorphous PET. After checking that the glass transition temperature, density, entanglement mass, and mechanical properties of an amorphous PET are well reproduced by our molecular model, we extend the study to the extraction of a monomer from the bulk surface in different environments, i.e., water, vacuum, dodecane, and ethylene glycol. We complete this energetic characterization by the calculation of the work of adhesion of PET surfaces with water and dodecane molecules and by the determination of the contact angle of water droplets. These calculations are compared with experiments and should help us to better understand the enzymatic degradation of PET from both the thermodynamic and molecular viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fayon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Devémy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Constance Emeriau-Viard
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Karine Ballerat-Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Goujon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux, Batiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Hauret
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, 23, Place des Carmes, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Determinants for an Efficient Enzymatic Catalysis in Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Degradation. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of the recalcitrant poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been an important biotechnological goal. The present review focuses on the state of the art in enzymatic degradation of PET, and the challenges ahead. This review covers (i) enzymes acting on PET, (ii) protein improvements through selection or engineering, (iii) strategies to improve biocatalyst–polymer interaction and monomer yields. Finally, this review discusses critical points on PET degradation, and their related experimental aspects, that include the control of physicochemical parameters. The search for, and engineering of, PET hydrolases, have been widely studied to achieve this, and several examples are discussed here. Many enzymes, from various microbial sources, have been studied and engineered, but recently true PET hydrolases (PETases), active at moderate temperatures, were reported. For a circular economy process, terephtalic acid (TPA) production is critical. Some thermophilic cutinases and engineered PETases have been reported to release terephthalic acid in significant amounts. Some bottlenecks in enzyme performance are discussed, including enzyme activity, thermal stability, substrate accessibility, PET microstructures, high crystallinity, molecular mass, mass transfer, and efficient conversion into reusable fragments.
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15
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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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16
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Sourcing thermotolerant poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolase scaffolds from natural diversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7850. [PMID: 36543766 PMCID: PMC9772341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic deconstruction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is under intense investigation, given the ability of hydrolase enzymes to depolymerize PET to its constituent monomers near the polymer glass transition temperature. To date, reported PET hydrolases have been sourced from a relatively narrow sequence space. Here, we identify additional PET-active biocatalysts from natural diversity by using bioinformatics and machine learning to mine 74 putative thermotolerant PET hydrolases. We successfully express, purify, and assay 51 enzymes from seven distinct phylogenetic groups; observing PET hydrolysis activity on amorphous PET film from 37 enzymes in reactions spanning pH from 4.5-9.0 and temperatures from 30-70 °C. We conduct PET hydrolysis time-course reactions with the best-performing enzymes, where we observe differences in substrate selectivity as function of PET morphology. We employed X-ray crystallography and AlphaFold to examine the enzyme architectures of all 74 candidates, revealing protein folds and accessory domains not previously associated with PET deconstruction. Overall, this study expands the number and diversity of thermotolerant scaffolds for enzymatic PET deconstruction.
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17
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Tarazona NA, Wei R, Brott S, Pfaff L, Bornscheuer UT, Lendlein A, Machatschek R. Rapid depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) thin films by a dual-enzyme system and its impact on material properties. CHEM CATALYSIS 2022; 2:3573-3589. [PMID: 37350932 PMCID: PMC10284027 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis holds great promise for plastic waste recycling and upcycling. The interfacial catalysis mode, and the variability of polymer specimen properties under different degradation conditions, add to the complexity and difficulty of understanding polymer cleavage and engineering better biocatalysts. We present a systemic approach to studying the enzyme-catalyzed surface erosion of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) while monitoring/controlling operating conditions in real time with simultaneous detection of mass loss and changes in viscoelastic behavior. PET nanofilms placed on water showed a porous morphology and a thickness-dependent glass transition temperature (Tg) between 40°C and 44°C, which is >20°C lower than the Tg of bulk amorphous PET. Hydrolysis by a dual-enzyme system containing thermostabilized variants of Ideonella sakaiensis PETase and MHETase resulted in a maximum depolymerization of 70% in 1 h at 50°C. We demonstrate that increased accessible surface area, amorphization, and Tg reduction speed up PET degradation while simultaneously lowering the threshold for degradation-induced crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Tarazona
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Ren Wei
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Brott
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lara Pfaff
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rainhard Machatschek
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstraße 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
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18
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Kosiorowska KE, Moreno AD, Iglesias R, Leluk K, Mirończuk AM. Production of PETase by engineered Yarrowia lipolytica for efficient poly(ethylene terephthalate) biodegradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157358. [PMID: 35850328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET degradation studies in the last few years due to its widespread use and large-scale plastic waste accumulation in the environment. One of the most promising enzymatic methods in the context of PET degradation is the use of PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis, which has been reported to be an efficient enzyme for hydrolysing ester bonds in PET. In our study, we expressed a codon-optimized PETase gene in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The obtained strain was tested for its ability to degrade PET directly in culture, and a screening of different supplements that might raise the level of PET hydrolysis was performed. We also carried out long-term cultures with PET film, the surface of which was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The efficiency of PET degradation was tested based on the concentration of degradation products released, and the results showed that supplementation of the culture with olive oil resulted in 66 % higher release of terephthalic acid into the medium compared to the mutant culture without supplementation. The results indicate the possibility of ethylene glycol uptake by both strains, and, additionally, the PETase produced by the newly engineered strain hydrolyses MHET. The structure of the PET film after culture with the modified strain, meanwhile, had numerous surface defects, cracks, and deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna E Kosiorowska
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Antonio D Moreno
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Iglesias
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Unit, Department of Energy, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Karol Leluk
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra M Mirończuk
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
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19
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Guo C, Zhang LQ, Jiang W. Biodegrading plastics with a synthetic non-biodegradable enzyme. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Microbial degradation of polyethylene terephthalate: a systematic review. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPlastic pollution levels have increased rapidly in recent years, due to the accumulation of plastic waste, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Both high production and the lack of efficient methods for disposal and recycling affect diverse aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems owing to the high accumulation rates of plastics. Traditional chemical and physical degradation techniques have caused adverse effects on the environment; hence, the use of microorganisms for plastic degradation has gained importance recently. This systematic review was conducted for evaluating the reported findings about PET degradation by wild and genetically modified microorganisms to make them available for future work and to contribute to the eventual implementation of an alternative, an effective, and environmentally friendly method for the management of plastic waste such as PET. Both wild and genetically modified microorganisms with the metabolic potential to degrade this polymer were identified, in addition to the enzymes and genes used for genetic modification. The most prevalent wild-type PET-degrading microorganisms were bacteria (56.3%, 36 genera), followed by fungi (32.4%, 30 genera), microalgae (1.4%; 1 genus, namely Spirulina sp.), and invertebrate associated microbiota (2.8%). Among fungi and bacteria, the most prevalent genera were Aspergillus sp. and Bacillus sp., respectively. About genetically modified microorganisms, 50 strains of Escherichia coli, most of them expressing PETase enzyme, have been used. We emphasize the pressing need for implementing biological techniques for PET waste management on a commercial scale, using consortia of microorganisms. We present this work in five sections: an Introduction that highlights the importance of PET biodegradation as an effective and sustainable alternative, a section on Materials and methods that summarizes how the search for articles and manuscripts in different databases was done, and another Results section where we present the works found on the subject, a final part of Discussion and analysis of the literature found and finally we present a Conclusion and prospects.
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21
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Guo Z, Yan T, Jin C, Wu J. Enhancement of the degradation capacity of IsPETase for PET plastic degradation by protein engineering. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:154947. [PMID: 35367265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The enormous waste of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic has a great negative impact on the ecological environment because of its chemical inertia. To reduce the environmental threat posed by PET plastic, researchers gradually concentrate on the biodegradation of PET plastic. In this study, DuraPETaseN233C/S282C/H214S/S245R (DuraPETase-4M) was designed through protein engineering, which can be used to improve the efficiency of PET plastic biodegradation. Based on the DuraPETase, a pair of disulfide bonds (N233C/S282C) was added to improve the thermal stability. Meanwhile, the key region flexibility adjustment (H214S) was proposed to enhance the biodegradation capacity of PET plastic. Additionally, protein surface electrostatic charge optimization (S245R) was adopted to improve the binding ability between enzyme and PET plastic. Based on molecular dynamic simulations (MDs), the rationality of the design was further verified. This study provides a strategy for obtaining high-efficiency PET degradation mutants and a new possibility of environmentally friendly plastic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhanzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Changxu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
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22
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Pfaff L, Gao J, Li Z, Jäckering A, Weber G, Mican J, Chen Y, Dong W, Han X, Feiler CG, Ao YF, Badenhorst CPS, Bednar D, Palm GJ, Lammers M, Damborsky J, Strodel B, Liu W, Bornscheuer UT, Wei R. Multiple Substrate Binding Mode-Guided Engineering of a Thermophilic PET Hydrolase. ACS Catal 2022; 12:9790-9800. [PMID: 35966606 PMCID: PMC9361285 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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Thermophilic polyester hydrolases (PES-H) have recently
enabled
biocatalytic recycling of the mass-produced synthetic polyester polyethylene
terephthalate (PET), which has found widespread use in the packaging
and textile industries. The growing demand for efficient PET hydrolases
prompted us to solve high-resolution crystal structures of two metagenome-derived
enzymes (PES-H1 and PES-H2) and notably also in complex with various
PET substrate analogues. Structural analyses and computational modeling
using molecular dynamics simulations provided an understanding of
how product inhibition and multiple substrate binding modes influence
key mechanistic steps of enzymatic PET hydrolysis. Key residues involved
in substrate-binding and those identified previously as mutational
hotspots in homologous enzymes were subjected to mutagenesis. At 72
°C, the L92F/Q94Y variant of PES-H1 exhibited 2.3-fold and 3.4-fold
improved hydrolytic activity against amorphous PET films and pretreated
real-world PET waste, respectively. The R204C/S250C variant of PES-H1
had a 6.4 °C higher melting temperature than the wild-type enzyme
but retained similar hydrolytic activity. Under optimal reaction conditions,
the L92F/Q94Y variant of PES-H1 hydrolyzed low-crystallinity PET materials
2.2-fold more efficiently than LCC ICCG, which was previously the
most active PET hydrolase reported in the literature. This property
makes the L92F/Q94Y variant of PES-H1 a good candidate for future
applications in industrial plastic recycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pfaff
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jian Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhishuai Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Anna Jäckering
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gert Weber
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yinping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xu Han
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Christian G. Feiler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Department Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Weidong Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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23
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Sonnendecker C, Oeser J, Richter PK, Hille P, Zhao Z, Fischer C, Lippold H, Blázquez‐Sánchez P, Engelberger F, Ramírez‐Sarmiento CA, Oeser T, Lihanova Y, Frank R, Jahnke H, Billig S, Abel B, Sträter N, Matysik J, Zimmermann W. Low Carbon Footprint Recycling of Post-Consumer PET Plastic with a Metagenomic Polyester Hydrolase. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202101062. [PMID: 34129279 PMCID: PMC9303343 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Earth is flooded with plastics and the need for sustainable recycling strategies for polymers has become increasingly urgent. Enzyme-based hydrolysis of post-consumer plastic is an emerging strategy for closed-loop recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The polyester hydrolase PHL7, isolated from a compost metagenome, completely hydrolyzes amorphous PET films, releasing 91 mg of terephthalic acid per hour and mg of enzyme. Vertical scanning interferometry shows degradation rates of the PET film of 6.8 μm h-1 . Structural analysis indicates the importance of leucine at position 210 for the extraordinarily high PET-hydrolyzing activity of PHL7. Within 24 h, 0.6 mgenzyme gPET -1 completely degrades post-consumer thermoform PET packaging in an aqueous buffer at 70 °C without any energy-intensive pretreatments. Terephthalic acid recovered from the enzymatic hydrolysate is then used to synthesize virgin PET, demonstrating the potential of polyester hydrolases as catalysts in sustainable PET recycling processes with a low carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliane Oeser
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - P. Konstantin Richter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and BiomedicineLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Patrick Hille
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Cornelius Fischer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)Institut für Ressourcenökologie Abteilung Reaktiver TransportD-04318LeipzigGermany
| | - Holger Lippold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)Institut für Ressourcenökologie Abteilung Reaktiver TransportD-04318LeipzigGermany
| | - Paula Blázquez‐Sánchez
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological SciencesPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago7820436Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative ProgramMillennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)Santiago8331150Chile
| | - Felipe Engelberger
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological SciencesPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago7820436Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative ProgramMillennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)Santiago8331150Chile
| | - César A. Ramírez‐Sarmiento
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological SciencesPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago7820436Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative ProgramMillennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)Santiago8331150Chile
| | - Thorsten Oeser
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Yuliia Lihanova
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Ronny Frank
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing TechnologyLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Heinz‐Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing TechnologyLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Susan Billig
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM)Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and BiomedicineLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Institute of BiochemistryLeipzig University04103LeipzigGermany
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24
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Sagong HY, Kim S, Lee D, Hong H, Lee SH, Seo H, Kim KJ. Structural and functional characterization of an auxiliary domain-containing PET hydrolase from Burkholderiales bacterium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128267. [PMID: 35091192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of fundamental ways to solve plastic pollution. As various microbial hydrolases have an extra domain unlike PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis (IsPETase), research on the role of these extra domain in PET hydrolysis is crucial for the identification and selection of a novel PET hydrolase. Here, we report that a PET hydrolase from Burkholderiales bacterium RIFCSPLOWO2_02_FULL_57_36 (BbPETase) with an additional N-terminal domain (BbPETaseAND) shows a similar hydrolysis activity toward microcrystalline PET and a higher thermal stability than IsPETase. Based on detailed structural comparisons between BbPETase and IsPETase, we generated the BbPETaseS335N/T338I/M363I/N365G variant with an enhanced PET-degrading activity and thermal stability. We further revealed that BbPETaseAND contributes to the thermal stability of the enzyme through close contact with the core domain, but the domain might hinder the adhesion of enzyme to PET substrate. We suggest that BbPETase is an enzyme in the evolution of efficient PET degradation and molecular insight into a novel PET hydrolase provides a novel strategy for the development of biodegradation of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Sagong
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwaseok Hong
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Hoo Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Carr CM, de Oliveira BFR, Jackson SA, Laport MS, Clarke DJ, Dobson ADW. Identification of BgP, a Cutinase-Like Polyesterase From a Deep-Sea Sponge-Derived Actinobacterium. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888343. [PMID: 35495686 PMCID: PMC9039725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine bacteria produce extracellular enzymes that degrade complex molecules to facilitate their growth in environmental conditions that are often harsh and low in nutrients. Marine bacteria, including those inhabiting sea sponges, have previously been reported to be a promising source of polyesterase enzymes, which have received recent attention due to their potential ability to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. During the screening of 51 marine bacterial isolates for hydrolytic activities targeting ester and polyester substrates, a Brachybacterium ginsengisoli B129SM11 isolate from the deep-sea sponge Pheronema sp. was identified as a polyesterase producer. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA from strain B129SM11, coupled with a genome "mining" strategy, allowed the identification of potential polyesterases, using a custom database of enzymes that had previously been reported to hydrolyze PET or other synthetic polyesters. This resulted in the identification of a putative PET hydrolase gene, encoding a polyesterase-type enzyme which we named BgP that shared high overall similarity with three well-characterized PET hydrolases-LCC, TfCut2, and Cut190, all of which are key enzymes currently under investigation for the biological recycling of PET. In silico protein analyses and homology protein modeling offered structural and functional insights into BgP, and a detailed comparison with Cut190 revealed highly conserved features with implications for both catalysis and substrate binding. Polyesterase activity was confirmed using an agar-based polycaprolactone (PCL) clearing assay, following heterologous expression of BgP in Escherichia coli. This is the first report of a polyesterase being identified from a deep-sea sponge bacterium such as Brachybacterium ginsengisoli and provides further insights into marine-derived polyesterases, an important family of enzymes for PET plastic hydrolysis. Microorganisms living in association with sponges are likely to have increased exposure to plastics and microplastics given the wide-scale contamination of marine ecosystems with these plastics, and thus they may represent a worthwhile source of enzymes for use in new plastic waste management systems. This study adds to the growing knowledge of microbial polyesterases and endorses further exploration of marine host-associated microorganisms as a potentially valuable source of this family of enzymes for PET plastic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh M. Carr
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- SSPC-SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Bruno Francesco Rodrigues de Oliveira
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Stephen A. Jackson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marinella Silva Laport
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David J. Clarke
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- SSPC-SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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26
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Gomes M, Rondelez Y, Leibler L. Lessons from Biomass Valorization for Improving Plastic-Recycling Enzymes. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:457-479. [PMID: 35378043 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers such as plastics exhibit numerous advantageous properties that have made them essential components of our daily lives, with plastic production doubling every 15 years. The relatively low cost of petroleum-based polymers encourages their single use and overconsumption. Synthetic plastics are recalcitrant to biodegradation, and mismanagement of plastic waste leads to their accumulation in the ecosystem, resulting in a disastrous environmental footprint. Enzymes capable of depolymerizing plastics have been reported recently that may provide a starting point for eco-friendly plastic recycling routes. However, some questions remain about the mechanisms by which enzymes can digest insoluble solid substrates. We review the characterization and engineering of plastic-eating enzymes and provide some comparisons with the field of lignocellulosic biomass valorization. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Gomes
- Laboratoire Gulliver (UMR 7083), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France; ;
| | - Yannick Rondelez
- Laboratoire Gulliver (UMR 7083), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France; ;
| | - Ludwik Leibler
- Laboratoire Gulliver (UMR 7083), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France; ;
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27
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Wei R, von Haugwitz G, Pfaff L, Mican J, Badenhorst CP, Liu W, Weber G, Austin HP, Bednar D, Damborsky J, Bornscheuer UT. Mechanism-Based Design of Efficient PET Hydrolases. ACS Catal 2022; 12:3382-3396. [PMID: 35368328 PMCID: PMC8939324 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most widespread synthetic polyester, having been utilized in textile fibers and packaging materials for beverages and food, contributing considerably to the global solid waste stream and environmental plastic pollution. While enzymatic PET recycling and upcycling have recently emerged as viable disposal methods for a circular plastic economy, only a handful of benchmark enzymes have been thoroughly described and subjected to protein engineering for improved properties over the last 16 years. By analyzing the specific material properties of PET and the reaction mechanisms in the context of interfacial biocatalysis, this Perspective identifies several limitations in current enzymatic PET degradation approaches. Unbalanced enzyme-substrate interactions, limited thermostability, and low catalytic efficiency at elevated reaction temperatures, and inhibition caused by oligomeric degradation intermediates still hamper industrial applications that require high catalytic efficiency. To overcome these limitations, successful protein engineering studies using innovative experimental and computational approaches have been published extensively in recent years in this thriving research field and are summarized and discussed in detail here. The acquired knowledge and experience will be applied in the near future to address plastic waste contributed by other mass-produced polymer types (e.g., polyamides and polyurethanes) that should also be properly disposed by biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wei
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany,
| | - Gerlis von Haugwitz
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lara Pfaff
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic,International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital and
Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christoffel P.
S. Badenhorst
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Weidong Liu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport
Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Gert Weber
- Macromolecular
Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harry P. Austin
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic,International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital and
Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic,International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital and
Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany,
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28
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Abstract
In relation to the development of environmentally-friendly processing technologies for the continuously growing market of plastics, enzymes play an important role as green and sustainable biocatalysts. The present study reports the use of heterogeneous immobilized biocatalysts in solvent-free systems for the synthesis of aliphatic oligoesters with Mws and monomer conversions up to 1500 Da and 74%, respectively. To improve the accessibility of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates to the surface of the biocatalyst and improve the reaction kinetic and the chain elongation, two different binding modules were fused on the surface of cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica. The fusion enzymes were successfully immobilized (>99% of bound protein) via covalent bonding onto epoxy-activated beads. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example where fused enzymes are used to catalyze transesterification reactions for polymer synthesis purposes.
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29
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Recent Advances in Biological Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Wastes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030098. [PMID: 35324787 PMCID: PMC8945055 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most commonly used polyester plastics worldwide but is extremely difficult to be hydrolyzed in a natural environment. PET plastic is an inexpensive, lightweight, and durable material, which can readily be molded into an assortment of products that are used in a broad range of applications. Most PET is used for single-use packaging materials, such as disposable consumer items and packaging. Although PET plastics are a valuable resource in many aspects, the proliferation of plastic products in the last several decades have resulted in a negative environmental footprint. The long-term risk of released PET waste in the environment poses a serious threat to ecosystems, food safety, and even human health in modern society. Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts. Current clean-up strategies have attempted to alleviate the adverse impacts of PET pollution but are unable to compete with the increasing quantities of PET waste exposed to the environment. In this review paper, current PET recycling methods to improve life cycle and waste management are discussed, which can be further implemented to reduce plastics pollution and its impacts on health and environment. Compared with conventional mechanical and chemical recycling processes, the biotechnological recycling of PET involves enzymatic degradation of the waste PET and the followed bioconversion of degraded PET monomers into value-added chemicals. This approach creates a circular PET economy by recycling waste PET or upcycling it into more valuable products with minimal environmental footprint.
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30
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Enhancement of PET biodegradation by anchor peptide-cutinase fusion protein. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 156:110004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Computational design of a cutinase for plastic biodegradation by mining molecular dynamics simulations trajectories. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:459-470. [PMID: 35070168 PMCID: PMC8761609 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has caused serious environmental concerns but could be degraded at high temperature. Previous studies show that cutinase from Thermobifida fusca KW3 (TfCut2) is capable of degrading and upcycling PET but is limited by its thermal stability. Nowadays, Popular protein stability modification methods rely mostly on the crystal structures, but ignore the fact that the actual conformation of protein is complex and constantly changing. To solve these problems, we developed a computational approach to design variants with enhanced protein thermal stability by mining Molecular Dynamics simulation trajectories using Machine Learning methods (MDL). The optimal classification accuracy and the optimal Pearson correlation coefficient of MDL model were 0.780 and 0.716, respectively. And we successfully designed variants with high ΔTm values using MDL method. The optimal variant S121P/D174S/D204P had the highest ΔTm value of 9.3 °C, and the PET degradation ratio increased by 46.42-fold at 70℃, compared with that of wild type TfCut2. These results deepen our understanding on the complex conformations of proteins and may enhance the plastic recycling and sustainability at glass transition temperature.
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32
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Qi X, Yan W, Cao Z, Ding M, Yuan Y. Current Advances in the Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Polyethylene Terephthalate. Microorganisms 2021; 10:39. [PMID: 35056486 PMCID: PMC8779501 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used plastic that is polymerized by terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG). In recent years, PET biodegradation and bioconversion have become important in solving environmental plastic pollution. More and more PET hydrolases have been discovered and modified, which mainly act on and degrade the ester bond of PET. The monomers, TPA and EG, can be further utilized by microorganisms, entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or being converted into high value chemicals, and finally realizing the biodegradation and bioconversion of PET. Based on synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies, this review summarizes the current advances in the modified PET hydrolases, engineered microbial chassis in degrading PET, bioconversion pathways of PET monomers, and artificial microbial consortia in PET biodegradation and bioconversion. Artificial microbial consortium provides novel ideas for the biodegradation and bioconversion of PET or other complex polymers. It is helpful to realize the one-step bioconversion of PET into high value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Qi
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (Z.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenlong Yan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (Z.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhibei Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (Z.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingzhu Ding
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (Z.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.Q.); (W.Y.); (Z.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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33
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Frank R, Krinke D, Sonnendecker C, Zimmermann W, Jahnke HG. Real-Time Noninvasive Analysis of Biocatalytic PET Degradation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Frank
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dana Krinke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sonnendecker
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Experimental and mathematical modeling approaches for biocatalytic post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) hydrolysis. J Biotechnol 2021; 341:76-85. [PMID: 34534594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The environmental impact arising from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste is notable worldwide. Enzymatic PET hydrolysis can provide chemicals that serve as intermediates for value-added product synthesis and savings in the resources. In the present work, some reaction parameters were evaluated on the hydrolysis of post-consumer PET (PC-PET) using a cutinase from Humicola insolens (HiC). The increase in PC-PET specific area leads to an 8.5-fold increase of the initial enzymatic hydrolysis rate (from 0.2 to 1.7 mmol L-1 h-1), showing that this parameter plays a crucial role in PET hydrolysis reaction. The effect of HiC concentration was investigated, and the enzymatic PC-PET hydrolysis kinetic parameters were estimated based on three different mathematical models describing heterogeneous biocatalysis. The model that best fits the experimental data (R2 = 0.981) indicated 1.68 mgprotein mL-1 as a maximum value of the enzyme concentration to optimize the reaction rate. The HiC thermal stability was evaluated, considering that it is a key parameter for its efficient use in PET degradation. The enzyme half-life was shown to be 110 h at 70 ºC and pH 7.0, which outperforms most of the known enzymes displaying PET hydrolysis activity. The results evidence that HiC is a very promising biocatalyst for efficient PET depolymerization.
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Magalhães RP, Cunha JM, Sousa SF. Perspectives on the Role of Enzymatic Biocatalysis for the Degradation of Plastic PET. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11257. [PMID: 34681915 PMCID: PMC8540959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics are highly durable and widely used materials. Current methodologies of plastic degradation, elimination, and recycling are flawed. In recent years, biodegradation (the usage of microorganisms for material recycling) has grown as a valid alternative to previously used methods. The evolution of bioengineering techniques and the discovery of novel microorganisms and enzymes with degradation ability have been key. One of the most produced plastics is PET, a long chain polymer of terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG) repeating monomers. Many enzymes with PET degradation activity have been discovered, characterized, and engineered in the last few years. However, classification and integrated knowledge of these enzymes are not trivial. Therefore, in this work we present a summary of currently known PET degrading enzymes, focusing on their structural and activity characteristics, and summarizing engineering efforts to improve activity. Although several high potential enzymes have been discovered, further efforts to improve activity and thermal stability are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita P. Magalhães
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM—Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.M.); (J.M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. Cunha
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM—Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.M.); (J.M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM—Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.M.); (J.M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Gao R, Pan H, Lian J. Recent advances in the discovery, characterization, and engineering of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) hydrolases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109868. [PMID: 34489027 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a class of polyester plastic composed of terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG). The accumulation of large amount of PET waste has resulted in severe environmental and health problems. Microbial polyester hydrolases with the ability to degrade PET provide an economy- and environment-friendly approach for the treatment of PET waste. In recent years, many PET hydrolases have been discovered and characterized from various microorganisms and engineered for better performance under practical application conditions. Here, recent progress in the discovery, characterization, and enzymatic mechanism elucidation of PET hydrolases is firstly reviewed. Then, structure-guided protein engineering of PET hydrolases with increased enzymatic activities, expanded substrate specificity, as well as improved protein stability is summarized. In addition, strategies for efficient expression of recombinant PET hydrolases, including secretory expression and cell-surface display, are briefly introduced. This review is concluded with future perspectives in biodegradation and subsequent biotransformation of PET wastes to produce value-added compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haojie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Cui L, Qiu Y, Liang Y, Du C, Dong W, Cheng C, He B. Excretory expression of IsPETase in E. coli by an enhancer of signal peptides and enhanced PET hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:568-575. [PMID: 34371048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The PET hydrolase from Ideonella sakaiensis (IsPETase) is efficient for PET degradation, which provides a promising solution for environmental contamination by plastics. This study focuses on improving the excretion of IsPETase from E. coli by signal peptide (SP) engineering. A SP enhancer B1 (MERACVAV) was fused to the N-terminal of commonly-used SP (PelB, MalE, LamB, and OmpA) to mediate excretion of IsPETase. Strikingly, the modified SP B1OmpA, B1PelB, and B1MalE significantly increased the excretion of IsPETase, while IsPETase was basically expressed in periplasmic space without enhancer B1. The excretion efficiency of IsPETase mediated by B1PelB was improved by 62 folds compared to that of PelB. The hydrolysis of PET by crude IsPETase in culture solution was also enhanced. Furthermore, the amount of released MHET/TPA from PET by IsPETase was increased by 2.7 folds with pre-incubation of hydrophobin HFBII. Taken together, this work may provide a feasible strategy for the excretion and application of the IsPETase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupeng Cui
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yumeng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yu Liang
- 2011 College, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chunjie Du
- 2011 College, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Bingfang He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Ellis LD, Rorrer NA, Sullivan KP, Otto M, McGeehan JE, Román-Leshkov Y, Wierckx N, Beckham GT. Chemical and biological catalysis for plastics recycling and upcycling. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nikolaivits E, Pantelic B, Azeem M, Taxeidis G, Babu R, Topakas E, Brennan Fournet M, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Progressing Plastics Circularity: A Review of Mechano-Biocatalytic Approaches for Waste Plastic (Re)valorization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:696040. [PMID: 34239864 PMCID: PMC8260098 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.696040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspirational concepts, and the transfer of analogs from natural biology to science and engineering, has produced many excellent technologies to date, spanning vaccines to modern architectural feats. This review highlights that answers to the pressing global petroleum-based plastic waste challenges, can be found within the mechanics and mechanisms natural ecosystems. Here, a suite of technological and engineering approaches, which can be implemented to operate in tandem with nature's prescription for regenerative material circularity, is presented as a route to plastics sustainability. A number of mechanical/green chemical (pre)treatment methodologies, which simulate natural weathering and arthropodal dismantling activities are reviewed, including: mechanical milling, reactive extrusion, ultrasonic-, UV- and degradation using supercritical CO2. Akin to natural mechanical degradation, the purpose of the pretreatments is to render the plastic materials more amenable to microbial and biocatalytic activities, to yield effective depolymerization and (re)valorization. While biotechnological based degradation and depolymerization of both recalcitrant and bioplastics are at a relatively early stage of development, the potential for acceleration and expedition of valuable output monomers and oligomers yields is considerable. To date a limited number of independent mechano-green chemical approaches and a considerable and growing number of standalone enzymatic and microbial degradation studies have been reported. A convergent strategy, one which forges mechano-green chemical treatments together with the enzymatic and microbial actions, is largely lacking at this time. An overview of the reported microbial and enzymatic degradations of petroleum-based synthetic polymer plastics, specifically: low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethanes (PU) and polycaprolactone (PCL) and selected prevalent bio-based or bio-polymers [polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polybutylene succinate (PBS)], is detailed. The harvesting of depolymerization products to produce new materials and higher-value products is also a key endeavor in effectively completing the circle for plastics. Our challenge is now to effectively combine and conjugate the requisite cross disciplinary approaches and progress the essential science and engineering technologies to categorically complete the life-cycle for plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Brana Pantelic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - George Taxeidis
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ramesh Babu
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Dissanayake L, Jayakody LN. Engineering Microbes to Bio-Upcycle Polyethylene Terephthalate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:656465. [PMID: 34124018 PMCID: PMC8193722 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.656465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is globally the largest produced aromatic polyester with an annual production exceeding 50 million metric tons. PET can be mechanically and chemically recycled; however, the extra costs in chemical recycling are not justified when converting PET back to the original polymer, which leads to less than 30% of PET produced annually to be recycled. Hence, waste PET massively contributes to plastic pollution and damaging the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The global energy and environmental concerns with PET highlight a clear need for technologies in PET "upcycling," the creation of higher-value products from reclaimed PET. Several microbes that degrade PET and corresponding PET hydrolase enzymes have been successfully identified. The characterization and engineering of these enzymes to selectively depolymerize PET into original monomers such as terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol have been successful. Synthetic microbiology and metabolic engineering approaches enable the development of efficient microbial cell factories to convert PET-derived monomers into value-added products. In this mini-review, we present the recent progress of engineering microbes to produce higher-value chemical building blocks from waste PET using a wholly biological and a hybrid chemocatalytic-biological strategy. We also highlight the potent metabolic pathways to bio-upcycle PET into high-value biotransformed molecules. The new synthetic microbes will help establish the circular materials economy, alleviate the adverse energy and environmental impacts of PET, and provide market incentives for PET reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshika Dissanayake
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Lahiru N. Jayakody
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
- Fermentation Science Institute, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
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García-Depraect O, Bordel S, Lebrero R, Santos-Beneit F, Börner RA, Börner T, Muñoz R. Inspired by nature: Microbial production, degradation and valorization of biodegradable bioplastics for life-cycle-engineered products. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107772. [PMID: 34015389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The global environmental pollution by micro- and macro-plastics reveals the consequences of an extensive use of recalcitrant plastic products together with inappropriate waste management practices that fail to sufficiently recycle the broad types of conventional plastic waste. Biobased and biodegradable plastics are experiencing an uprising as their properties offer alternative waste management solutions for a more circular material economy. However, although the production of such bioplastics has advanced on scale, the end-of-life (EOL) (bio)technologies to promote circularity are lacking behind. While composting and biogas plants are the only managed EOL options today, advanced biotechnological recycling technologies for biodegradable bioplastics are still in an embryonic stage. Thus, developing efficient biotechnologies capable of transforming bioplastic waste into high-value chemical building blocks or into the constituents of the original polymer offers promising routes towards life-cycle-engineered products. This review aims at providing a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of microbial-based processes involved in the complete lifecycle of bioplastics. The current trends in the bioplastic market, the beginning and EOL scenarios of bioplastics, and a critical discussion on the key factors and mechanisms governing microbial degradation are systematically presented. Also, a critical evaluation of terminology and international standards to quantify polymer biodegradability is provided together with the latest biotechnological recycling strategies, including the use of different pre-treatments for (bio)plastic waste. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the development of life-cycle-engineered biobased and biodegradable plastic products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio García-Depraect
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosa Aragão Börner
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tim Börner
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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Kan Y, He L, Luo Y, Bao R. IsPETase Is a Novel Biocatalyst for Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Hydrolysis. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1706-1716. [PMID: 33434375 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most widely used synthetic polyesters, but also a major cause of plastic pollution. Because the chemical degradation of PET would be uneconomical and rather burdensome, considerable efforts have been devoted to exploring enzymatic processes for the disposal of PET waste. Many PET-hydrolyzing enzymes have been reported in recent decades, some of which demonstrate excellent potential for industrial applications. This review sets out to summarize the state of investigation into IsPETase, a cutinase-like enzyme from Ideonella sakaiensis possessing ability to degrade crystalline PET, and to gain further insight into the structure-function relationship of IsPETase. Benefiting from the continuing identification of novel cutinase-like proteins and growing availability of the engineered IsPETase, we may anticipate future developments in this type of enzyme would generate suitable biocatalyst for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyi Kan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lihui He
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yunzi Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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Shi L, Liu H, Gao S, Weng Y, Zhu L. Enhanced Extracellular Production of IsPETase in Escherichia coli via Engineering of the pelB Signal Peptide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2245-2252. [PMID: 33576230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most commonly used plastics worldwide and its accumulation in the environment is a global problem. PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6 was reported to exhibit higher hydrolytic activity and specificity for PET than other enzymes at ambient temperature. Enzymatic degradation of PET using PETase provides an attractive approach for plastic degradation and recycling. In this work, extracellular PETase was achieved by Escherichia coli BL21 using a Sec-dependent translocation signal peptide, pelB, for secretion. Furthermore, engineering of the pelB through random mutagenesis and screening was performed to improve the secretion efficiency of PETase. Evolved pelB enabled higher PETase secretion by up to 1.7-fold. The improved secretion of PETase led to more efficient hydrolysis of the PET model compound, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (BHET), PET powder, and PET film. Our study presents the first example of the increasing secretion of PETase by an engineered signal peptide, providing a promising approach to obtain extracellular PETase for efficient enzymatic degradation of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Songfeng Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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Oda M, Numoto N, Bekker GJ, Kamiya N, Kawai F. Cutinases from thermophilic bacteria (actinomycetes): From identification to functional and structural characterization. Methods Enzymol 2021; 648:159-185. [PMID: 33579402 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thermophilic cutinases are mainly obtained from thermophilic actinomycetes, and are categorized into two groups, i.e., those with higher (>70°C) or lower (<70°C) thermostabilities. The thermostabilities of cutinases are highly relevant to their ability to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Many crystal structures of thermophilic cutinases have been solved, showing that their overall backbone structures are identical, irrespective of their ability to hydrolyze PET. One of the unique properties of cutinases is that metal ion-binding on the enzyme's surface both elevates their melting temperatures and activates the enzyme. In this chapter, we introduce the methodology for the identification and cloning of thermophilic cutinases from actinomycetes. For detailed characterization of cutinases, we describe the approach to analyze the intricate dynamics of the enzyme, based on its crystal structures complexed with metal ions and model substrates using a combination of experimental and computational techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Oda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gert-Jan Bekker
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Narutoshi Kamiya
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fusako Kawai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
This short paper reviews two groups of enzymes designated as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolases: one consists of thermophilic cutinases from thermophilic microorganisms (actinomycetes and a fungus) and the other consists of mesophilic cutinases, the representative of which is IsPETase from a mesophilic bacterium. From the viewpoint that PET hydrolysis requires a high temperature close to the glass transition temperature (65–70 °C in water) of PET, mesophilic cutinases are not suitable for use in the enzymatic recycling of PET since their degradation level is one to three orders of magnitude lower than that of thermophilic cutinases. Many studies have attempted to increase the thermostability of IsPETase by introducing mutations, but even with these modifications, the mesophilic cutinase does not reach the same level of degradation as thermophilic cutinases. In addition, this kind of trial contradicts the claim that IsPETase works at ambient temperature. As plastic pollution is an urgent environmental issue, scientists must focus on feasible thermophilic enzymes for the enzymatic processing of disposed PET, rather than on mesophilic cutinases. Thermophilic and mesophilic cutinases must be evaluated precisely and comparatively, based on their features that enable them to hydrolyze PET, with the aim of enzymatic PET disposal. The level of thermophilic cutinases has already reached their optimal level in PET biorecycling. The optimal level may be reached through the processing of PET waste, by amorphization and micronization into readily hydrolysable forms and the improvement of PET hydrolases by engineering higher degradation ability and low-cost production. Here I summarize the critical points in the evaluation of PET hydrolases and discuss the biorecycling of PET.
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Chen Z, Xiao Y, Weber G, Wei R, Wang Z. Yeast cell surface display of bacterial PET hydrolase as a sustainable biocatalyst for the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate. Methods Enzymol 2021; 648:457-477. [PMID: 33579416 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is considered to be an environmentally friendly method for the recycling of plastic waste. Recently, a bacterial enzyme named IsPETase was found in Ideonella sakaiensis with the ability to degrade amorphous PET at ambient temperature suggesting its possible use in recycling of PET. However, applying the purified IsPETase in large-scale PET recycling has limitations, i.e., a complicated production process, high cost of single-use, and instability of the enzyme. Yeast cell surface display has proven to be an effectual alternative for improving enzyme degradation efficiency and realizing industrial applications. This chapter deals with the construction and application of a whole-cell biocatalyst by displaying IsPETase on the surface of yeast (Pichia pastoris) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunjie Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gert Weber
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ren Wei
- Junior Research Group Plastic Biodegradation, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Zefang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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Cui Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Dong S, Tian Y, Qiao Y, Mitra R, Han J, Li C, Han X, Liu W, Chen Q, Wei W, Wang X, Du W, Tang S, Xiang H, Liu H, Liang Y, Houk KN, Wu B. Computational Redesign of a PETase for Plastic Biodegradation under Ambient Condition by the GRAPE Strategy. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230052,China
| | - Saijun Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Yu’e Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Ruchira Mitra
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
| | - Jing Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Chunli Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Xu Han
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308,China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308,China
| | - Quan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230052,China
| | - Wangqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Wenbin Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Shuangyan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Hua Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230052,China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095, California, United States
| | - Bian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China
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49
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Samak NA, Jia Y, Sharshar MM, Mu T, Yang M, Peh S, Xing J. Recent advances in biocatalysts engineering for polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste green recycling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106144. [PMID: 32987219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The massive waste of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) that ends up in the landfills and oceans and needs hundreds of years for degradation has attracted global concern. The poor stability and productivity of the available PET biocatalysts hinder their industrial applications. Active PET biocatalysts can provide a promising avenue for PET bioconversion and recycling. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies that could enhance the stability, catalytic activity, solubility, productivity, and re-usability of these PET biocatalysts under harsh conditions such as high temperatures, pH, and salinity. This has raised great attention in using bioengineering strategies to improve PET biocatalysts' robustness and catalytic behavior. Herein, historical and forecasting data of plastic production and disposal were critically reviewed. Challenges facing the PET degradation process and available strategies that could be used to solve them were critically highlighted and summarized. In this review, we also discussed the recent progress in enzyme bioengineering approaches used for discovering new PET biocatalysts, elucidating the degradation mechanism, and improving the catalytic performance, solubility, and productivity, critically assess their strength and weakness and highlighting the gaps of the available data. Discovery of more potential PET hydrolases and studying their molecular mechanism extensively via solving their crystal structure will widen this research area to move forward the industrial application. A deeper knowledge of PET molecular and degradation mechanisms will give great insight into the future identification of related enzymes. The reported bioengineering strategies during this review could be used to reduce PET crystallinity and to increase the operational temperature of PET hydrolyzing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Samak
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; Processes Design and Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yunpu Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Moustafa M Sharshar
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tingzhen Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Maohua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Sumit Peh
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianmin Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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50
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Maurya A, Bhattacharya A, Khare SK. Enzymatic Remediation of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)-Based Polymers for Effective Management of Plastic Wastes: An Overview. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:602325. [PMID: 33330434 PMCID: PMC7710609 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, plastic-based pollution is now recognized as one of the serious threats to the environment. Among different plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) occupies a pivotal place, its excess presence as a waste is a major environmental concern. Mechanical, thermal, and chemical-based treatments are generally used to manage PET pollution. However, these methods are usually expensive or generate secondary pollutants. Hence, there is a need for a cost-effective and environment-friendly method for efficient management of PET-based plastic wastes. Considering this, enzymatic treatment or recycling is one of the important methods to curb PET pollution. In this regard, PET hydrolases have been explored for the treatment of PET wastes. These enzymes act on PET and end its breakdown into monomeric units and subsequently results in loss of weight. However, various factors, specifically PET crystallinity, temperature, and pH, are known to affect this enzymatic process. For effective hydrolysis of PET, high temperature is required, which facilitates easy accessibility of substrate (PET) to enzymes. However, to function at this high temperature, there is a requirement of thermostable enzymes. The thermostability could be enhanced using glycosylation, immobilization, and enzyme engineering. Furthermore, the use of surfactants, additives such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and hydrophobins (cysteine-rich proteins), has also been reported to enhance the enzymatic PET hydrolysis through facilitating easy accessibility of PET polymers. The present review encompasses a brief overview of the use of enzymes toward the management of PET wastes. Various methods affecting the treatment process and different constraints arising thereof are also systematically highlighted in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Maurya
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrik Bhattacharya
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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