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Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Islam N, Haribabu Y, Alobaidi R, Shalamzari A, Graham G, Kuo LW, Sykora P, Rosenthal DS. CD133 Stimulates Cell Proliferation via the Upregulation of Amphiregulin in Melanoma. Cells 2024; 13:777. [PMID: 38727313 PMCID: PMC11083289 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CD133, a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in tumors, including melanoma, is associated with tumor recurrence, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Patient-derived melanoma cell lines were transduced with a Tet-on vector expressing CD133, generating doxycycline (Dox)-inducible cell lines. Cells were exposed to Dox for 24 h to induce CD133 expression, followed by RNA-seq and bioinformatic analyses, revealing genes and pathways that are significantly up- or downregulated by CD133. The most significantly upregulated gene after CD133 was amphiregulin (AREG), validated by qRT-PCR and immunoblot analyses. Induced CD133 expression significantly increased cell growth, percentage of cells in S-phase, BrdU incorporation into nascent DNA, and PCNA levels, indicating that CD133 stimulates cell proliferation. CD133 induction also activated EGFR and the MAPK pathway. Potential mechanisms highlighting the role(s) of CD133 and AREG in melanoma CSC were further delineated using AREG/EGFR inhibitors or siRNA knockdown of AREG mRNA. Treatment with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib blocked CD133-induced cell growth increase and MAPK pathway activation. Importantly, siRNA knockdown of AREG reversed the stimulatory effects of CD133 on cell growth, indicating that AREG mediates the effects of CD133 on cell proliferation, thus serving as an attractive target for novel combinatorial therapeutics in melanoma and cancers with overexpression of both CD133 and AREG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Nusrat Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Yogameenakshi Haribabu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Ryyan Alobaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Azadeh Shalamzari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Garrett Graham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Peter Sykora
- Amelia Technologies, LLC., Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - Dean S Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
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2
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Simunic M, Joshi JT, Merkens H, Colpo N, Kuo HT, Lum JJ, Bénard F. PSMA imaging as a non-invasive tool to monitor inducible gene expression in vivo. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:3. [PMID: 38177950 PMCID: PMC10767034 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Simunic
- Department of Hematology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Centre, Spinciceva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Jay T Joshi
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 West 10Th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nadine Colpo
- BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 West 10Th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Hsiou-Ting Kuo
- BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 West 10Th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Julian J Lum
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- BC Cancer Research Institute, 675 West 10Th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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3
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Zhang H, Yamaguchi T, Kawabata K. The maturation of iPS cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells by inducible-SOX18 expression. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:10. [PMID: 36732767 PMCID: PMC9893670 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) play a major role in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and are critical for establishing an in vitro BBB model. Currently, iPSC-derived BMECs (iBMECs) have been used to construct in vitro BBB models with physiological barrier functions, such as high trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and expression of transporter proteins. However, the relatively low p-glycoprotein (P-gp) level and a decrease in the efflux ratio of its substrates in iBMECs suggest their immature nature. Therefore, more mature iBMECs by optimizing the differentiation induction protocol is beneficial for establishing a more reliable in vitro BBB model for studying central nervous system (CNS) drug transport. METHODS To identify human brain endothelial cell fate-inducing factors, HUVEC was transfected with Zic3A-, Zic3B-, and Sox18-expressing lentivirus vector. Since SOX18 was found to induce BMEC properties, we used a Dox-inducible Tet-on system to express SOX18 during iBMEC differentiation and explored the impact of SOX18 expression on iBMEC maturation. RESULTS Sox18-mediated iBMECs achieved a higher TEER value than normal iBMECs (> 3000 Ω cm2). From day 6 to day 10 (d6-10 group), the iBMECs with SOX18 expression expressed a series of tight junction markers and showed upregulation of Mfsd2a, a specific marker of the BBB. The d6-10 group also expressed SLC2A1/Glut1 at levels as high as normal iBMECs, and upregulated ABCB1/P-gp and ABCC1/MRP1 expression. Moreover, Sox18-mediated iBMECs showed higher viability than normal iBMECs after puromycin treatment, indicating that SOX18 expression could upregulate P-gp activity in iBMECs. CONCLUSIONS Inducible SOX18 expression in iBMECs gained BBB phenotypes, including high TEER values and upregulation of tight junction-related genes, endothelial cell (EC) markers, BBB transporters, and higher cell viability after treatment with puromycin. Collectively, we provide a differentiation method for the maturation of human iPS cell-derived BMECs with SOX18 expression, describing its contribution to form an in vitro BBB model for CNS drug transport studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,grid.482562.fLaboratory of Cell Model for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi 7-6-8, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- grid.482562.fLaboratory of Cell Model for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi 7-6-8, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,grid.482562.fLaboratory of Cell Model for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi 7-6-8, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085 Japan
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4
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Characterization of an immune-evading doxycycline-inducible lentiviral vector for gene therapy in the spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Gutiérrez-Álvarez J, Honrubia JM, Sanz-Bravo A, González-Miranda E, Fernández-Delgado R, Rejas MT, Zúñiga S, Sola I, Enjuanes L. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine based on a propagation-defective RNA replicon elicited sterilizing immunity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111075118. [PMID: 34686605 PMCID: PMC8639359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111075118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA replicons are promising platforms for vaccine generation. Their defects in one or more essential functions for viral replication, particle assembly, or dissemination make them highly safe as vaccines. We previously showed that the deletion of the envelope (E) gene from the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) produces a replication-competent propagation-defective RNA replicon (MERS-CoV-ΔE). Evaluation of this replicon in mice expressing human dipeptidyl peptidase 4, the virus receptor, showed that the single deletion of the E gene generated an attenuated mutant. The combined deletion of the E gene with accessory open reading frames (ORFs) 3, 4a, 4b, and 5 resulted in a highly attenuated propagation-defective RNA replicon (MERS-CoV-Δ[3,4a,4b,5,E]). This RNA replicon induced sterilizing immunity in mice after challenge with a lethal dose of a virulent MERS-CoV, as no histopathological damage or infectious virus was detected in the lungs of challenged mice. The four mutants lacking the E gene were genetically stable, did not recombine with the E gene provided in trans during their passage in cell culture, and showed a propagation-defective phenotype in vivo. In addition, immunization with MERS-CoV-Δ[3,4a,4b,5,E] induced significant levels of neutralizing antibodies, indicating that MERS-CoV RNA replicons are highly safe and promising vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Defective Viruses/genetics
- Defective Viruses/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, env
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity
- RNA, Viral/administration & dosage
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Replicon
- Vaccines, DNA
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virulence/genetics
- Virulence/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gutiérrez-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Honrubia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sanz-Bravo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E González-Miranda
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Fernández-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M T Rejas
- Electron Microscopy Service, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO-CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - S Zúñiga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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6
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Hosoya O, Chung M, Ansai S, Takeuchi H, Miyaji M. A modified Tet-ON system minimizing leaky expression for cell-type specific gene induction in medaka fish. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:397-405. [PMID: 34375435 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Tet-ON system is an important molecular tool for temporally and spatially-controlled inducible gene expression. Here, we developed a Tet-ON system to induce transgene expression specifically in the rod photoreceptors of medaka fish. Our modified reverse tetracycline-controlled transcriptional transactivator (rtTAm) with 5 amino acid substitutions dramatically improved the leakiness of the transgene in medaka fish. We generated a transgenic line carrying a self-reporting vector with the rtTAm gene driven by the Xenopus rhodopsin promoter and a tetracycline response element (TRE) followed by the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. We demonstrated that GFP fluorescence was restricted to the rod photoreceptors in the presence of doxycycline in larval fish (9 days post-fertilization). The GFP fluorescence intensity was enhanced with longer durations of doxycycline treatment up to 72 h and in a dose-dependent manner (5-45 μg/ml). These findings demonstrate that the Tet-ON system using rtTAm allows for spatiotemporal control of transgene expression, at least in the rod photoreceptors, in medaka fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hosoya
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Myung Chung
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mary Miyaji
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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7
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Moya-Torres A, Gupta M, Heide F, Krahn N, Legare S, Nikodemus D, Imhof T, Meier M, Koch M, Stetefeld J. Homogenous overexpression of the extracellular matrix protein Netrin-1 in a hollow fiber bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6047-6057. [PMID: 34342709 PMCID: PMC8390410 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins for functional and biophysical studies, especially in the field of structural determination, still represents a challenge as high quality and quantities are needed to adequately perform experiments. This is in part solved by optimizing protein constructs and expression conditions to maximize the yields in regular flask expression systems. Still, work flow and effort can be substantial with no guarantee to obtain improvements. This study presents a combination of workflows that can be used to dramatically increase protein production and improve processing results, specifically for the extracellular matrix protein Netrin-1. This proteoglycan is an axon guidance cue which interacts with various receptors to initiate downstream signaling cascades affecting cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. We were able to produce large glycoprotein quantities in mammalian cells, which were engineered for protein overexpression and secretion into the media using the controlled environment provided by a hollow fiber bioreactor. Close monitoring of the internal bioreactor conditions allowed for stable production over an extended period of time. In addition to this, Netrin-1 concentrations were monitored in expression media through biolayer interferometry which allowed us to increase Netrin-1 media concentrations tenfold over our current flask systems while preserving excellent protein quality and in solution behavior. Our particular combination of genetic engineering, cell culture system, protein purification, and biophysical characterization permitted us to establish an efficient and continuous production of high-quality protein suitable for structural biology studies that can be translated to various biological systems. KEY POINTS: • Hollow fiber bioreactor produces substantial yields of homogenous Netrin-1 • Biolayer interferometry allows target protein quantitation in expression media • High production yields in the bioreactor do not impair Netrin-1 proteoglycan quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniel Moya-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Monika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Fabian Heide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Natalie Krahn
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott Legare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Denise Nikodemus
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Imhof
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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8
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Guan Y, Tiwari AD, Phillips JG, Hasipek M, Grabowski DR, Pagliuca S, Gopal P, Kerr CM, Adema V, Radivoyevitch T, Parker Y, Lindner DJ, Meggendorfer M, Abazeed M, Sekeres MA, Mian OY, Haferlach T, Maciejewski JP, Jha BK. A Therapeutic Strategy for Preferential Targeting of TET2 Mutant and TET-dioxygenase Deficient Cells in Myeloid Neoplasms. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 2:146-161. [PMID: 33681816 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TET2 is frequently mutated in myeloid neoplasms. Genetic TET2 deficiency leads to skewed myeloid differentiation and clonal expansion, but minimal residual TET activity is critical for survival of neoplastic progenitor and stem cells. Consistent with mutual exclusivity of TET2 and neomorphic IDH1/2 mutations, here we report that IDH1/2 mutant-derived 2-hydroxyglutarate is synthetically lethal to TET-dioxygenase deficient cells. In addition, a TET-selective small molecule inhibitor decreased cytosine hydroxymethylation and restricted clonal outgrowth of TET2 mutant, but not normal hematopoietic precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. While TET-inhibitor phenocopied somatic TET2 mutations, its pharmacologic effects on normal stem cells were, unlike mutations, reversible. Treatment with TET inhibitor suppressed the clonal evolution of TET2 mutant cells in murine models and TET2-mutated human leukemia xenografts. These results suggest that TET inhibitors may constitute a new class of targeted agents in TET2 mutant neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Guan
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Anand D Tiwari
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - James G Phillips
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Metis Hasipek
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Dale R Grabowski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Simona Pagliuca
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Priyanka Gopal
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Cassandra M Kerr
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Vera Adema
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | | | - Yvonne Parker
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Daniel J Lindner
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute
| | | | - Mohamed Abazeed
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Leukemia Program, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mikkeal A Sekeres
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Leukemia Program, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Omar Y Mian
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Leukemia Program, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Babal K Jha
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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9
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Establishment of A Reversibly Inducible Porcine Granulosa Cell Line. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010156. [PMID: 31936362 PMCID: PMC7017277 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cells (GCs) are the key components of ovarian follicles for regulating oocyte maturation. Previous established GC lines have allowed prolonged proliferation, but lost some physiological features owing to long-term immortalization. This study was to establish an induced immortal porcine GC line with reversible proliferation status by the tetracycline inducible (Tet-on) 3G system. Our conditional immortal porcine GCs (CIPGCs) line steadily propagated for at least six months and displayed primary GC morphology when cultured in the presence of 50 ng/mL doxycycline [Dox (+)]. Upon Dox withdrawal [Dox (–)], Large T-antigen expression, reflected by mCherry fluorescence, gradually became undetectable within 48 h, accompanied by less proliferation and size increase. The levels of estradiol and progesterone, and the expression of genes associated with steroid production, such as CYP11A1 (cytochrome P450 family 11), 3β-HSD (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), and CYP19A1 (cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily a member 1), were all significantly higher in the Dox (–) group than Dox (+) group. The CIPGCs could switch into a proliferative state upon Dox induction. Interestingly, the expression of StAR and CYP19A1 in the CIPGCs (–Dox) was significantly increased by adding porcine follicular fluid (PFF) to mimic an ovary follicle environment. Moreover, PFF priming the CIPGCs in Dox (–) group resulted in similar estradiol production as that of primary GC, and enabled this cell line to respond to gonadotrophins in estradiol production. Collectively, we have established an inducible immortal porcine GC line, which offers a unique and valuable model for future research on the regulation of ovarian functions.
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10
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Yokobayashi Y. Aptamer-based and aptazyme-based riboswitches in mammalian cells. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 52:72-78. [PMID: 31238268 PMCID: PMC7108311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition by RNA aptamers has been exploited to control gene expression in response to small molecules in mammalian cells. These mammalian synthetic riboswitches offer attractive features such as small genetic size and lower risk of immunological complications compared to protein-based transcriptional gene switches. The diversity of gene regulatory mechanisms that involve RNA has also inspired the development of mammalian riboswitches that harness various regulatory mechanisms. In this report, recent advances in synthetic riboswitches that function in mammalian cells are reviewed focusing on the regulatory mechanisms they exploit such as mRNA degradation, microRNA processing, and programmed ribosomal frameshifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Yokobayashi
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904 0495, Japan.
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11
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Costello A, Lao NT, Gallagher C, Capella Roca B, Julius LAN, Suda S, Ducrée J, King D, Wagner R, Barron N, Clynes M. Leaky Expression of the TET-On System Hinders Control of Endogenous miRNA Abundance. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800219. [PMID: 29989353 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the ability to affect multiple genes and fundamental pathways simultaneously, miRNA engineering of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells has significant advantages over single gene expression or repression. Tight control of these molecular triggers is desirable as it could in theory allow on/off or even tunable regulation of desirable cellular phenotypes. The present study investigated the potential of employing a tetracycline inducible (TET-On) system for conditional knockdown of specific miRNAs but encountered several challenges. The authors show a significant reduction in cell proliferation and culture viability when maintained in media supplemented with the TET-On induction agent Doxycycline at concentrations commonly reported. Calculation of a mature miRNA and miRNA sponge mRNA copy number demonstrates that leaky basal transgene expression in the un-induced state, is sufficient for significant miRNA knockdown. This work highlights challenges of the TET-On inducible expression system for controlled manipulation of endogenous miRNAs with two examples; miR-378 and miR-455. The authors suggest a solution involving isolation of highly inducible clones and use a single cell analysis platform to demonstrate the heterogeneity of basal expression and inducibility. Finally, the authors describe numerous strategies to minimize leaky transgene expression and alterations to current miRNA sponge design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Costello
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nga T Lao
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clair Gallagher
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Berta Capella Roca
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Srinivas Suda
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jens Ducrée
- Fraunhofer Project Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damien King
- Fraunhofer Project Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Das AT, Tenenbaum L, Berkhout B. Tet-On Systems For Doxycycline-inducible Gene Expression. Curr Gene Ther 2017; 16:156-67. [PMID: 27216914 PMCID: PMC5070417 DOI: 10.2174/1566523216666160524144041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tetracycline-controlled Tet-Off and Tet-On gene expression systems are used to regulate the activity of genes in eukaryotic cells in diverse settings, varying from basic biological research to biotechnology and gene therapy applications. These systems are based on regulatory elements that control the activity of the tetracycline-resistance operon in bacteria. The Tet-Off system allows silencing of gene expression by administration of tetracycline (Tc) or tetracycline-derivatives like doxycycline (dox), whereas the Tet-On system allows activation of gene expression by dox. Since the initial design and construction of the original Tet-system, these bacterium-derived systems have been significantly improved for their function in eukaryotic cells. We here review how a dox-controlled HIV-1 variant was designed and used to greatly improve the activity and dox-sensitivity of the rtTA transcriptional activator component of the Tet-On system. These optimized rtTA variants require less dox for activation, which will reduce side effects and allow gene control in tissues where a relatively low dox level can be reached, such as the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atze T Das
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Pinto R, Hansen L, Hintze J, Almeida R, Larsen S, Coskun M, Davidsen J, Mitchelmore C, David L, Troelsen JT, Bennett EP. Precise integration of inducible transcriptional elements (PrIITE) enables absolute control of gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e123. [PMID: 28472465 PMCID: PMC5570051 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracycline-based inducible systems provide powerful methods for functional studies where gene expression can be controlled. However, the lack of tight control of the inducible system, leading to leakiness and adverse effects caused by undesirable tetracycline dosage requirements, has proven to be a limitation. Here, we report that the combined use of genome editing tools and last generation Tet-On systems can resolve these issues. Our principle is based on precise integration of inducible transcriptional elements (coined PrIITE) targeted to: (i) exons of an endogenous gene of interest (GOI) and (ii) a safe harbor locus. Using PrIITE cells harboring a GFP reporter or CDX2 transcription factor, we demonstrate discrete inducibility of gene expression with complete abrogation of leakiness. CDX2 PrIITE cells generated by this approach uncovered novel CDX2 downstream effector genes. Our results provide a strategy for characterization of dose-dependent effector functions of essential genes that require absence of endogenous gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinto
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hansen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Hintze
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raquel Almeida
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sylvester Larsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology & Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Davidsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Cathy Mitchelmore
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Leonor David
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Eric Paul Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Ni W, Zhang Y, Zhan Z, Ye F, Liang Y, Huang J, Chen K, Chen L, Ding Y. A novel lncRNA uc.134 represses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting CUL4A-mediated ubiquitination of LATS1. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:91. [PMID: 28420424 PMCID: PMC5395742 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and tumor recurrence and metastasis are major factors that contribute to the poor outcome of patients with HCC. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate different tumorigenic processes, and a growing body of evidence indicates that Hippo kinase signaling is inactivated in many cancers. However, the upstream lncRNA regulators of Hippo kinase signaling in HCC are poorly understood. METHODS Using a lncRNA microarray, we identified a novel lncRNA, uc.134, whose expression was significantly decreased in the highly aggressive HCC cell line HCCLM3 compared with MHCC97L cells. Furthermore, we evaluated uc.134 expression in clinical samples using in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The full-length transcript of uc.134 was confirmed using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses. To investigate the biological function of uc.134, we performed gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies both in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanisms of uc.134 in HCC were investigated using RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, Western blotting, mRNA microarray analyses, and qRT-PCR analyses. RESULTS The ISH assay revealed that uc.134 expression was significantly decreased in 170 paraffin-embedded samples from patients with HCC compared with adjacent tissues and uc.134 expression directly correlated with patient prognosis. Furthermore, we defined a 1867-bp full-length transcript of uc.134 using 5'- and 3'-RACE analysis. The overexpression of uc.134 inhibited HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, whereas the knockdown of uc.134 produced the opposite results. Furthermore, we confirmed that uc.134 (1408-1867 nt) binds to CUL4A (592-759 aa region) and inhibits its nuclear export. Moreover, we demonstrated that uc.134 inhibits the CUL4A-mediated ubiquitination of LATS1 and increases YAPS127 phosphorylation to silence the target genes of YAP. Finally, a positive correlation between uc.134, LATS1, and pYAPS127 was confirmed in 90 paraffin-embedded samples by ISH and immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies that a novel lncRNA, uc.134, represses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting the CUL4A-mediated ubiquitination of LATS1 and increasing YAPS127 phosphorylation. The use of this lncRNA may offer a promising treatment approach by inhibiting YAP and activating Hippo kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zetao Zhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yonghao Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Keli Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Longhua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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15
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A novel inducible lentiviral system for multi-gene expression with human HSP70 promoter and tetracycline-induced promoter. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3689-3702. [PMID: 28160047 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite lentiviral system's predominance, its ultimate potential for gene therapy has not been fully exploited. Currently, most lentivirus vectors are non-inducible expression system or single-gene-induced system, which limits the extensive application in gene therapy. In this study, we designed a novel lentiviral vector containing HSP70 promoter and TRE promoter. Compared to traditional lentiviral vectors and inducible vectors, our controllable system has many advantages. Firstly, it contains multiple gene or shRNA targets. Secondly, genes expression is on/off in response to heat shock and DOX induction in time of need respectively with high effectivity and sensitivity. Thirdly, TRE promoter and HSP70 promoter can work with no interference from each other in the same inducible lentiviral vector. In addition, our study also shows that our novel vector has a higher downstream gene expression efficiency than co-transfection method and can co-position multi-genes in single cell effectively. Finally, we propose four derived models based on our vector at the end, which may be useful in biological research and clinical research in the future. Therefore, we believe that this novel lentiviral system could be promising in gene therapy for tumor.
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16
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Gebert J, Schnölzer M, Warnken U, Kopitz J. Combining Click Chemistry-Based Proteomics With Dox-Inducible Gene Expression. Methods Enzymol 2016; 585:295-327. [PMID: 28109436 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in single genes can trigger, prevent, promote, or alleviate diseases. Identifying such disease-related genes is a main pillar of medical research. Since proteins play a crucial role in mediating these effects, their impact on the diseased cells' proteome including posttranslational modifications has to be elucidated for a detailed understanding of the role of these genes in the disease process. In complex disorders, like cancer, several genes contribute to the disease process, thereby hampering the assignment of a proteomic change to the corresponding causative gene. To enable comprehensive screening for the impact of inactivation of a gene, e.g., loss of a tumor suppressor in cancer, on the cellular proteome, we present a strategy based on combination of three technologies that is recombinase-mediated cassette exchange, click chemistry, and mass spectrometry. The methodology is exemplified by the analysis of the proteomic changes induced by the loss of a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer cells. To demonstrate the applicability to screen for posttranslational modification changes, we also describe the analysis of protein glycosylation changes caused by the tumor suppressor inactivation. In principle, this strategy can be applied to analyze the effects of any gene of interest on protein expression as well as posttranslational modification by glycosylation. Moreover adaptation of the strategy to an appropriate cell culture model has the potential for application on a broad range of diseases where the disease-promoting mutations have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gebert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Early Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Early Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Lee S, Sohn KC, Choi DK, Won M, Park KA, Ju SK, Kang K, Bae YK, Hur GM, Ro H. Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switches for Regulated Transgene Expression in Cells and Adult Rodent Tissues. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e367. [PMID: 27673563 PMCID: PMC5056996 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Controlled gene expression is an indispensable technique in biomedical research. Here, we report a convenient, straightforward, and reliable way to induce expression of a gene of interest with negligible background expression compared to the most widely used tetracycline (Tet)-regulated system. Exploiting a Drosophila ecdysone receptor (EcR)-based gene regulatory system, we generated nonviral and adenoviral singular vectors designated as pEUI(+) and pENTR-EUI, respectively, which contain all the required elements to guarantee regulated transgene expression (GAL4-miniVP16-EcR, termed GvEcR hereafter, and 10 tandem repeats of an upstream activation sequence promoter followed by a multiple cloning site). Through the transient and stable transfection of mammalian cell lines with reporter genes, we validated that tebufenozide, an ecdysone agonist, reversibly induced gene expression, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with negligible background expression. In addition, we created an adenovirus derived from the pENTR-EUI vector that readily infected not only cultured cells but also rodent tissues and was sensitive to tebufenozide treatment for regulated transgene expression. These results suggest that EcR-based singular gene regulatory switches would be convenient tools for the induction of gene expression in cells and tissues in a tightly controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoghyun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Won
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Ah Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kyu Ju
- Affiliated Research (and Development) Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidong Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Bae
- Comparative Biomedical Research Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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18
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Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Gutierrez-Alvarez J, Canton J, Sola I. Molecular Basis of Coronavirus Virulence and Vaccine Development. Adv Virus Res 2016; 96:245-286. [PMID: 27712626 PMCID: PMC7112271 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Virus vaccines have to be immunogenic, sufficiently stable, safe, and suitable to induce long-lasting immunity. To meet these requirements, vaccine studies need to provide a comprehensive understanding of (i) the protective roles of antiviral B and T-cell-mediated immune responses, (ii) the complexity and plasticity of major viral antigens, and (iii) virus molecular biology and pathogenesis. There are many types of vaccines including subunit vaccines, whole-inactivated virus, vectored, and live-attenuated virus vaccines, each of which featuring specific advantages and limitations. While nonliving virus vaccines have clear advantages in being safe and stable, they may cause side effects and be less efficacious compared to live-attenuated virus vaccines. In most cases, the latter induce long-lasting immunity but they may require special safety measures to prevent reversion to highly virulent viruses following vaccination. The chapter summarizes the recent progress in the development of coronavirus (CoV) vaccines, focusing on two zoonotic CoVs, the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV, both of which cause deadly disease and epidemics in humans. The development of attenuated virus vaccines to combat infections caused by highly pathogenic CoVs was largely based on the identification and characterization of viral virulence proteins that, for example, interfere with the innate and adaptive immune response or are involved in interactions with specific cell types, such as macrophages, dendritic and epithelial cells, and T lymphocytes, thereby modulating antiviral host responses and viral pathogenesis and potentially resulting in deleterious side effects following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Enjuanes
- National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Zuñiga
- National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Castaño-Rodriguez
- National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Gutierrez-Alvarez
- National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Canton
- National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Sola
- National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Improvement of the reverse tetracycline transactivator by single amino acid substitutions that reduce leaky target gene expression to undetectable levels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27697. [PMID: 27323850 PMCID: PMC4914848 DOI: 10.1038/srep27697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene expression systems that enable inducible and reversible transcriptional control are essential research tools and have broad applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. The reverse tetracycline transcriptional activator is a canonical system for engineered gene expression control that enables graded and gratuitous modulation of target gene transcription in eukaryotes from yeast to human cell lines and transgenic animals. However, the system has a tendency to activate transcription even in the absence of tetracycline and this leaky target gene expression impedes its use. Here, we identify single amino-acid substitutions that greatly enhance the dynamic range of the system in yeast by reducing leaky transcription to undetectable levels while retaining high expression capacity in the presence of inducer. While the mutations increase the inducer concentration required for full induction, additional sensitivity-enhancing mutations can compensate for this effect and confer a high degree of robustness to the system. The novel transactivator variants will be useful in applications where tight and tunable regulation of gene expression is paramount.
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20
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Fu Y, Ying C, Feng Y, Huang Q, Wang C, Pei DS, Wang D. Monitoring tetracycline through a solid-state nanopore sensor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27959. [PMID: 27306259 PMCID: PMC4910080 DOI: 10.1038/srep27959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics as emerging environmental contaminants, are widely used in both human and veterinary medicines. A solid-state nanopore sensing method is reported in this article to detect Tetracycline, which is based on Tet-off and Tet-on systems. rtTA (reverse tetracycline-controlled trans-activator) and TRE (Tetracycline Responsive Element) could bind each other under the action of Tetracycline to form one complex. When the complex passes through nanopores with 8 ~ 9 nanometers in diameter, we could detect the concentrations of Tet from 2 ng/mL to 2000 ng/mL. According to the Logistic model, we could define three growth zones of Tetracycline for rtTA and TRE. The slow growth zone is 0–39.5 ng/mL. The rapid growth zone is 39.5−529.7 ng/mL. The saturated zone is > 529.7 ng/mL. Compared to the previous methods, the nanopore sensor could detect and quantify these different kinds of molecule at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechuan Zhang
- School of Physical Electronic, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Lab of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yongqi Fu
- School of Physical Electronic, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Chongqing Key Lab of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxiao Feng
- Chongqing Key Lab of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qimeng Huang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Chongqing Key Lab of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P.R. China
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