1
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Lu YA, McCann MG, Hu WS, Zhang Q. Multi-cell-line learning for the data-driven construction of mechanistic metabolic models. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2833-2847. [PMID: 38831695 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are commonly used as hosts in cell culture for biologics production in the pharmaceutical industry. Structured mechanistic models of metabolism have been used to capture complex cellular mechanisms that contribute to varying metabolic shifts in different cell lines. However, little research has focused on the impact of temporal changes in enzyme abundance and activity on the modeling of cell metabolism. In this work, we present a framework for constructing mechanistic models of metabolism that integrate growth-signaling control of enzyme activity and transcript dynamics. The proposed approach is applied to build models for three Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines using fed-batch culture data and time-series transcript profiles. Leveraging information from the transcriptome data, we develop a parameter estimation approach based on multi-cell-line (MCL) learning, which combines data sets from different cell lines and trains the individual cell-line models jointly to improve model accuracy. The computational results demonstrate the important role of growth signaling and transcript variability in metabolic models as well as the virtue of the MCL approach for constructing cell-line models with a limited amount of data. The resulting models exhibit a high level of accuracy in predicting distinct metabolic behaviors in the different cell lines; these models can potentially be used to accelerate the process and cell-line development for the biomanufacturing of new protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-An Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Meghan G McCann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Tu B, Lin Z, Moore J, Krishnan Sekaran A, Wesley MJ, Mao DY, Gibson M, Lai WC, Boggs J, Slowik T, Perez-Gelvez YNC, Bonn R, Rae T, Minshull J, Boldog F, Sitaraman V, Muerhoff S, Hemken P. Recombinant Antibody-Producing Stable CHOK1 Pool Stability Study. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2024; 43:119-126. [PMID: 39034896 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2024.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cell line stability is an important consideration when establishing a biologics manufacturing process in the biopharmaceutical and in vitro diagnostics (IVD) industries. Traditional Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line development methods use a random integration approach that requires transfection, selection, optional amplification, screenings, and single-cell cloning to select clones with acceptable productivity, product quality, and genetic stability. Site-specific integration reduces these disadvantages, and new technologies have been developed to mitigate risks associated with genetic instability. In this study, we applied the Leap-In® transposase-mediated expression system from ATUM to generate stable CHOK1 pools for the production of four recombinant antibody reagents for IVD immunoassays. CHO cell line stability is defined by consistent antibody production over time. Three of the CHOK1 pools maintained productivity suitable for manufacturing, with high antibody yields. The productivity of the remaining CHOK1 pool decreased over time; however, derivative clones showed acceptable stability. l-glutamine had variable effects on CHOK1 cell line or stable pool stability and significantly affected antibody product titer. Compared with traditional random integration methods, the ATUM Leap-In system can reduce the time needed to develop new immunoassays by using semi site-specific integration to generate high-yield stable pools that meet manufacturing stability requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Tu
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhihong Lin
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeff Moore
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Archana Krishnan Sekaran
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Miranda J Wesley
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - De Yu Mao
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Gibson
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Wan-Ching Lai
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - John Boggs
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Slowik
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Yeni Natalia C Perez-Gelvez
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan Bonn
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Tracey Rae
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott Muerhoff
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Philip Hemken
- Biologics Discovery and Design, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
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3
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Clarke H, Mayer-Bartschmid A, Zheng C, Masterjohn E, Patel F, Moffat M, Wei Q, Liu R, Emmins R, Fischer S, Rieder S, Kelly T. When will we have a clone? An industry perspective on the typical CLD timeline. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3449. [PMID: 38477447 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cell line development (CLD) represents a complex but highly critical process during the development of a biological drug. To shed light on this crucial workflow, a team of BioPhorum members (authors) has developed and executed surveys focused on the activities and effort involved in a typical CLD campaign. An average of 27 members from different companies that participate in the BioPhorum CLD working group answered surveys covering three distinguishable stages of a standard CLD process: (1) Pre-transfection, including vector design and construction; (2) Transfection, spanning the initial introduction of vector into cells and subsequent selection and analysis of the pools; and (3) Single Cell Cloning and Lead Clone Selection, comprising methods of isolating single cells and confirming clonal origin, subsequent expansion and screening processes, and methods for identifying and banking lead clones. The surveys were very extensive, including a total of 341 questions split between antibody and complex molecule CLD processes. In this survey review, the authors interpret and highlight responses for antibody development and, where relevant, contrast complex molecule development challenges to provide a comprehensive industry perspective on the typical time and effort required to develop a CHO production cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Clarke
- Seagen Inc., Cell Line Development, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | | | - Chenxing Zheng
- Incyte Corporation, Cell Line Development, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Falguni Patel
- AbbVie Inc., S&T Biologics Development & Launch, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Moffat
- Pfizer, Cell Line Development, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Qingxiang Wei
- Incyte Corporation, Cell Line Development, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Ren Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Process Cell Sciences, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robyn Emmins
- GSK Medicines and Research Centre, Cell Line Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Simon Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Cell Line Development, Biberach, Germany
| | - Stephanie Rieder
- AbbVie Inc., S&T Biologics Development & Launch, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Kelly
- Janssen R&D, Cell Engineering & Analytical Sciences, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Rives D, Peak C, Blenner MA. RNASeq highlights ATF6 pathway regulators for CHO cell engineering with different impacts of ATF6β and WFS1 knockdown on fed-batch production of IgG 1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14141. [PMID: 38898154 PMCID: PMC11187196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Secretion levels required of industrial Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines can challenge endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and ER stress caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins can be a bottleneck in biomanufacturing. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated to restore homeostasis in response to ER stress, and optimization of the UPR can improve CHO cell production of therapeutic proteins. We compared the fed-batch growth, production characteristics, and transcriptomic response of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) producer to its parental, non-producing host cell line. We conducted differential gene expression analysis using high throughput RNA sequencing (RNASeq) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to study the ER stress response of each cell line during fed-batch culture. The UPR was activated in the IgG1 producer compared to the host cell line and our analysis of differential expression profiles indicated transient upregulation of ATF6α target mRNAs in the IgG1 producer, suggesting two upstream regulators of the ATF6 arm of the UPR, ATF6β and WFS1, are rational engineering targets. Although both ATF6β and WFS1 have been reported to negatively regulate ATF6α, this study shows knockdown of either target elicits different effects in an IgG1-producing CHO cell line. Stable knockdown of ATF6β decreased cell growth without decreasing titer; however, knockdown of WFS1 decreased titer without affecting growth. Relative expression measured by qPCR indicated no direct relationship between ATF6β and WFS1 expression, but upregulation of WFS1 in one pool was correlated with decreased growth and upregulation of ER chaperone mRNAs. While knockdown of WFS1 had negative impacts on UPR activation and product mRNA expression, knockdown of ATF6β improved the UPR specifically later in fed-batch leading to increased overall productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyllan Rives
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA
| | - Caroline Peak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA
| | - Mark A Blenner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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5
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Demirden SF, Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Animal Cell Lines as Expression Platforms in Viral Vaccine Production: A Post Covid-19 Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16904-16926. [PMID: 38645343 PMCID: PMC11025085 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are considered the most effective tools for preventing diseases. In this sense, with the Covid-19 pandemic, the effects of which continue all over the world, humanity has once again remembered the importance of the vaccine. Also, with the various epidemic outbreaks that occurred previously, the development processes of effective vaccines against these viral pathogens have accelerated. By these efforts, many different new vaccine platforms have been approved for commercial use and have been introduced to the commercial landscape. In addition, innovations have been made in the production processes carried out with conventionally produced vaccine types to create a rapid response to prevent potential epidemics or pandemics. In this situation, various cell lines are being positioned at the center of the production processes of these new generation viral vaccines as expression platforms. Therefore, since the main goal is to produce a fast, safe, and effective vaccine to prevent the disease, in addition to existing expression systems, different cell lines that have not been used in vaccine production until now have been included in commercial production for the first time. In this review, first current viral vaccine types in clinical use today are described. Then, the reason for using cell lines, which are the expression platforms used in the production of these viral vaccines, and the general production processes of cell culture-based viral vaccines are mentioned. Also, selection parameters for animal cell lines as expression platforms in vaccine production are explained by considering bioprocess efficiency and current regulations. Finally, all different cell lines used in cell culture-based viral vaccine production and their properties are summarized, with an emphasis on the current and future status of cell cultures in industrial viral vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suphi S. Oncel
- Ege University, Bioengineering Department, Izmir, 35100, Turkiye
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6
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Kumar V, Barwal A, Sharma N, Mir DS, Kumar P, Kumar V. Therapeutic proteins: developments, progress, challenges, and future perspectives. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:112. [PMID: 38510462 PMCID: PMC10948735 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins are considered magic molecules due to their enormous applications in the health sector. Over the past few decades, therapeutic proteins have emerged as a promising treatment option for various diseases, particularly cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and others. The formulation of protein-based therapies is a major area of research, however, a few factors still hinder the large-scale production of these therapeutic products, such as stability, heterogenicity, immunogenicity, high cost of production, etc. This review provides comprehensive information on various sources and production of therapeutic proteins. The review also summarizes the challenges currently faced by scientists while developing protein-based therapeutics, along with possible solutions. It can be concluded that these proteins can be used in combination with small molecular drugs to give synergistic benefits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - Arti Barwal
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, Punjab 140307 India
| | - Danish Shafi Mir
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229 India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
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7
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Lee HM, Park JH, Kim TH, Kim HS, Kim DE, Lee MK, You J, Lee GM, Kim YG. Effects of autophagy-inhibiting chemicals on sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein in recombinant CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:224. [PMID: 38376550 PMCID: PMC10879319 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of autophagy in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell culture has attracted attention due to its effects on therapeutic protein production. Given the significance of glycosylation in therapeutic proteins, this study examined the effects of autophagy-inhibiting chemicals on sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoproteins in rCHO cells. Three chemical autophagy inhibitors known to inhibit different stages were separately treated with two rCHO cell lines that produce the same Fc-fusion glycoprotein derived from DUKX-B11 and DG44. All autophagy inhibitors significantly decreased the sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein in both cell lines. The decrease in sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein is unlikely to be attributed to the release of intracellular enzymes, given the high cell viability and low activity of extracellular sialidases. Interestingly, the five intracellular nucleotide sugars remained abundant in cells treated with autophagy inhibitors. In the mRNA expression profiles of 27 N-glycosylation-related genes using the NanoString nCounter system, no significant differences in gene expression were noted. With the positive effect of supplementing nucleotide sugar precursors on sialylation, attempts were made to enhance the levels of intracellular nucleotide sugars by supplying these precursors. The addition of nucleotide sugar precursors to cultures treated with inhibitors successfully enhanced the sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoproteins compared to the control culture. This was particularly evident under mild stress conditions and not under relatively severe stress conditions, which were characterized by a high decrease in sialylation. These results suggest that inhibiting autophagy in rCHO cell culture decreases sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein by constraining the availability of intracellular nucleotide sugars. KEY POINTS: • The autophagy inhibition in rCHO cell culture leads to a significant reduction in the sialylation of Fc-fusion glycoprotein. • The pool of five intracellular nucleotide sugars remained highly abundant in cells treated with autophagy inhibitors. • Supplementation of nucleotide sugar precursors effectively restores decreased sialylation, particularly under mild stress conditions but not in relatively severe stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Min Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae Eung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28160, Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28160, Korea
| | - Jungmok You
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
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8
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Sneed SL, Reese BB, Laureano AF, Ratnapriya S, Fraschilla I, Jeffrey KL, Coffey GP, Conley PB, Anthony RM. An engineered immunomodulatory IgG1 Fc suppresses autoimmune inflammation through pathways shared with i.v. immunoglobulin. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172980. [PMID: 38357917 PMCID: PMC10866649 DOI: 10.1172/jci172980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the form of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) exert immunomodulatory activity and are used in this capacity to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Reductionist approaches have revealed that terminal sialylation of the single asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycan at position 297 of the IgG1 Fc bestows antiinflammatory activity, which can be recapitulated by introduction of an F241A point mutation in the IgG1 Fc (FcF241A). Here, we examined the antiinflammatory activity of CHO-K1 cell-produced FcF241A in vivo in models of autoimmune inflammation and found it to be independent of sialylation. Intriguingly, sialylation markedly improved the half-life and bioavailability of FcF241A via impaired interaction with the asialoglycoprotein receptor ASGPR. Further, FcF241A suppressed inflammation through the same molecular pathways as IVIG and sialylated IgG1 Fc and required the C-type lectin SIGN-R1 in vivo. This contrasted with FcAbdeg (efgartigimod), an engineered IgG1 Fc with enhanced neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding, which reduced total serum IgG concentrations, independent of SIGN-R1. When coadministered, FcF241A and FcAbdeg exhibited combinatorial antiinflammatory activity. Together, these results demonstrated that the antiinflammatory activity of FcF241A requires SIGN-R1, similarly to that of high-dose IVIG and sialylated IgG1, and can be used in combination with other antiinflammatory therapeutics that rely on divergent pathways, including FcAbdeg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny L. Sneed
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Brian B. Reese
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Ana F.S. Laureano
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Sneha Ratnapriya
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Isabella Fraschilla
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kate L. Jeffrey
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Robert M. Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
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9
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Dübel S. Can antibodies be "vegan"? A guide through the maze of today's antibody generation methods. MAbs 2024; 16:2343499. [PMID: 38634488 PMCID: PMC11028021 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2343499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that today's life sciences would look very different without the availability of millions of research antibody products. Nevertheless, the use of antibody reagents that are poorly characterized has led to the publication of false or misleading results. The use of laboratory animals to produce research antibodies has also been criticized. Surprisingly, both problems can be addressed with the same technology. This review charts today's maze of different antibody formats and the various methods for antibody production and their interconnections, ultimately concluding that sequence-defined recombinant antibodies offer a clear path to both improved quality of experimental data and reduced use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dübel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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10
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Ortiz-Rivero S, Peleteiro-Vigil A, Abete L, Lozano E, Hammer HS, Giacomo SD, Abad M, Boix L, Forner A, Reig M, Macias RIR, Pötz O, Marin JJG, Briz O. Sensitization of cholangiocarcinoma cells to chemotherapy through BCRP inhibition with β-caryophyllene oxide. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116038. [PMID: 38141281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are cancers originated in the biliary tree, which are characterized by their high mortality and marked chemoresistance, partly due to the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) export pumps, whose inhibition has been proposed as a strategy for enhancing the response to chemotherapy. We have previously shown that β-caryophyllene oxide (CRYO) acts as a chemosensitizer in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting ABCB1, MRP1, and MRP2. Here, we have evaluated the usefulness of CRYO in inhibiting BCRP and improving the response of CCA to antitumor drugs. The TCGA-CHOL cohort (n = 36) was used for in silico analysis. BCRP expression (mRNA and protein) was assayed in samples from intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) tumors (n = 50) and CCA-derived cells (EGI-1 and TFK-1). In these cells, BCRP-dependent mitoxantrone transport was determined by flow cytometry. At non-toxic concentrations, CRYO inhibited BCRP function, which enhanced the cytostatic effect of drugs used in the treatment of CCA. The BCRP ability to confer resistance to a panel of antitumor drugs was determined in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with stable BCRP expression. At non-toxic concentrations, CRYO markedly reduced BCRP-induced resistance to known substrate drugs (mitoxantrone and SN-38) and cisplatin, gemcitabine, sorafenib, and 5-FU but not oxaliplatin. Neither CRYO nor cisplatin alone significantly affected the growth of BCRP-expressing tumors subcutaneously implanted in immunodeficient mice. In contrast, intratumor drug content was enhanced when administered together, and tumor growth was inhibited. In sum, the combined treatment of drugs exported by BCRP with CRYO can improve the response to chemotherapy in CCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ortiz-Rivero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Peleteiro-Vigil
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Elisa Lozano
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Mar Abad
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Forner
- Liver Oncology Unit, Liver Unit, ICMDM, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Reig
- Liver Oncology Unit, Liver Unit, ICMDM, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Pötz
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Reutlingen, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tuebinegn, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oscar Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Reger LN, Saballus M, Kampmann M, Wijffels RH, Martens DE, Niemann J. Triple Space-Time Yield in Discontinuous Antibody Biomanufacturing by Combination of Synergetic Process Intensification Strategies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1391. [PMID: 38135982 PMCID: PMC10740458 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are the workhorse of the pharmaceutical industry due to their potential to treat a variety of different diseases while providing high specificity and efficiency. As a consequence, a variety of production processes have been established within the biomanufacturing industry. However, the rapidly increasing demand for therapeutic molecules amid the recent COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that there still is a clear need to establish novel, highly productive, and flexible production processes. Within this work, we designed a novel discontinuous process by combining two intensification strategies, thus increasing inoculation density and media exchange via a fluidized bed centrifuge, to fulfill the need for a flexible and highly productive production process for therapeutic molecules. To establish this new process, firstly, a small-scale experiment was conducted to verify synergies between both intensification strategies, followed by a process transfer towards the proof-of-concept scale. The combination of these two-process intensification measures revealed overall synergies resulting in decreased process duration (-37%) and strongly enhanced product formation (+116%) in comparison to the not-intensified standard operation. This led to an impressive threefold increase in space-time yield, while only negligible differences in product quality could be observed. Overall, this novel process not only increases the ways to react to emergency situations thanks to its flexibility and possible short development times, but also represents a possible alternative to the current established processes due to high increases in productivity, in comparison to standard fed-batch operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nik Reger
- Corporate Research, Sartorius, 37079 Göttingen, Germany; (M.S.); (M.K.)
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.H.W.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Martin Saballus
- Corporate Research, Sartorius, 37079 Göttingen, Germany; (M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Markus Kampmann
- Corporate Research, Sartorius, 37079 Göttingen, Germany; (M.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Rene H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.H.W.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Dirk E. Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.H.W.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Julia Niemann
- Corporate Research, Sartorius, 37079 Göttingen, Germany; (M.S.); (M.K.)
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12
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Reddy JV, Raudenbush K, Papoutsakis ET, Ierapetritou M. Cell-culture process optimization via model-based predictions of metabolism and protein glycosylation. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108179. [PMID: 37257729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the rising demand for biologics and become competitive on the developing biosimilar market, there is a need for process intensification of biomanufacturing processes. Process development of biologics has historically relied on extensive experimentation to develop and optimize biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Experimentation to optimize media formulations, feeding schedules, bioreactor operations and bioreactor scale up is expensive, labor intensive and time consuming. Mathematical modeling frameworks have the potential to enable process intensification while reducing the experimental burden. This review focuses on mathematical modeling of cellular metabolism and N-linked glycosylation as applied to upstream manufacturing of biologics. We review developments in the field of modeling cellular metabolism of mammalian cells using kinetic and stoichiometric modeling frameworks along with their applications to simulate, optimize and improve mechanistic understanding of the process. Interest in modeling N-linked glycosylation has led to the creation of various types of parametric and non-parametric models. Most published studies on mammalian cell metabolism have performed experiments in shake flasks where the pH and dissolved oxygen cannot be controlled. Efforts to understand and model the effect of bioreactor-specific parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and bioreactor heterogeneity are critically reviewed. Most modeling efforts have focused on the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, which are most commonly used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, these modeling approaches can be generalized and applied to any mammalian cell-based manufacturing platform. Current and potential future applications of these models for Vero cell-based vaccine manufacturing, CAR-T cell therapies, and viral vector manufacturing are also discussed. We offer specific recommendations for improving the applicability of these models to industrially relevant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Venkatarama Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Katherine Raudenbush
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA.
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13
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Zhang D, Qiu J, Niu QT, Liu T, Gu R, Zhang X, Luo S. Effects of various pine needle extracts on Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and monoclonal antibody quality. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:1081-1091. [PMID: 36756987 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2166959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are commonly used as "bio-machines" to pro-duce monoclonal antibodies (mAb) because of their ability to produce very complex proteins. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pine needle water extract (PNWE), pine needle ethanol extract (PNEE), and pine needle polysaccharide extract (PNPE) on the CHO cell growth, mAb production and quality using a Fed-batch culture process. PNPE maintained high VCD and viability, and the titer increase was correlated with its concentration. Three extracts effectively reduced the acidic charge variant and modulated mAb glycosylation. PNPE had the most profound effect, with G0F decreasing by 8.7% and G1Fa increasing by 6.7%. The change in the glycoform was also closely related to the PNPE concentration. This study demonstrated that PNPE could facilitate CHO cell growth, increase the mAb production, decrease acidic charge variants, and regulate mAb glycoforms. To identify the components responsible for the above changes, the sugar and flavonoid contents in the extracts were determined, and the chemical compounds were identified by LC-MS, resulting in 38 compounds identified from PNPE. Rich in sugars and flavonoids in these three extracts may be related to increased CHO cell growth and productivity, and changes in glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyue Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Jinshu Qiu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Qing-Tian Niu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Rulin Gu
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Shun Luo
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Thousand Oaks Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
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14
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Murashkin DE, Belenkaya SV, Bondar AA, Elchaninov VV, Shcherbakov DN. Analysis of Some Biochemical Properties of Recombinant Siberian Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus) Chymosin Obtained in the Mammalian Cell Culture (CHO-K1). BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1284-1295. [PMID: 37770395 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Structure of the chymosin gene of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) was established for the first time and its exon/intron organization was determined. Coding part of the chymosin gene of C. pygargus was reconstructed by the Golden Gate method and obtained as a DNA clone. Comparative sequence analysis of the roe deer, cow, and one-humped camel prochymosins revealed a number of amino acid substitutions at the sites forming the substrate-binding cavity of the enzyme and affecting the S4 and S1' + S3' specificity subsites. Integration vector pIP1 was used to construct a plasmid pIP1-Cap in order to express recombinant roe deer prochymosin gene in CHO-K1 cells. CHO-K1-CYM-Cap pool cells were obtained, allowing synthesis and secretion of recombinant prochymosin into the culture fluid. As a result of zymogen activation, a recombinant roe deer chymosin was obtained and its total milk-clotting activity was estimated to be 468.4 ± 11.1 IMCU/ml. Yield of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 500 mg/liter or ≈468,000 IMCU/liter, which exceeds the yields of genetically engineered chymosins in most of the expression systems used. Basic biochemical properties of the obtained enzyme were compared with the commercial preparations of recombinant chymosins from one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and cow (Bos taurus). Specific milk-clotting activity of the recombinant chymosin of C. pygargus was 938 ± 22 IMCU/mg, which was comparable to that of the reference enzymes. Non-specific proteolytic activity of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 1.4-4.5 times higher than that of the cow and camel enzymes. In terms of coagulation specificity, recombinant chymosin of C. pygargus occupied an intermediate position between the genetically engineered analogs of B. taurus and C. dromedarius chymosins. Thermostability threshold of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 55°C. At 60°C, the enzyme retained <1% of its initial milk-clotting activity, and its complete thermal inactivation was observed at 65°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E Murashkin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Belenkaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Bondar
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vadim V Elchaninov
- Federal Altaic Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology, Barnaul, 656910, Russia
| | - Dmitrii N Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia
- Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
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15
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Billerhart M, Hunjadi M, Hawlin V, Grünwald-Gruber C, Maresch D, Mayrhofer P, Kunert R. Recombinant Human CD19 in CHO-K1 Cells: Glycosylation Patterns as a Quality Attribute of High Yield Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10891. [PMID: 37446069 PMCID: PMC10341778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19 is an essential protein in personalized CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell-based cancer immunotherapies and CAR-T cell functionality evaluation. However, the recombinant expression of this "difficult to-express" (DTE) protein is challenging, and therefore, commercial access to the protein is limited. We have previously described the successful stable expression of our soluble CD19-AD2 fusion protein of the CD19 extracellular part fused with human serum albumin domain 2 (AD2) in CHO-K1 cells. The function, stability, and secretion rate of DTE proteins can be improved by culture conditions, such as reduced temperature and a shorter residence time. Moreover, glycosylation, as one of the most important post-translational modifications, represents a critical quality attribute potentially affecting CAR-T cell effector function and thus impacting therapy's success. In this study, we increased the production rate of CD19-AD2 by 3.5-fold through applying hypothermic culture conditions. We efficiently improved the purification of our his-tagged CD19-AD2 fusion protein via a Ni-NTA-based affinity column using a stepwise increase in the imidazole concentration. The binding affinity to commercially available anti-CD19 antibodies was evaluated via Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI). Furthermore, we revealed glycosylation patterns via Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), and five highly sialylated and multi-antennary N-glycosylation sites were identified. In summary, we optimized the CD19-AD2 production and purification process and were the first to characterize five highly complex N-glycosylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Billerhart
- Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Monika Hunjadi
- Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Vanessa Hawlin
- Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- BOKU Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.G.-G.)
| | - Daniel Maresch
- BOKU Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.G.-G.)
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Renate Kunert
- Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.B.); (M.H.)
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16
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Zhang Q, Mi C, Wang T. Effects and mechanism of small molecule additives on recombinant protein in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2771-2781. [PMID: 36971794 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can produce proteins with complex structures and post-translational modifications which are similar to human-derived cells, and they have been the ideal host cells for the production of recombinant therapy proteins (RTPs). Nearly 70% of approved RTPs are produced by CHO cells. In recent years, a series of measures have been developed to increase the expression of RTPs to achieve the lower production cost during the process of large-scale industrial production of recombinant protein in CHO cells. Among of them, the addition of small molecule additives in the culture medium can improve the expression and production efficiency of recombinant proteins, and has become an effective and simple method. In this paper, the characteristics of CHO cells, the effect and mechanism of small molecule additives are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Small molecular additives on the expression of RTPs in CHO cells are reviewed • Small molecular additives improve the yield of RTPs • Small molecular additives provide methods for the optimization of serum-free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Chunliu Mi
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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17
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Kotidis P, Donini R, Arnsdorf J, Hansen AH, Voldborg BGR, Chiang AWT, Haslam SM, Betenbaugh M, Jimenez Del Val I, Lewis NE, Krambeck F, Kontoravdi C. CHOGlycoNET: Comprehensive glycosylation reaction network for CHO cells. Metab Eng 2023; 76:87-96. [PMID: 36610518 PMCID: PMC11132536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are extensively used for the production of glycoprotein therapeutics proteins, for which N-linked glycans are a critical quality attribute due to their influence on activity and immunogenicity. Manipulation of protein glycosylation is commonly achieved through cell or process engineering, which are often guided by mathematical models. However, each study considers a unique glycosylation reaction network that is tailored around the cell line and product at hand. Herein, we use 200 glycan datasets for both recombinantly produced and native proteins from different CHO cell lines to reconstruct a comprehensive reaction network, CHOGlycoNET, based on the individual minimal reaction networks describing each dataset. CHOGlycoNET is used to investigate the distribution of mannosidase and glycosyltransferase enzymes in the Golgi apparatus and identify key network reactions using machine learning and dimensionality reduction techniques. CHOGlycoNET can be used for accelerating glycomodel development and predicting the effect of glycoengineering strategies. Finally, CHOGlycoNET is wrapped in a SBML file to be used as a standalone model or in combination with CHO cell genome scale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Kotidis
- Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Roberto Donini
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Johnny Arnsdorf
- National Biologics Facility, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Holmgaard Hansen
- National Biologics Facility, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Gunnar Rude Voldborg
- National Biologics Facility, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Austin W T Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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18
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Irreversible and reversible impact on cellular behavior upon intra-experimental process parameter shifts in a CHO semi-continuous perfusion process. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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19
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Mieczkowski C, Zhang X, Lee D, Nguyen K, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Way J, Gries JM. Blueprint for antibody biologics developability. MAbs 2023; 15:2185924. [PMID: 36880643 PMCID: PMC10012935 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2185924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mieczkowski
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Way
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Gries
- President, Discovery Research, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
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20
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Matanguihan C, Wu P. Upstream continuous processing: recent advances in production of biopharmaceuticals and challenges in manufacturing. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102828. [PMID: 36332340 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Upstream continuous processing, or most commonly perfusion processing, for biopharmaceutical production, is emerging as a feasible and viable manufacturing approach. Development in production of recombinant therapeutic proteins as well as viral vectors, vaccines, and cell therapy products, has numerous research publications that came out in previous years. Recent research areas are in perfusion-operation strategies maximizing and controlling bioreactor cell density, adding feed solution designed to supplement basal medium feed stream, combining cell line engineering with bioreactor conditions such as hypoxia, and implementing online process monitoring of cell density by capacitance sensor and metabolites by Raman spectroscopy. Perfusion applications are not limited to production process alone but include other upstream areas where high cell density process is essential such as in cell bank preparation, N-1 seed bioreactor, and combination with intensified fed-batch production process. This review covers recent advances in continuous processing over the last two years for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary Matanguihan
- Bayer U.S. LLC, Pharmaceuticals, Biologics Development, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA.
| | - Paul Wu
- Bayer U.S. LLC, Pharmaceuticals, Biologics Development, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA
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21
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Effects and mechanisms of animal-free hydrolysates on recombination protein yields in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7387-7396. [PMID: 36229612 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the commonly used cell lines for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) because they possess post-translational modifications similar to human cells. Culture media are necessary for cell growth, and their quality affects the yields and quality of RTPs. Due to safety concerns for the complex purification of RTPs, the development of serum-free media (SFM) is necessary for CHO cells. To meet the need for CHO cells with higher cell density and RTP productivity with consistent product quality in large-scale suspension cultures, the optimization of SFM through adding some enzymatic animal-free hydrolysates (AFHs) is preferred. The AFHs can improve cell culture performance and product yield of RTPs without affecting their quality. Here, the effect and mechanism of various AFHs in improving CHO cell culture performance and protein expression are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • AFHs that improve the recombinant protein yield of CHO cells are reviewed. • AFHs improve recombinant protein yield via influencing cell performance. • The AFHs do not affect the quality of recombinant protein in CHO cells. • AFHs can provide nutrients, block cell cycle, and reduce oxidative stress.
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22
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Min H, Kim SM, Kim D, Lee S, Lee S, Lee JS. Hybrid cell line development system utilizing site-specific integration and methotrexate-mediated gene amplification in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:977193. [PMID: 36185448 PMCID: PMC9521551 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.977193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific integration has emerged as a promising strategy for streamlined and predictable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line development (CLD). However, the low specific productivity of the targeted integrants limits their practical application. In this study, we developed a hybrid CLD platform combining site-specific integration of a transgene and dihydrofolate reductase/methotrexate (DHFR/MTX)-mediated gene amplification to generate high-producing recombinant CHO cell lines. We used the CRISPR/Cas9-based recombinase-mediated cassette exchange landing pad platform to integrate the DHFR expression cassette and transgene landing pad into a CHO genomic hot spot, C12orf35 locus, of DHFR-knockout CHO-K1 host cell lines. When subjected to various MTX concentrations up to 1 μM, EGFP-expressing targeted integrants showed a 3.6-fold increase in EGFP expression in the presence of 200 nM MTX, accompanied by an increase in the DHFR and EGFP copy number. A single-step 200 nM MTX amplification increased the specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) productivity (qmAb) of recombinant mAb-producing targeted integrants by 2.8-folds, reaching a qmAb of 9.1–11.0 pg/cell/day. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed colocalization of DHFR and mAb sequences at the intended chromosomal locations without clear amplified arrays of signals. Most MTX-amplified targeted integrants sustained recombinant mAb production during long-term culture in the absence of MTX, supporting stable gene expression in the amplified cell lines. Our study provides a new CLD platform that increases the productivity of targeted integrants by amplifying the transgene copies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggi Min
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seul Mi Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Solhwi Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae Seong Lee,
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23
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Xu T, Zhang J, Wang T, Wang X. Recombinant antibodies aggregation and overcoming strategies in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3913-3922. [PMID: 35608667 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell lines are frequently used as the preferred host cells for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) having post-translational modified modifications similar to those observed in proteins produced by human cells. Nowadays, most RTPs approved for marketing are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies (RTAs) are among the most important and promising RTPs for biomedical applications. A major limitation associated with the use of RTAs is their aggregation, which can be caused by a variety of factors; this results in a reduction of quality. RTA aggregations are especially concerning as they can trigger human immune responses in humans and may be fatal. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying RTA aggregation and measures for avoiding aggregation are interesting topics in RTAs research. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of RTAs aggregation, with a focus on factors that cause aggregation during RTA production and the development of strategies for overcoming RTA aggregation. KEY POINTS: • The recombinant antibody aggregation in mammalian cell systems is reviewed. • Intracellular environment and extracellular parameters influence recombinant antibody aggregation. • Reducing the aggregations can improve the quality of recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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24
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Tanemura H, Masuda K, Okumura T, Takagi E, Kajihara D, Kakihara H, Nonaka K, Ushioda R. Development of a stable antibody production system utilizing an Hspa5 promoter in CHO cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7239. [PMID: 35610229 PMCID: PMC9130236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for manufacturing antibody drugs. We attempted to clone a novel high-expression promoter for producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) based on transcriptome analysis to enhance the transcriptional abundance of mAb genes. The efficacy of conventional promoters such as CMV and hEF1α decrease in the latter phase of fed-batch cell culture. To overcome this, we screened genes whose expression was maintained or increased throughout the culture period. Since CHO cells have diverse genetic expression depending on the selected clone and culture medium, transcriptome analysis was performed on multiple clones and culture media anticipated to be used in mAb manufacturing. We thus acquired the Hspa5 promoter as a novel high-expression promoter, which uniquely enables mAb productivity per cell to improve late in the culture period. Productivity also improved for various IgG subclasses under Hspa5 promoter control, indicating this promoter’s potential universal value for mAb production. Finally, it was suggested that mAb production with this promoter is correlated with the transcription levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes. Therefore, mAb production utilizing the Hspa5 promoter might be a new method for maintaining protein homeostasis and achieving stable expression of introduced mAb genes during fed-batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanemura
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1, Aza Kurakake, Oaza Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 370-0503, Japan
| | - Kenji Masuda
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1, Aza Kurakake, Oaza Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 370-0503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okumura
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1, Aza Kurakake, Oaza Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 370-0503, Japan
| | - Eri Takagi
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1, Aza Kurakake, Oaza Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 370-0503, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kajihara
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1, Aza Kurakake, Oaza Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 370-0503, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kakihara
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1, Aza Kurakake, Oaza Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 370-0503, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1, Aza Kurakake, Oaza Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma, 370-0503, Japan
| | - Ryo Ushioda
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto City, 603-8555, Japan. .,Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto City, 603-8555, Japan.
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25
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Ihling N, Munkler LP, Paul R, Berg C, Reichenbächer B, Kadisch M, Lang D, Büchs J. Non-invasive and time-resolved measurement of the respiration activity of Chinese hamster ovary cells enables prediction of key culture parameters in shake flasks. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100677. [PMID: 35377965 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shake flasks are frequently used for mammalian cell suspension cultures. For process development and routine culture monitoring, information on culture behaviour is needed early on. MAIN METHODS AND MAJOR RESULTS Here, cell-specific oxygen uptake rates (qO2 ) of two CHO cell lines were determined from shake flask experiments by simultaneous measurement of oxygen transfer rates (OTR) and viable cell concentrations (VCC). For cell line one, qO2 decreased from 2.38∙10-10 mmol cell-1 h-1 to 1.02∙10-10 mmol cell-1 h-1 during batch growth. For cell line two, qO2 was constant (1.90∙10-10 mmol h-1 ). Determined qO2 values were used to calculate the VCC from OTR data. Cumulated oxygen consumption and glucose consumption were correlated for both cell lines and enabled calculation of glucose concentrations from OTR data. IgG producing cell line one had an oxygen demand of ∼15 mmoloxygen gglucose -1 , cell line two consumed ∼5 mmoloxygen gglucose -1 . The established correlations for determination of VCC and glucose were successfully transferred to subsequent cultivations for both cell lines. Combined measurement of the OTR and the carbon dioxide transfer rate enabled quantitative determination of the lactate concentration (production and consumption) without sampling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, non-invasive measurement of the respiration activity enabled time-resolved determination of key culture parameters for increased process understanding in shake flasks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ihling
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | - Lara Pauline Munkler
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | - Richard Paul
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | - Christoph Berg
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
| | | | - Marvin Kadisch
- Rentschler Biopharma SE, Erwin-Rentschler-Str. 21, Laupheim, 88471, Germany
| | - Dietmar Lang
- Rentschler Biopharma SE, Erwin-Rentschler-Str. 21, Laupheim, 88471, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen, D-52074, Germany
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26
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Zhang JH, Shan LL, Liang F, Du CY, Li JJ. Strategies and Considerations for Improving Recombinant Antibody Production and Quality in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:856049. [PMID: 35316944 PMCID: PMC8934426 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.856049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are rapidly developing therapeutic agents; approximately 40 novel antibody molecules enter clinical trials each year, most of which are produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, one of the major bottlenecks restricting the development of antibody drugs is how to perform high-level expression and production of recombinant antibodies. The high-efficiency expression and quality of recombinant antibodies in CHO cells is determined by multiple factors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of several state-of-the-art approaches, such as optimization of gene sequence of antibody, construction and optimization of high-efficiency expression vector, using antibody expression system, transformation of host cell lines, and glycosylation modification. Finally, the authors discuss the potential of large-scale production of recombinant antibodies and development of culture processes for biopharmaceutical manufacturing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-He Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-He Zhang,
| | - Lin-Lin Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fan Liang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chen-Yang Du
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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27
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Teixeira AP, Stücheli P, Ausländer S, Ausländer D, Schönenberger P, Hürlemann S, Fussenegger M. CelloSelect - A synthetic cellobiose metabolic pathway for selection of stable transgenic CHO cell lines. Metab Eng 2022; 70:23-30. [PMID: 35007751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current protocols for generating stable transgenic cell lines mostly rely on antibiotic selection or the use of specialized cell lines lacking an essential part of their metabolic machinery, but these approaches require working with either toxic chemicals or knockout cell lines, which can reduce productivity. Since most mammalian cells cannot utilize cellobiose, a disaccharide consisting of two β-1,4-linked glucose molecules, we designed an antibiotic-free selection system, CelloSelect, which consists of a selection cassette encoding Neurospora crassa cellodextrin transporter CDT1 and β-glucosidase GH1-1. When cultivated in glucose-free culture medium containing cellobiose, CelloSelect-transfected cells proliferate by metabolizing cellobiose as a primary energy source, and are protected from glucose starvation. We show that the combination of CelloSelect with a PiggyBac transposase-based integration strategy provides a platform for the swift and efficient generation of stable transgenic cell lines. Growth rate analysis of metabolically engineered cells in cellobiose medium confirmed the expansion of cells stably expressing high levels of a cargo fluorescent marker protein. We further validated this strategy by applying the CelloSelect system for stable integration of sequences encoding two biopharmaceutical proteins, erythropoietin and the monoclonal antibody rituximab, and confirmed that the proteins are efficiently produced in either cellobiose- or glucose-containing medium in suspension-adapted CHO cells cultured in chemically defined media. We believe coupling heterologous metabolic pathways additively to the endogenous metabolism of mammalian cells has the potential to complement or to replace current cell-line selection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Teixeira
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Stücheli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ausländer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Ausländer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schönenberger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Hürlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Mayrhofer P, Hunjadi M, Kunert R. Functional Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Envelope Protein Expressed in Stable CHO Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:779359. [PMID: 34976974 PMCID: PMC8718689 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.779359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a β-coronavirus, is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the three membrane-bound envelope proteins is the spike protein (S), the one responsible for docking to the cellular surface protein ACE2 enabling infection with SARS-CoV-2. Although the structure of the S-protein has distinct similarities to other viral envelope proteins, robust and straightforward protocols for recombinant expression and purification are not described in the literature. Therefore, most studies are done with truncated versions of the protein, like the receptor-binding domain. To learn more about the interaction of the virus with the ACE2 and other cell surface proteins, it is mandatory to provide recombinant spike protein in high structural quality and adequate quantity. Additional mutant variants will give new insights on virus assembly, infection mechanism, and therapeutic drug development. Here, we describe the development of a recombinant CHO cell line stably expressing the extracellular domain of a trimeric variant of the SARS CoV-2 spike protein and discuss significant parameters to be considered during the expression and purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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29
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Tihanyi B, Nyitray L. Recent advances in CHO cell line development for recombinant protein production. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 38:25-34. [PMID: 34895638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins used in biomedical research, diagnostics and different therapies are mostly produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the pharmaceutical industry. These biotherapeutics, monoclonal antibodies in particular, have shown remarkable market growth in the past few decades. The increasing demand for high amounts of biologics requires continuous optimization and improvement of production technologies. Research aims at discovering better means and methods for reaching higher volumetric capacity, while maintaining stable product quality. An increasing number of complex novel protein therapeutics, such as viral antigens, vaccines, bi- and tri-specific monoclonal antibodies, are currently entering industrial production pipelines. These biomolecules are, in many cases, difficult to express and require tailored product-specific solutions to improve their transient or stable production. All these requirements boost the development of more efficient expression optimization systems and high-throughput screening platforms to facilitate the design of product-specific cell line engineering and production strategies. In this minireview, we provide an overview on recent advances in CHO cell line development, targeted genome manipulation techniques, selection systems and screening methods currently used in recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Tihanyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyitray
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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30
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MacDonald MA, Nöbel M, Roche Recinos D, Martínez VS, Schulz BL, Howard CB, Baker K, Shave E, Lee YY, Marcellin E, Mahler S, Nielsen LK, Munro T. Perfusion culture of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells for bioprocessing applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1099-1115. [PMID: 34844499 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1998821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Much of the biopharmaceutical industry's success over the past 30 years has relied on products derived from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines. During this time, improvements in mammalian cell cultures have come from cell line development and process optimization suited for large-scale fed-batch processes. Originally developed for high cell densities and sensitive products, perfusion processes have a long history. Driven by high volumetric titers and a small footprint, perfusion-based bioprocess research has regained an interest from academia and industry. The recent pandemic has further highlighted the need for such intensified biomanufacturing options. In this review, we outline the technical history of research in this field as it applies to biologics production in CHO cells. We demonstrate a number of emerging trends in the literature and corroborate these with underlying drivers in the commercial space. From these trends, we speculate that the future of perfusion bioprocesses is bright and that the fields of media optimization, continuous processing, and cell line engineering hold the greatest potential. Aligning in its continuous setup with the demands for Industry 4.0, perfusion biomanufacturing is likely to be a hot topic in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthias Nöbel
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dinora Roche Recinos
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,CSL Limited, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Verónica S Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars Keld Nielsen
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Trent Munro
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,National Biologics Facility, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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31
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Savizi ISP, Motamedian E, E Lewis N, Jimenez Del Val I, Shojaosadati SA. An integrated modular framework for modeling the effect of ammonium on the sialylation process of monoclonal antibodies produced by CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100019. [PMID: 34021707 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have emerged as one of the most important therapeutic recombinant proteins in the pharmaceutical industry. Their immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy are influenced by post-translational modifications, specifically the glycosylation process. Bioprocess conditions can influence the intracellular process of glycosylation. Among all the process conditions that have been recognized to affect the mAB glycoforms, the detailed mechanism underlying how ammonium could perturb glycosylation remains to be fully understood. It was shown that ammonium induces heterogeneity in protein glycosylation by altering the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. Hence, understanding this mechanism would aid pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure consistent protein glycosylation. METHODS Three different mechanisms have been proposed to explain how ammonium influences the sialylation process. In the first, the inhibition of CMP-sialic acid transporter, which transports CMP-sialic acid (sialylation substrate) into the Golgi, by an increase in UDP-GlcNAc content that is brought about by the augmented incorporation of ammonium into glucosamine formation. In the second, ammonia diffuses into the Golgi and raises its pH, thereby decreasing the sialyltransferase enzyme activity. In the third, the reduction of sialyltransferase enzyme expression level in the presence of ammonium. We employed these mechanisms in a novel integrated modular platform to link dynamic alteration in mAB sialylation process with extracellular ammonium concentration to elucidate how ammonium alters the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. RESULTS Our results show that the sialylation reaction rate is insensitive to the first mechanism. At low ammonium concentration, the second mechanism is the controlling mechanism in mAB sialylation and by increasing the ammonium level (< 8 mM) the third mechanism becomes the controlling mechanism. At higher ammonium concentrations (> 8 mM) the second mechanism becomes predominant again. CONCLUSION The presented model in this study provides a connection between extracellular ammonium and the monoclonal antibody sialylation process. This computational tool could help scientists to develop and formulate cell culture media. The model illustrated here can assist the researchers to select culture media that ensure consistent mAB sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shahidi Pour Savizi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motamedian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,School of Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Considerations of the Impacts of Cell-Specific Growth and Production Rate on Clone Selection—A Simulation Study. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For the manufacturing of complex biopharmaceuticals using bioreactors with cultivated mammalian cells, high product concentration is an important objective. The phenotype of the cells in a reactor plays an important role. Are clonal cell populations showing high cell-specific growth rates more favorable than cell lines with higher cell-specific productivities or vice versa? Five clonal Chinese hamster ovary cell populations were analyzed based on the data of a 3-month-stability study. We adapted a mechanistic cell culture model to the experimental data of one such clonally derived cell population. Uncertainties and prior knowledge concerning model parameters were considered using Bayesian parameter estimations. This model was used then to define an inoculum train protocol. Based on this, we subsequently simulated the impacts of differences in growth rates (±10%) and production rates (±10% and ±50%) on the overall cultivation time, including making the inoculum train cultures; the final production phase, the volumetric titer in that bioreactor and the ratio of both, defined as overall process productivity. We showed thus unequivocally that growth rates have a higher impact (up to three times) on overall process productivity and for product output per year, whereas cells with higher productivity can potentially generate higher product concentrations in the production vessel.
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33
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Bryan L, Clynes M, Meleady P. The emerging role of cellular post-translational modifications in modulating growth and productivity of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107757. [PMID: 33895332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used host cell lines used for the production human therapeutic proteins. Much research over the past two decades has focussed on improving the growth, titre and cell specific productivity of CHO cells and in turn lowering the costs associated with production of recombinant proteins. CHO cell engineering has become of particular interest in recent years following the publication of the CHO cell genome and the availability of data relating to the proteome, transcriptome and metabolome of CHO cells. However, data relating to the cellular post-translational modification (PTMs) which can affect the functionality of CHO cellular proteins has only begun to be presented in recent years. PTMs are important to many cellular processes and can further alter proteins by increasing the complexity of proteins and their interactions. In this review, we describe the research presented from CHO cells to date related on three of the most important PTMs; glycosylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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34
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Alhuthali S, Kotidis P, Kontoravdi C. Osmolality Effects on CHO Cell Growth, Cell Volume, Antibody Productivity and Glycosylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073290. [PMID: 33804825 PMCID: PMC8037477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of nutrients and accumulation of metabolites in a fed-batch culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells leads to an increase in extracellular osmolality in late stage culture. Herein, we explore the effect of osmolality on CHO cell growth, specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) productivity and glycosylation achieved with the addition of NaCl or the supplementation of a commercial feed. Although both methods lead to an increase in specific antibody productivity, they have different effects on cell growth and antibody production. Osmolality modulation using NaCl up to 470 mOsm kg-1 had a consistently positive effect on specific antibody productivity and titre. The addition of the commercial feed achieved variable results: specific mAb productivity was increased, yet cell growth rate was significantly compromised at high osmolality values. As a result, Feed C addition to 410 mOsm kg-1 was the only condition that achieved a significantly higher mAb titre compared to the control. Additionally, Feed C supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in galactosylated antibody structures. Cell volume was found to be positively correlated to osmolality; however, osmolality alone could not account for observed changes in average cell diameter without considering cell cycle variations. These results help delineate the overall effect of osmolality on titre and highlight the potentially negative effect of overfeeding on cell growth.
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Mastrangeli R, Audino MC, Palinsky W, Broly H, Bierau H. The Formidable Challenge of Controlling High Mannose-Type N-Glycans in Therapeutic mAbs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1154-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Paul K, Hartmann T, Posch C, Behrens D, Herwig C. Investigation of cell line specific responses to pH inhomogeneity and consequences for process design. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:412-421. [PMID: 32944016 PMCID: PMC7481767 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing bioreactor volumes, the mixing time of the reactor increases as well, which creates an inhomogeneous environment for the cells. This can result in impaired process performance in large-scale production reactors. Particularly the addition of base through the reactor headspace can be problematic, since it creates an area, where cells are repeatedly exposed to an increased pH. The aim of this study is to simulate this large-scale phenomenon at lab-scale and investigate its impact. Two different cell lines were exposed to pH amplitudes of a maximal magnitude of 0.05 units (pH of 6.95). Both cell lines showed similar responses, like decreased viable cell counts, but unaffected lactate levels. However, cell line B showed an initially increased specific productivity in response to the introduced amplitudes, whereas cell line A showed a consistently lower specific productivity. Furthermore, the time point at which base addition is started influences the impact, which pH amplitudes have on process performance. When pH control was started earlier in the process, maximal viable cell counts decreased and the lactate metabolic shift was less pronounced. These results show that the potential negative impact of pH amplitudes can be minimized by strategic process design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Paul
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Hartmann
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesTU WienViennaAustria
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Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A. Recent Developments in Bioprocessing of Recombinant Proteins: Expression Hosts and Process Development. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:420. [PMID: 31921823 PMCID: PMC6932962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, along with cancers, are among the main causes of death among humans worldwide. The production of therapeutic proteins for treating diseases at large scale for millions of individuals is one of the essential needs of mankind. Recent progress in the area of recombinant DNA technologies has paved the way to producing recombinant proteins that can be used as therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic reagents. Recombinant proteins for these applications are mainly produced using prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression host systems such as mammalian cells, bacteria, yeast, insect cells, and transgenic plants at laboratory scale as well as in large-scale settings. The development of efficient bioprocessing strategies is crucial for industrial production of recombinant proteins of therapeutic and prophylactic importance. Recently, advances have been made in the various areas of bioprocessing and are being utilized to develop effective processes for producing recombinant proteins. These include the use of high-throughput devices for effective bioprocess optimization and of disposable systems, continuous upstream processing, continuous chromatography, integrated continuous bioprocessing, Quality by Design, and process analytical technologies to achieve quality product with higher yield. This review summarizes recent developments in the bioprocessing of recombinant proteins, including in various expression systems, bioprocess development, and the upstream and downstream processing of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh K. Tripathi
- Bioprocess Scale Up Facility, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Ambuj Shrivastava
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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Chevallier V, Andersen MR, Malphettes L. Oxidative stress-alleviating strategies to improve recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:1172-1186. [PMID: 31814104 PMCID: PMC7078918 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large scale biopharmaceutical production of biologics relies on the overexpression of foreign proteins by cells cultivated in stirred tank bioreactors. It is well recognized and documented fact that protein overexpression may impact host cell metabolism and that factors associated with large scale culture, such as the hydrodynamic forces and inhomogeneities within the bioreactors, may promote cellular stress. The metabolic adaptations required to support the high‐level expression of recombinant proteins include increased energy production and improved secretory capacity, which, in turn, can lead to a rise of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated through the respiration metabolism and the interaction with media components. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant response within the cells. Accumulation of intracellular ROS can interfere with the cellular activities and exert cytotoxic effects via the alternation of cellular components. In this context, strategies aiming to alleviate oxidative stress generated during the culture have been developed to improve cell growth, productivity, and reduce product microheterogeneity. In this review, we present a summary of the different approaches used to decrease the oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary cells and highlight media development and cell engineering as the main pathways through which ROS levels may be kept under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Chevallier
- Upstream Process Sciences, Biotech Sciences, UCB Nordic A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Coats MT, Bydlinski N, Maresch D, Diendorfer A, Klanert G, Borth N. mRNA Transfection into CHO-Cells Reveals Production Bottlenecks. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1900198. [PMID: 31475780 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining highly productive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-cell clones for the production of therapeutic proteins relies on multiple time-consuming selection steps. Several CHO-cell strains with high degrees of genomic and epigenetic variation are available. Each harbor potential advantages and disadvantages for any given product, particularly those considered difficult to express. A simple test system to quickly assess compatibility of cell line and product may therefore prove useful. Transient plasmid transfection falls short of the specific productivities of stable producer cells, making it unsuitable for the elucidation of high specific productivity bottlenecks. The aim of the study is to reach specific productivities approaching those of industrial production cell lines by transfection of in vitro transcribed mRNA. The system is characterized with respect to transfection efficacy (by quantitative PCR) and protein production (by flow cytometry and biolayer interferometry). Fluorescence of intracellular eGFP saturates at higher amounts of mRNA per cell, while the amount of secreted and intracellular EPO-Fc remain linearly correlated to the amount of mRNA taken up. Nevertheless, MS shows a severe reduction in N-glycosylation quality. This method allows for rapid elucidation of bottlenecks that would otherwise remain undetected until later during cell line development, giving insight into suitable strategies for preemptive targeted metabolic engineering and host cell line optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Coats
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Bydlinski
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Germinality does not necessarily define mAb expression and thermal stability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7505-7518. [PMID: 31350616 PMCID: PMC6719414 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The production potential of recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) expressing cell lines depends, among other factors, on the intrinsic antibody structure determined by the amino acid sequence. In this study, we investigated the influence of somatic mutations in the V(D)J sequence of four individual, mature model mAbs on the expression potential. Therefore, we defined four couples, each consisting of one naturally occurring mAb (2G12, Ustekinumab, 4B3, and 2F5) and the corresponding germline-derived cognate mAb (353/11, 554/12, 136/63, and 236/14). For all eight mAb variants, recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were developed with mAbs expressed from a defined chromosomal locus. The presented workflow investigates critical parameters including productivity, intra- and extracellular product profile, XBP1 splicing, thermal stability, and in silico hydrophobicity. Significant differences in productivity were even observed between the germline-derived mAbs which did not undergo somatic mutagenesis. Accordingly, back-to-germline mutations of mature mAbs are not necessarily reflecting improved expression and stability but indicate opportunities and limits of mAb engineering. From our studies, we conclude that germinalization represents a potential to improve mAb properties depending on the antibody’s germline family, highlighting the fact that mAbs should be treated individually.
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Wu J, Han D, Shi S, Zhang Q, Zheng G, Wei M, Han Y, Li G, Yang F, Jiao D, Xie P, Zhang L, Yang AG, Zhao A, Qin W, Wen W. A Novel Fully Human Antibody targeting Extracellular Domain of PSMA Inhibits Tumor Growth in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1289-1301. [PMID: 31048359 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. It is of vital importance to develop new strategies for prostate cancer therapy. PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) is specifically expressed in prostate cancer and the neovasculature of certain cancer types, thus is considered to be an ideal target for cancer therapy. In our previous study, we have obtained a PSMA-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv), named gy1, from a large yeast display naïve human scFv library. In this study, we reconstructed the PSMA scFv into a fully human antibody (named PSMAb) and evaluated its characterization both in vitro and in vivo We showed that PSMAb can specifically bind with and internalize into PSMA+ cells. The binding affinity of PSMAb is measured to be at nanomolar level, and PSMAb has very good thermostability. In vivo study showed that near IR dye-labeled PSMAb can specifically localize at PSMA+ tumors, and the application of PSMAb in vivo significantly inhibited the growth of PSMA+ tumors, but not PSMA- tumors. At the studied doses, no obvious toxicity was observed when applied in vivo, as shown by the relative normal liver and kidney function and normal structure of important organs, shown by hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, PSMAb may inhibit tumor growth through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity mechanisms. Our results indicated that the novel fully human antibody, PSMAb, deserve further study for PSMA-targeted diagnosis and therapy for prostate cancer and other cancer types with vascular PSMA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Donghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengjia Shi
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guoxu Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Department of Urology, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China
| | | | | | - Fa Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dian Jiao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pin Xie
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Weihong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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