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Schmitz F, Knöchelmann E, Kruse T, Minceva M, Kampmann M. Continuous multi-column capture of monoclonal antibodies with convective diffusive membrane adsorbers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1859-1875. [PMID: 38470343 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Downstream processing is the bottleneck in the continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To overcome throughput limitations, two different continuous processes with a novel convective diffusive protein A membrane adsorber (MA) were investigated: the rapid cycling parallel multi-column chromatography (RC-PMCC) process and the rapid cycling simulated moving bed (RC-BioSMB) process. First, breakthrough curve experiments were performed to investigate the influence of the flow rate on the mAb dynamic binding capacity and to calculate the duration of the loading steps. In addition, customized control software was developed for an automated MA exchange in case of pressure increase due to membrane fouling to enable robust, uninterrupted, and continuous processing. Both processes were performed for 4 days with 0.61 g L-1 mAb-containing filtrate and process performance, product purity, productivity, and buffer consumption were compared. The mAb was recovered with a yield of approximately 90% and productivities of 1010 g L-1 d-1 (RC-PMCC) and 574 g L-1 d-1 (RC-BioSMB). At the same time, high removal of process-related impurities was achieved with both processes, whereas the buffer consumption was lower for the RC-BioSMB process. Finally, the attainable productivity for perfusion bioreactors of different sizes with suitable MA sizes was calculated to demonstrate the potential to operate both processes on a manufacturing scale with bioreactor volumes of up to 2000 L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schmitz
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elias Knöchelmann
- Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kruse
- Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirjana Minceva
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Markus Kampmann
- Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Osuofa J, Husson SM. Preparation of Protein A Membranes Using Propargyl Methacrylate-Based Copolymers and Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Click Chemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:239. [PMID: 38257038 PMCID: PMC10819539 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of convective technologies for antibody purification is of interest to the bioprocessing industries. This study developed a Protein A membrane using a combination of graft polymerization and copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide click chemistry. Regenerated cellulose supports were functionalized via surface-initiated copolymerization of propargyl methacrylate (PgMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA300), followed by a reaction with azide-functionalized Protein A ligand. The polymer-modified membranes were characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), gravimetric analysis, and permeability measurements. Copolymer composition was determined using the Mayo-Lewis equation. Membranes clicked with azide-conjugated Protein A were evaluated by measuring static and dynamic binding (DBC10) capacities for human immunoglobulin G (hIgG). Copolymer composition and degree of grafting were found to affect maximum static binding capacities, with values ranging from 5 to 16 mg/mL. DBC10 values did not vary with flow rate, as expected of membrane adsorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott M. Husson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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3
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Yang S, Braczkowski R, Chen SH, Busse R, Li Y, Fabri L, Bekard IB. Scalability of Sartobind ® Rapid A Membrane for High Productivity Monoclonal Antibody Capture. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:815. [PMID: 37887987 PMCID: PMC10608304 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Improved upstream titres in therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) production have shifted capacity constraints to the downstream process. The consideration of membrane-based chromatographic devices as a debottlenecking option is gaining increasing attention with the recent introduction of high-capacity bind and elute membranes. We have evaluated the performance and scalability of the Sartobind® Rapid A affinity membrane (1 mL) for high-productivity mAb capture. For scalability assessment, a 75 mL prototype device was used to process 100 L of clarified cell culture harvest (CH) on a novel multi-use rapid cycling chromatography system (MU-RCC). MabSelect™ PrismA (4.7 mL) was used as a benchmark comparator for Protein A (ProtA) resin studies. Results show that in addition to a productivity gain of >10×, process and product quality attributes were either improved or comparable to the benchmark. Concentrations of eluate pools were 7.5× less than that of the benchmark, with the comparatively higher bulk volume likely to cause handling challenges at process scale. The MU-RCC system is capable of membrane operation at pilot scale with comparable product quality profile to the 1 mL device. The Sartobind® Rapid A membrane is a scalable alternative to conventional ProtA resin chromatography for the isolation and purification of mAbs from harvested cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Yang
- CSL Innovation Pty Ltd., 655 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ryszard Braczkowski
- CSL Innovation Pty Ltd., 655 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Shih-Hsun Chen
- CSL Innovation Pty Ltd., 655 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ricarda Busse
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Strasse 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yudhi Li
- Sartorius Stedim Singapore Pte Ltd., 30 Pasir Panjang Rd., #06-31A/32, Singapore 117440, Singapore
| | - Louis Fabri
- CSL Innovation Pty Ltd., 655 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Romero JJ, Jenkins EW, Osuofa J, Husson SM. Computational framework for the techno-economic analysis of monoclonal antibody capture chromatography platforms. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463755. [PMID: 36586284 PMCID: PMC9868085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We developed a computational framework that integrates commercial software components to perform customizable technoeconomic feasibility analyses. The use of multiple software packages overcomes the shortcomings of each to provide a detailed simulation that can be used for sensitivity analyses and optimizations. In this paper, the framework was used to evaluate the performance of monoclonal antibody capture processes. To this end, the simulation framework incorporated dynamic models for the affinity chromatography step that were validated with experimental breakthrough curves. The results were integrated with an Intelligen SuperPro Designer process simulation for the evaluation of key performance indicators of the operations. As proof of concept, the framework was used to perform a sensitivity analysis and optimization for a case study in which we sought to compare membrane and resin chromatography for disposable and reusable batch capture platforms. Two membranes and one resin were selected for the capture media, which yielded six process alternatives to compare. The objective functions were set to be cost of goods, process time, and buffer utilization. The results of the optimization of these process alternatives were a set of operating conditions that display tradeoffs between competing objectives. From this application exercise, we conclude that the framework can handle multiple variables and objectives, and it is adaptable to platforms with different chromatography media and operating modes. Additionally, the framework is capable of providing ad hoc analyses for decision making in a specific production context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Romero
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Eleanor W Jenkins
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Joshua Osuofa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - Scott M Husson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
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5
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Fan J, Barbieri E, Shastry S, Menegatti S, Boi C, Carbonell RG. Purification of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Serotype 2 from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) Lysate by Chromatographic Nonwoven Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12100944. [PMID: 36295703 PMCID: PMC9606886 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The success of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based therapeutics in gene therapy poses the need for rapid and efficient processes that can support the growing clinical demand. Nonwoven membranes represent an ideal tool for the future of virus purification: owing to their small fiber diameters and high porosity, they can operate at high flowrates while allowing full access to target viral particles without diffusional limitations. This study describes the development of nonwoven ion-exchange membrane adsorbents for the purification of AAV2 from an Sf9 cell lysate. A strong anion-exchange (AEX) membrane was developed by UV grafting glycidyl methacrylate on a polybutylene terephthalate nonwoven followed by functionalization with triethylamine (TEA), resulting in a quaternary amine ligand (AEX-TEA membrane). When operated in bind-and-elute mode at a pH higher than the pI of the capsids, this membrane exhibited a high AAV2 binding capacity (9.6 × 1013 vp·mL-1) at the residence time of 1 min, and outperformed commercial cast membranes by isolating AAV2 from an Sf9 lysate with high productivity (2.4 × 1013 capsids·mL-1·min-1) and logarithmic reduction value of host cell proteins (HCP LRV ~ 1.8). An iminodiacetic acid cation-exchange nonwoven (CEX-IDA membrane) was also prepared and utilized at a pH lower than the pI of capsids to purify AAV2 in a bind-and-elute mode, affording high capsid recovery and impurity removal by eluting with a salt gradient. To further increase purity, the CEX-IDA and AEX-TEA membranes were utilized in series to purify the AAV2 from the Sf9 cell lysate. This membrane-based chromatography process also achieved excellent DNA clearance and a recovery of infectivity higher that that reported using ion-exchange resin chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Cristiana Boi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Department of Civil, Chemical Environmental and Materials Engineering, DICAM, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ruben G. Carbonell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL), Newark, DE 19711, USA
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Matte A. Recent Advances and Future Directions in Downstream Processing of Therapeutic Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158663. [PMID: 35955796 PMCID: PMC9369434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of many new therapies, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies remain a prominent biologics product, with a market value of billions of dollars annually. A variety of downstream processing technological advances have led to a paradigm shift in how therapeutic antibodies are developed and manufactured. A key driver of change has been the increased adoption of single-use technologies for process development and manufacturing. An early-stage developability assessment of potential lead antibodies, using both in silico and high-throughput experimental approaches, is critical to de-risk development and identify molecules amenable to manufacturing. Both statistical and mechanistic modelling approaches are being increasingly applied to downstream process development, allowing for deeper process understanding of chromatographic unit operations. Given the greater adoption of perfusion processes for antibody production, continuous and semi-continuous downstream processes are being increasingly explored as alternatives to batch processes. As part of the Quality by Design (QbD) paradigm, ever more sophisticated process analytical technologies play a key role in understanding antibody product quality in real-time. We should expect that computational prediction and modelling approaches will continue to be advanced and exploited, given the increasing sophistication and robustness of predictive methods compared to the costs, time, and resources required for experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Matte
- Downstream Processing Team, Bioprocess Engineering Department, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
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Schwaminger SP, Zimmermann I, Berensmeier S. Current research approaches in downstream processing of pharmaceutically relevant proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 77:102768. [PMID: 35930843 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals and their production are on the rise. They are needed to treat and to prevent multiple diseases. Therefore, an urgent need for process intensification in downstream processing (DSP) has been identified to produce biopharmaceuticals more efficiently. The DSP currently accounts for the majority of production costs of pharmaceutically relevant proteins. This short review gathers essential research over the past 3 years that addresses novel solutions to overcome this bottleneck. The overview includes promising studies in the fields of chromatography, aqueous two-phase systems, precipitation, crystallization, magnetic separation, and filtration for the purification of pharmaceutically relevant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Schwaminger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Ines Zimmermann
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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8
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Nadar S, Somasundaram B, Charry M, Billakanti J, Shave E, Baker K, Lua LHL. Design and optimization of membrane chromatography for monoclonal antibody charge variant separation. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3288. [PMID: 35818846 PMCID: PMC10078440 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The manufacturing scale implementation of membrane chromatography to purify monoclonal antibodies has gradually increased with the shift in industry focus towards flexible manufacturing and disposable technologies. Membrane chromatography are used to remove process-related impurities such as host cell proteins and DNA, leachates and endotoxins, with improved productivity and process flexibility. However, application of membrane chromatography to separate product-related variants such as charge variants has not gained major traction due to low binding capacity. The work reported here demonstrates that a holistic process development strategy to optimize static binding (pH and salt concentration) and dynamic process (membrane loading, flowrate, and gradient length) parameters can alleviate the capacity limitations. The study employed high throughput screening tools and scale-down membranes for intermediate and polishing purification of the model monoclonal antibody. An optimized process consisting of anion exchange and cation exchange membrane chromatography reduced the acidic variants present in Protein A eluate from 89.5 % to 19.2 % with 71 % recovery of the target protein. The membrane chromatography process also cleared host cell protein to below limit of detection with 6 to 30-fold higher membrane loading, compared to earlier reported values. The results confirm that membrane chromatography is effective in separating closely related product variants when supported by a well-defined process development strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Nadar
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Balaji Somasundaram
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcela Charry
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jagan Billakanti
- Global Life Sciences Solutions Australia Pty Ltd, 32 Phillip St, Parramatta, Sydney, New south wales, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Patheon Biologics, Pharma Services Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Patheon Biologics, Pharma Services Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Use of the Dispersion Coefficient as the Sole Structural Parameter to Model Membrane Chromatography. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070668. [PMID: 35877871 PMCID: PMC9315837 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The characterization and modelling of membrane chromatography processes require the axial dispersion coefficient as a relevant and effective intrinsic property of porous media, instead of arbitrary assumptions on pore size distribution. The dispersion coefficient can be easily measured by experiments completely independent of chromatographic tests. The paper presents the prediction of experimentally obtained breakthrough curves using B14-TRZ-Epoxy2 membranes as a test case; the mathematical model implemented is based on the use of the experimentally measured axial dispersion coefficient as an input parameter. Application of the model and its comparison with the data demonstrate that alternative ways of explaining the shape of breakthrough curves, based on unverified assumptions about the membrane pore size distribution, are not feasible and not effectively supported by experimental evidence. In contrast, the axial dispersion coefficient is the only measurable parameter that accounts for all the different contributions to the dispersion phenomenon that occurs in the membrane chromatography process, including the effects due to porous structure and pore size distribution. Therefore, mathematical models that rely on the mere assumption of pore size distribution, regardless of the role of the axial dispersion coefficient, are in fact arbitrary and ultimately misleading.
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Samaras JJ, Micheletti M, Ding W. Transformation of Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing Through Single-Use Technologies: Current State, Remaining Challenges, and Future Development. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:73-97. [PMID: 35700527 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single-use technologies have transformed conventional biopharmaceutical manufacturing, and their adoption is increasing rapidly for emerging applications like antibody-drug conjugates and cell and gene therapy products. These disruptive technologies have also had a significant impact during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, helping to advance process development to enable the manufacturing of new monoclonal antibody therapies and vaccines. Single-use systems provide closed plug-and-play solutions and enable process intensification and continuous processing. Several challenges remain, providing opportunities to advance single-use sensors and their integration with single-use systems, to develop novel plastic materials, and to standardize design for interchangeability. Because the industry is changing rapidly, a holistic analysis of the current single-use technologies is required, with a summary of the latest advancements in materials science and the implementation of these technologies in end-to-end bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin J Samaras
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Micheletti
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weibing Ding
- Manufacturing Science & Technology, GSK, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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Yang X, Merenda A, AL-Attabi R, Dumée LF, Zhang X, Thang SH, Pham H, Kong L. Towards next generation high throughput ion exchange membranes for downstream bioprocessing: A review. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Dual-recognition membrane Adsorbers combining hydrophobic charge-induction chromatography with surface imprinting via multicomponent reaction. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Nejatishahidein N, Zydney AL. Depth filtration in bioprocessing — new opportunities for an old technology. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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