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Zhu M, Tang Y, Xie Y, He B, Ding G, Zhou X. Research progress on differentiation and regulation of plant chromoplasts. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:810. [PMID: 39001942 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids, natural tetraterpenoids found abundantly in plants, contribute to the diverse colors of plant non-photosynthetic tissues and provide fragrance through their cleavage products, which also play crucial roles in plant growth and development. Understanding the synthesis, degradation, and storage pathways of carotenoids and identifying regulatory factors represents a significant strategy for enhancing plant quality. Chromoplasts serve as the primary plastids responsible for carotenoid accumulation, and their differentiation is linked to the levels of carotenoids, rendering them a subject of substantial research interest. The differentiation of chromoplasts involves alterations in plastid structure and protein import machinery. Additionally, this process is influenced by factors such as the ORANGE (OR) gene, Clp proteases, xanthophyll esterification, and environmental factors. This review shows the relationship between chromoplast and carotenoid accumulation by presenting recent advances in chromoplast structure, the differentiation process, and key regulatory factors, which can also provide a reference for rational exploitation of chromoplasts to enhance plant quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yunxia Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yiqing Xie
- Institute of Economic Forestry, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | - BingBing He
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guochang Ding
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xingwen Zhou
- College of Architecture and Planning, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, China.
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Lin Z, Ali MM, Yi X, Zhang L, Wang S. Fast and High-Efficiency Synthesis of Capsanthin in Pepper by Transient Expression of Geminivirus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15008. [PMID: 37834456 PMCID: PMC10573693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The color of the chili fruit is an important factor that determines the quality of the chili, as red chilies are more popular among consumers. The accumulation of capsanthin is the main cause of reddening of the chili fruit. Capsanthin is an important metabolite in carotenoid metabolism, and its production level is closely linked to the expression of the genes for capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CCS) and carotenoid hydroxylase (CrtZ). We reported for the first time that the synthesis of capsanthin in chili was enhanced by using a geminivirus (Bean Yellow Dwarf Virus). By expressing heterologous β-carotenoid hydroxylase (CrtZ) and β-carotenoid ketolase (CrtW) using codon optimization, the transcription level of the CCS gene and endogenous CrtZ was directly increased. This leads to the accumulation of a huge amount of capsanthin in a very short period of time. Our results provide a platform for the rapid enhancement of endogenous CCS activity and capsanthin production using geminivirus in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Lin
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Biotechnology Institute, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Yi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Shaojuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China (X.Y.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
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Tuo D, Yao Y, Yan P, Chen X, Qu F, Xue W, Liu J, Kong H, Guo J, Cui H, Dai Z, Shen W. Development of cassava common mosaic virus-based vector for protein expression and gene editing in cassava. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:78. [PMID: 37537660 PMCID: PMC10399001 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant virus vectors designed for virus-mediated protein overexpression (VOX), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and genome editing (VIGE) provide rapid and cost-effective tools for functional genomics studies, biotechnology applications and genome modification in plants. We previously reported that a cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV, genus Potexvirus)-based VIGS vector was used for rapid gene function analysis in cassava. However, there are no VOX and VIGE vectors available in cassava. RESULTS In this study, we developed an efficient VOX vector (CsCMV2-NC) for cassava by modifying the CsCMV-based VIGS vector. Specifically, the length of the duplicated putative subgenomic promoter (SGP1) of the CsCMV CP gene was increased to improve heterologous protein expression in cassava plants. The modified CsCMV2-NC-based VOX vector was engineered to express genes encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), bacterial phytoene synthase (crtB), and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) type III effector XopAO1 for viral infection tracking, carotenoid biofortification and Xam virulence effector identification in cassava. In addition, we used CsCMV2-NC to deliver single guide RNAs (gMePDS1/2) targeting two loci of the cassava phytoene desaturase gene (MePDS) in Cas9-overexpressing transgenic cassava lines. The CsCMV-gMePDS1/2 efficiently induced deletion mutations of the targeted MePDS with the albino phenotypes in systemically infected cassava leaves. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a useful tool for rapid and efficient heterologous protein expression and guide RNA delivery in cassava. This expands the potential applications of CsCMV-based vector in gene function studies, biotechnology research, and precision breeding for cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Tuo
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Pu Yan
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Feihong Qu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Weiqian Xue
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Hua Kong
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Jianchun Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Breeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sanya Research Institute, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou & Sanya, Hainan, China.
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Xu R, Luo M, Xu J, Wang M, Huang B, Miao Y, Liu D. Integrative Analysis of Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Data Reveals the Mechanism of Color Formation in Corms of Pinellia ternata. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097990. [PMID: 37175702 PMCID: PMC10178707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (P. ternata) is a very important plant that is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Its corms can be used as medicine and function to alleviate cough, headache, and phlegm. The epidermis of P. ternata corms is often light yellow to yellow in color; however, within the range of P. ternata found in JingZhou City in Hubei Province, China, there is a form of P. ternata in which the epidermis of the corm is red. We found that the total flavonoid content of red P. ternata corms is significantly higher than that of yellow P. ternata corms. The objective of this study was to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the difference in epidermal color between the two forms of P. ternata. The results showed that a high content of anthocyanidin was responsible for the red epidermal color in P. ternata, and 15 metabolites, including cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were screened as potential color markers in P. ternata through metabolomic analysis. Based on an analysis of the transcriptome, seven genes, including PtCHS1, PtCHS2, PtCHI1, PtDFR5, PtANS, PtUPD-GT2, and PtUPD-GT3, were found to have important effects on the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in the P. ternata corm epidermis. Furthermore, two transcription factors (TFs), bHLH1 and bHLH2, may have regulatory functions in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in red P. ternata corms. Using an integrative analysis of the metabolomic and transcriptomic data, we identified five genes, PtCHI, PtDFR2, PtUPD-GT1, PtUPD-GT2, and PtUPD-GT3, that may play important roles in the presence of the red epidermis color in P. ternata corms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Bisheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yuhuan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Dahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
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Morelli L, Torres-Montilla S, Glauser G, Shanmugabalaji V, Kessler F, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Novel insights into the contribution of plastoglobules and reactive oxygen species to chromoplast differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1696-1710. [PMID: 36307969 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues can be enriched in phytonutrients not only by stimulating their biosynthesis but also by providing appropriate sink structures for their sequestering and storage. In the case of carotenoids, they accumulate at high levels in chromoplasts naturally found in flowers and fruit. Chromoplasts can also be artificially differentiated from leaf chloroplasts by boosting carotenoid production with the bacterial protein crtB. Here we used electron and confocal microscopy together with subplastidial fractionation and transcript, protein and metabolite analyses to analyze the structural and biochemical changes occurring in crtB-induced artificial chromoplasts and their impact on the accumulation of health-related isoprenoids. We show that leaf chromoplasts develop plastoglobules (PG) harboring high levels of carotenoids (mainly phytoene and pro-vitamin A β-carotene) but also other nutritionally relevant isoprenoids, such as tocopherols (vitamin E) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). Further promoting PG proliferation by exposure to intense (high) light resulted in a higher accumulation of these health-related metabolites but also an acceleration of the chloroplast-to-chromoplast conversion. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates chromoplastogenesis. Our data suggest that carotenoid accumulation and ROS production are not just consequences but promoters of the chromoplast differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Morelli L, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Open avenues for carotenoid biofortification of plant tissues. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100466. [PMID: 36303429 PMCID: PMC9860184 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are plastidial isoprenoids that function as photoprotectants, pigments, and precursors of apocarotenoids such as the hormones abscisic acid and strigolactones. Humans do not produce carotenoids but need to obtain them from their diet as precursors of retinoids, including vitamin A. Carotenoids also provide numerous other health benefits. Multiple attempts to improve the carotenoid profile of different crops have been carried out by manipulating carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and/or storage. Here, we will focus on open questions and emerging subjects related to the use of biotechnology for carotenoid biofortification. After impressive achievements, new efforts should be directed to extend the use of genome-editing technologies to overcome regulatory constraints and improve consumer acceptance of the carotenoid-enriched products. Another challenge is to prevent off-target effects like those resulting from altered hormone levels and metabolic homeostasis. Research on biofortification of green tissues should also look for new ways to deal with the negative impact that altered carotenoid contents may have on photosynthesis. Once a carotenoid-enriched product has been obtained, additional effort should be devoted to confirming that carotenoid intake from the engineered food is also improved. This work involves ensuring post-harvest stability and assessing bioaccessibility of the biofortified product to confirm that release of carotenoids from the food matrix has not been negatively affected. Successfully addressing these challenges will ensure new milestones in carotenoid biotechnology and biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Martí M, Merwaiss F, Butković A, Daròs JA. Production of Potyvirus-Derived Nanoparticles Decorated with a Nanobody in Biofactory Plants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:877363. [PMID: 35433643 PMCID: PMC9008781 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.877363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have recently attracted attention for their use as building blocks for novel materials to support a range of functions of potential interest in nanotechnology and medicine. Viral capsids are ideal for presenting small epitopes by inserting them at an appropriate site on the selected coat protein (CP). VNPs presenting antibodies on their surfaces are considered highly promising tools for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Due to their size, nanobodies are an interesting alternative to classic antibodies for surface presentation. Nanobodies are the variable domains of heavy-chain (VHH) antibodies from animals belonging to the family Camelidae, which have several properties that make them attractive therapeutic molecules, such as their small size, simple structure, and high affinity and specificity. In this work, we have produced genetically encoded VNPs derived from two different potyviruses—the largest group of RNA viruses that infect plants—decorated with nanobodies. We have created a VNP derived from zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) decorated with a nanobody against the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) plants. As reported for other viruses, the expression of ZYMV-derived VNPs decorated with this nanobody was only made possible by including a picornavirus 2A splicing peptide between the fused proteins, which resulted in a mixed population of unmodified and decorated CPs. We have also produced tobacco etch virus (TEV)-derived VNPs in Nicotiana benthamiana plants decorated with the same nanobody against GFP. Strikingly, in this case, VNPs could be assembled by direct fusion of the nanobody to the viral CP with no 2A splicing involved, likely resulting in fully decorated VNPs. For both expression systems, correct assembly and purification of the recombinant VNPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscope; the functionality of the CP-fused nanobody was assessed by western blot and binding assays. In sum, here we report the production of genetically encoded plant-derived VNPs decorated with a nanobody. This system may be an attractive alternative for the sustainable production in plants of nanobody-containing nanomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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