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Konstantinidis S, Poplyk MR, Ma WJ, Reilly D, Zhang Y, Wang J, Thompson R, Stiving A, Winters MA, Wang SC, Kristopeit A. Purification processes of live virus vaccine candidates expressed in adherent Vero cell lines via multimodal chromatography in flowthrough mode. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2482-2499. [PMID: 37209394 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Live virus vaccine (LVV) purification, employing chromatography, can be challenged by low binding capacities and elution yields. Alternatively, processes relying solely on enzymatic digestion steps and size-based membrane separations can be limited by suboptimal reduction of process related impurities and poorly scalable unit operations. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of flowthrough mode chromatography and an ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF) unit operation delivers a purification process for two different LVV candidates, V590 and Measles, expressed in adherent Vero cells. For V590, chromatography with mixed mode cation exchange resins returned final product yields of ∼50% and logarithmic reduction values (LRVs) of 1.7->3.4 and 2.5-3.0 for host cell DNA (hcDNA) and host cell proteins (HCPs), respectively. For Measles, chromatography with mixed mode anion exchange resins returned final product yields of ∼50% and LRVs of 1.6 and 2.2 for hcDNA and HCPs, respectively. For both V590 and Measles processing, the employed resins cleared a key HCP, fibronectin, which could foul the UF/DF unit operation, and thusly enabling it to further reduce HCPs and to formulate the final LVV products. This integrated purification process utilizes the complementary action of the two unit operations and its applicability across LVVs supports its consideration for their processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murphy R Poplyk
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wanli Justin Ma
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Devan Reilly
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Young Zhang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jamin Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rachel Thompson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alyssa Stiving
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael A Winters
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Adam Kristopeit
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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Kuczynski LE, Shallow JR, Watson MP, Homsy ML, Svab T, Gruber A, Rustandi RR, Hu J, Winters MA. Adaptation of an rVSV Ebola vaccine purification process for rapid development of a viral vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300041. [PMID: 37766672 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, long development timelines typically associated with vaccines were challenged. The urgent need for a vaccine provided a strong driver to reevaluate existing vaccine development approaches. Innovative approaches to regulatory approval were realized, including the use of platform-based technology. In collaboration with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA rapidly advanced an investigational SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) platform used for the Ebola vaccine ERVEBO (rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP). An rVSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate was generated using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to replace the VSV G protein. The purification process development for this vaccine candidate was detailed in this paper. Areas were highlighted where the ERVEBO platform process was successfully adopted and where additional measures were needed for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate. These included: (i) endonuclease addition directly into the bioreactor prior to harvest, (ii) inclusion of a core-shell chromatography step for improved purification, and (iii) incorporation of a terminal, sterile filtration step to eliminate the need for aseptic, closed processing. High infectious virus titers were achieved in Phase 3 clinical drug substance (>108 PFU mL-1 ), and process consistency was demonstrated across four large scale batches that were completed in 6 months from clone selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kuczynski
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R Shallow
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew P Watson
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael L Homsy
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Svab
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley Gruber
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard R Rustandi
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianfang Hu
- Center of Mathematical Sciences, MMD, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Winters
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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Mayer V, Frank AC, Preinsperger S, Csar P, Steppert P, Jungbauer A, Pereira Aguilar P. Removal of chromatin by salt-tolerant endonucleases for production of recombinant measles virus. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3342. [PMID: 36974026 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Host cell DNA is a critical impurity in downstream processing of enveloped viruses. Especially, DNA in the form of chromatin is often neglected. Endonuclease treatment is an almost mandatory step in manufacturing of viral vaccines. In order to find the optimal performer, four different endonucleases, two of them salt tolerant, were evaluated in downstream processing of recombinant measles virus. Endonuclease treatment was performed under optimal temperature conditions after clarification and before the purification by flow-through chromatography with a core shell chromatography medium: Capto™ Core 700. Virus infectivity was measured by TCID50. DNA and histone presence in process and purified samples was determined using PicoGreen™ assay and Western blot analysis using an anti-histone antibody, respectively. All tested endonucleases allowed the reduction of DNA content improving product purity. The salt-tolerant endonucleases SAN and M-SAN were more efficient in the removal of chromatin compared with the non-salt-tolerant endonucleases Benzonase® and DENARASE®. Removal of chromatin using M-SAN was also possible without the addition of extra salt to the cell culture supernatant. The combination of the endonuclease treatment, using salt-tolerant endonucleases with flow-through chromatography, using core-shell particles, resulted in high purity and purification efficiency. This strategy has all features for a platform downstream process of recombinant measles virus and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Mayer
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Carina Frank
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shirin Preinsperger
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Csar
- Themis Bioscience GmbH (A Subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Steppert
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Pereira Aguilar
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Gillespie PF, Wang Y, Hofmann C, Kuczynski LE, Winters MA, Teyral JL, Tubbs CM, Shiflett K, Patel N, Rustandi RR. Understanding the Spike Protein in COVID-19 Vaccine in Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV) Using Automated Capillary Western Blots. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3319-3328. [PMID: 36685032 PMCID: PMC9843631 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the viral agent that is responsible for the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. One of the live virus vaccine candidates Merck and Co., Inc. was developing to help combat the pandemic was V590. V590 was a live-attenuated, replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) in which the envelope VSV glycoprotein (G protein) gene was replaced with the gene for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein), the protein responsible for viral binding and fusion to the cell membrane. To assist with product and process development, a quantitative Simple Western (SW) assay was successfully developed and phase-appropriately qualified to quantitate the concentration of S protein expressed in V590 samples. A strong correlation was established between potency and S-protein concentration, which suggested that the S-protein SW assay could be used as a proxy for virus productivity optimization with faster data turnaround time (3 h vs 3 days). In addition, unlike potency, the SW assay was able to provide a qualitative profile assessment of the forms of S protein (S protein, S1 subunit, and S multimer) to ensure appropriate levels of S protein were maintained throughout process and product development. Finally, V590 stressed stability studies suggested that time and temperature contributed to the instability of S protein demonstrated by cleavage into its subunits, S1 and S2, and aggregation into S multimer. Both of which could potentially have a deleterious effect on the vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Gillespie
- Analytical
Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Analytical
Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Carl Hofmann
- Analytical
Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Laura E. Kuczynski
- Vaccine
Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Michael A. Winters
- Vaccine
Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Teyral
- Research
CMC Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Christopher M. Tubbs
- Analytical
Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Kelsey Shiflett
- Analytical
Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Nisarg Patel
- Analytical
Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
| | - Richard R. Rustandi
- Analytical
Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania19486, United States
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