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Parker ET, Lollar P. Measurement of the Translational Diffusion Coefficient and Hydrodynamic Radius of Proteins by Dynamic Light Scattering. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4195. [PMID: 34761067 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion is a fundamental process in biological systems that governs the molecular collisions driving biochemical reactions and membrane and transport. Measurement of the diffusion coefficient and application of the Stokes-Einstein equation produces the hydrodynamic radius, which is a commonly used gauge of particle size. Additionally, measurement of the diffusion coefficient and the sedimentation coefficient, and application of the Svedberg equation, yields the molecular weight, which is particularly useful in the characterization of very large macromolecules. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is the most common method to measure the diffusion coefficient of macromolecules. We describe a procedure to perform DLS measurements on monomeric bovine serum albumin (BSA) purified by size-exclusion chromatography using the Zetasizer Nano S particle size analyzer. We compare several analytical methods in existing software programs to estimate the diffusion coefficient of BSA (extrapolated to water at 20°C at infinite dilution, D 20 , w 0 ) and describe a statistical method to obtain 95% confidence limits of the precision of the estimates. We compare D 20 , w 0 estimates to literature values obtained by diffusiometry, sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation, and other DLS instruments. The method of cumulant analysis in the program SEDFIT (www.analyticalultracentrifugation.com) produced the most precise estimate, D 20 , w 0 6.06 ± 0.07 F (1 F = 10-7 cm2 s-1), which was within the range of estimates obtained by diffusiometry or sedimentation velocity. This protocol is useful for DLS method validation and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Parker
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pete Lollar
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Pamies R, Hernández Cifre JG, del Carmen López Martínez M, García de la Torre J. Determination of intrinsic viscosities of macromolecules and nanoparticles. Comparison of single-point and dilution procedures. Colloid Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-008-1902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Devineni D, Ezekwudo D, Palaniappan R. Formulation of maltodextrin entrapped in polycaprolactone microparticles for protein and vaccine delivery: effect of size determining formulation process variables of microparticles on the hydrodynamic diameter of BSA. J Microencapsul 2007; 24:358-70. [PMID: 17497389 DOI: 10.1080/02652040701279104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Size of the microparticle and integrity of the released protein are two crucial factors which dictate the success of any protein or vaccine delivery system. The primary objective was to optimize bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded polycaprolactone/maltodextrin (PCL/MD) microparticles in terms of its size and the hydrodynamic diameter of the released protein. The effect of size determining formulation process variables (SDFPV) of microparticles on the hydrodynamic diameter of protein antigen was determined. The SDFPV were optimized by a compromise between the microparticle size and the relative hydrodynamic stability of protein released from it. Percentage of secondary structure of the protein released from the optimized formulation as determined by circular dichroism spectra along with SELCON software was also similar to that of native BSA suggesting the potential of PCL /MD microparticles for protein or vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Devineni
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Castelletto V, Krysmann MJ, Clifton LA, Lambourne J, Noirez L. Structural Study of BSA/Poly(ethylene glycol) Lipid Conjugate Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:11330-6. [PMID: 17803303 DOI: 10.1021/jp074409n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report the structural characteristics of bovine serum albumin/poly(ethylene glycol) lipid conjugate (BSA/PEG(2000)-PE) complexes under physiological conditions (37 degrees C and pH 7.4) for particular fractions of BSA to PEG-lipid concentration, c(BSA)/c(PEG)(2000)-PE. Ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy (UV) results shown that PEG(2000)-PE is associated to BSA, leading to protein unfolding for fixed c(BSA) = 0.01 wt % and variable c(PEG)(2000)-PE = 0.0015-0.6 wt %. Tryptophan groups on the BSA surface are in contact with the PEG-lipid at c(PEG)(2000)-PE = 0.0015 wt %, while they are exposed to water at c(PEG)(2000)-PE > 0.0015 wt %. Dynamic and static light scattering (DLS and SLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) point out the existence of individual BSA/PEG-lipid complexes in the system for fixed c(BSA) = 1 wt % and variable c(PEG)(2000)-PE = 0.15-2 wt %. DLS shows that there is only one BSA molecule per protein/PEG-lipid complex, while SLS shows that the PEG-lipid associates to the BSA without promoting aggregation between adjacent protein/polymer-lipid conjugate complexes. SANS was used to show that BSA/PEG(2000)-PE complexes adopt an oblate ellipsoidal shape. Partially unfolded BSA is contained in the core of the oblate ellipsoid, which is surrounded by an external shell containing the PEG(2000)-PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Castelletto
- School of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, PO BOX 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom.
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Meechai N, Jamieson AM, Blackwell J. Translational Diffusion Coefficients of Bovine Serum Albumin in Aqueous Solution at High Ionic Strength. J Colloid Interface Sci 1999; 218:167-175. [PMID: 10489290 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1999.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report static and dynamic light scattering measurements on bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions at high ionic strength (I) where potential and hydrodynamic interactions between BSA molecules are of comparable strengths. Measurements of the concentration dependence of the osmotic compressibility, (dpi/dc), and the translational diffusion coefficient, D(m), are presented for several solvent systems: (a) at the isoelectric pH = 4.7 and I = 0.1, where long-range electrostatic repulsions are absent; (b) at pH = 7.4 and I = 0.15, 1.5, and 3.3, where a well-screened electrostatic repulsion is present. The results are compared with theoretical predictions which involve a microscopic hard-sphere treatment of the potential and hydrodynamic interactions. At pH = 7.4 and I = 1.5, our experimental results for dpi/dc are in good agreement with the hard-sphere prediction, and our values for D(m) are, likewise, consistent with a hard-sphere hydrodynamic analysis in which contributions from the divergence terms in the velocity field are neglected. At the isoelectric pH, similar agreement with theory is obtained, provided the contribution of an attractive potential is included; at pH 7.4 and I = 0.15, the contribution from a long-range repulsion must be included; at pH 7.4 and I = 3.3, onset of protein aggregation is observed. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Meechai
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-7202
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Gao JY, Dubin PL, Muhoberac BB. Capillary Electrophoresis and Dynamic Light Scattering Studies of Structure and Binding Characteristics of Protein−Polyelectrolyte Complexes. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980507k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y. Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana UniversityPurdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Paul L. Dubin
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana UniversityPurdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Barry B. Muhoberac
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana UniversityPurdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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Sontum PC, Christiansen C. Photon correlation spectroscopy applied to characterisation of denaturation and thermal stability of human albumin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 16:295-302. [PMID: 9408847 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Photon correlation spectroscopy and light absorption measurements have been applied for characterisation of denaturation kinetics and thermal stability of human albumin in solution. The hydrodynamic size of the molecules has been studied as a function of pH, and the denaturation rate of ten different lots of 5% (w/v) human albumin solution has been measured at various temperatures. In the native (pH 7) state, the hydrodynamic molecular diameter was found to 6.3 nm. The molecular size was relatively stable between pH 10 and 5, but increased with decreasing pH to approximately 20 nm at pH 3. The denaturation rate, measured as change in hydrodynamic diameter per min, was strongly dependent on temperature and increased 3-fold per degree in the 73-75 degrees C range. The investigated lots of albumin solution showed large variations in stability at 74 degrees C, with denaturation rates ranging from 10 to 100 nm min-1. The observed thermal stability for the lots investigated was ranked identically with both the employed techniques. In an effort to explain the observed lot to lot variations in denaturation rate, a broad chemical characterisation including determination of free SH content, fatty acid content and composition and metal content, was performed. However, lot to lot variations in these parameters was not found to fully elucidate the observed variations in thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Sontum
- Research and Development Section, Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway
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Size and mobility of sodium dodecyl sulfate—bovine serum albumin complex as studied by dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering. J Colloid Interface Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(92)90153-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Saleh A, El-Khordagui L, Robb D, A.T. F. Effect of some drugs and additives on the cross-linking of bovine serum albumin by glutaraldehyde. Int J Pharm 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(89)90208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Saleh AM, Florence AT, Whateley TL, el-Khordagui LK. The effect of hydrotropic agents on the heat coagulation of bovine serum albumin. J Pharm Pharmacol 1989; 41:298-301. [PMID: 2569515 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of two hydrotrophic solubilizers on the heat coagulation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated. Photon correlation spectroscopy indicated possible unfolding of BSA molecules in solutions of sodium benzoate and sodium salicylate at 25 degrees C. The effect of these hydrotropes on the heat coagulation of BSA was concentration-dependent. Relatively low concentrations stabilized the protein structure as indicated by the increase in the transition temperature(Tm) and induced gelation at temperatures and BSA concentrations lower than those required in the absence of hydrotropes. Higher concentrations of the hydrotropes considerably reduced Tm and inhibited gelation of BSA, the effect of sodium salicylate being more pronounced, as was the lower aggregation rate of BSA. The behaviour of these hydrotropes as protein denaturants differs from that of neutral electrolytes but is similar to that of concentrated solutions of urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Halbert GW, Florence AT. Physiochemical characterization of methotrexate-bovine serum albumin conjugates. J Pharm Pharmacol 1989; 41:222-6. [PMID: 2568459 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physiochemical parameters have been determined for a series of methotrexate-bovine serum albumin conjugates produced using a water-soluble carbodiimide. Drug coupling produces a heterogeneous product consisting of mixtures of albumin and albumin polymers with varying quantities of covalently bound drug. Due to this heterogeneity, the measurement of absolute physiochemical values was not possible but two factors producing change were evident. The water soluble carbodiimide is responsible for major changes by producing polymers that dominate the properties of the conjugates. The changes induced by the covalently attached drug are less dramatic but still appreciable. The results emphasize that both the attached drug and the method of coupling are significant factors in altering the physiochemical properties of proteinaceous drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Halbert
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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12
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Abstract
The incorporation of radioactivity into liver glycogen has been shown not only to be a metabolically inhomogeneous process but also to depend critically on the nature of the precursor. D-Galactose is incorporated into glycogen by a mechanism which is separate from that associated with the incorporation of D-glucose. D-Galactose is favoured for incorporation into high-molecular-weight glycogen and consequently is affected more by treatment of the animal with the antibiotic tunicamycin, since high-molecular-weight glycogen is preferentially found in the lysosomal compartment.
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13
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López Martinez MC, García de la Torre J. Transport properties of rigid, symmetrical oligomeric structures composed of prolate, ellipsoidal subunits. Biophys Chem 1983; 18:269-79. [PMID: 17005128 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(83)80040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/1983] [Revised: 05/31/1983] [Accepted: 06/22/1983] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have calculated translational and rotational diffusion coefficients and intrinsic viscosities of oligomeric structures composed of n identical subunits having a prolate ellipsoidal shape with axial ratio p. Results are presented for p = 1-6 for a variety of structures with n = 1-6. We compare our results with those obtained by a different modeling procedure, proposed by other workers, in which the monomeric subunit is represented as a string of touching, colinear spheres. If n and an estimate of p are known, the structure of the oligomer can be. in most cases, unambiguously determined by comparison of the experimental oligomer-to-monomer ratios of a given property with the numerical results of this work. As examples of the applicability of our results, we examine the relationship between structure and properties for neurophysin. bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin and phycocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C López Martinez
- Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Calder PC, Geddes R. Ordered synthesis and degradation of liver glycogen involving 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Carbohydr Res 1983; 118:233-8. [PMID: 6616502 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(83)88050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose from precursor 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose into liver glycogen has been shown to be a metabolically inhomogeneous process after starvation. The protein-to-polysaccharide ratio is also heterogeneous with respect to molecular size, and enhanced overall as compared to normal glycogen. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of a molecular order in the synthesis and degradation of liver glycogen.
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Schmitz KS, Lu M, Gauntt J. Influence of ionic strength on the diffusion of polystyrene latex spheres, bovine serum albumin, and polynucleosomes. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Delaye M, Gromiec A. Mutual diffusion of crystallin proteins at finite concentrations: a light-scattering study. Biopolymers 1983; 22:1203-21. [PMID: 6850061 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360220413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Patkowski A, Chu B. Studies of protein–nucleic acid interactions by photon correlation spectroscopy. I. tRNA–BSA interactions at low ionic strength. J Chem Phys 1980. [DOI: 10.1063/1.440566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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