1
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Zhang SS, Larrabee L, Chang AH, Desai S, Sloan L, Wang X, Wu Y, Parvez N, Amaratunga K, Hartman AC, Whitnall A, Mason J, Barton NP, Chu AY, Davitte JM, Csakai AJ, Tibbetts CV, Tolbert AE, O'Keefe H, Polanco J, Foley J, Kmett C, Kehler J, Kozejova G, Wang F, Mayer AP, Koenig P, Foletti D, Pitts SJ, Schnackenberg CG. Discovery of RXFP2 genetic association in resistant hypertensive men and RXFP2 antagonists for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13209. [PMID: 38851835 PMCID: PMC11162469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains a leading cause of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Failure to control blood pressure with ≥ 3 medications or control requiring ≥ 4 medications is classified as resistant hypertension (rHTN) and new therapies are needed to reduce the resulting increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Here, we report genetic evidence that relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) is associated with rHTN in men, but not in women. This study shows that adrenal gland gene expression of RXFP2 is increased in men with hypertension and the RXFP2 natural ligand, INSL3, increases adrenal steroidogenesis and corticosteroid secretion in human adrenal cells. To address the hypothesis that RXFP2 activation is an important mechanism in rHTN, we discovered and characterized small molecule and monoclonal antibody (mAb) blockers of RXFP2. The novel chemical entities and mAbs show potent, selective inhibition of RXFP2 and reduce aldosterone and cortisol synthesis and release. The RXFP2 mAbs have suitable rat pharmacokinetic profiles to evaluate the role of RXFP2 in the development and maintenance of rHTN. Overall, we identified RXFP2 activity as a potential new mechanism in rHTN and discovered RXFP2 antagonists for the future interrogation of RXFP2 in cardiovascular and renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lance Larrabee
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Andrew H Chang
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sapna Desai
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Lisa Sloan
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Xin Wang
- Research, 23andMe, 223 N Mathilda Ave., Sunnyvale, CA, 94086, USA
| | - Yixuan Wu
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nazia Parvez
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Karen Amaratunga
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Allison C Hartman
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Abby Whitnall
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Joseph Mason
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nicholas P Barton
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Genomic Sciences, GSK, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Adam J Csakai
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | | | - Audrey E Tolbert
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Heather O'Keefe
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Jessie Polanco
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Joseph Foley
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Casey Kmett
- DMPK, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Jonathan Kehler
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Gabriela Kozejova
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Feng Wang
- DMPK, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Andrew P Mayer
- Bioanalysis, Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Patrick Koenig
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Davide Foletti
- Therapeutics Division, 23andMe, 349 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Steven J Pitts
- Research, 23andMe, 223 N Mathilda Ave., Sunnyvale, CA, 94086, USA
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2
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Chen D, Rehfeld JF, Watts AG, Rorsman P, Gundlach AL. History of key regulatory peptide systems and perspectives for future research. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13251. [PMID: 37053148 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the 20th Century, regulatory peptide discovery advanced from the identification of gut hormones to the extraction and characterization of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic factors, and to the isolation and cloning of multiple brain neuropeptides. These discoveries were followed by the discovery of G-protein-coupled and other membrane receptors for these peptides. Subsequently, the systems physiology associated with some of these multiple regulatory peptides and receptors has been comprehensively elucidated and has led to improved therapeutics and diagnostics and their approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. In light of this wealth of information and further potential, it is truly a time of renaissance for regulatory peptides. In this perspective, we review what we have learned from the pioneers in exemplified fields of gut peptides, such as cholecystokinin, enterochromaffin-like-cell peptides, and glucagon, from the trailblazing studies on the key stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, as well as from more recently characterized relaxin-family peptides and receptors. The historical viewpoints are based on our understanding of these topics in light of the earliest phases of research and on subsequent studies and the evolution of knowledge, aiming to sharpen our vision of the current state-of-the-art and those studies that should be prioritized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Esteban-Lopez M, Wilson KJ, Myhr C, Kaftanovskaya EM, Henderson MJ, Southall NT, Xu X, Wang A, Hu X, Barnaeva E, Ye W, George ER, Sherrill JT, Ferrer M, Morello R, Agoulnik IU, Marugan JJ, Agoulnik AI. Discovery of small molecule agonists of the Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor 2. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1183. [PMCID: PMC9636434 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) belongs to the family of class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and it is the only known target for the insulin-like factor 3 peptide (INSL3). The importance of this ligand-receptor pair in the development of the gubernacular ligament during the transabdominal phase of testicular descent is well established. More recently, RXFP2 has been implicated in maintaining healthy bone formation. In this report, we describe the discovery of a small molecule series of RXFP2 agonists. These compounds are highly potent, efficacious, and selective RXFP2 allosteric agonists that induce gubernacular invagination in mouse embryos, increase mineralization activity in human osteoblasts in vitro, and improve bone trabecular parameters in adult mice. The described RXFP2 agonists are orally bioavailable and display favorable pharmacokinetic properties, which allow for future evaluation of the therapeutic benefits of modulating RXFP2 activation in disease models. Specific small molecule RXFP2 agonists with favorable pharmacokinetic properties induce gubernacular invagination in mouse embryos, increase mineralization activity in human osteoblasts in vitro, and improve bone trabecular parameters in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esteban-Lopez
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Kenneth J. Wilson
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Courtney Myhr
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Elena M. Kaftanovskaya
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Mark J. Henderson
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Noel T. Southall
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Xin Xu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Amy Wang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Xin Hu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Elena Barnaeva
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Wenjuan Ye
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Emmett R. George
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - John T. Sherrill
- grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Roy Morello
- grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Irina U. Agoulnik
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA ,grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Juan J. Marugan
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Alexander I. Agoulnik
- grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA ,grid.65456.340000 0001 2110 1845Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
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4
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Pustovit RV, Zhang X, Liew JJ, Praveen P, Liu M, Koo A, Oparija-Rogenmozere L, Ou Q, Kocan M, Nie S, Bathgate RA, Furness JB, Hossain MA. A Novel Antagonist Peptide Reveals a Physiological Role of Insulin-Like Peptide 5 in Control of Colorectal Function. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1665-1674. [PMID: 34661082 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5), the natural ligand for the relaxin family peptide receptor 4 (RXFP4), is a gut hormone that is exclusively produced by colonic L-cells. We have recently developed an analogue of INSL5, INSL5-A13, that acts as an RXFP4 agonist in vitro and stimulates colorectal propulsion in wild-type mice but not in RXFP4-knockout mice. These results suggest that INSL5 may have a physiological role in the control of colorectal motility. To investigate this possibility, in this study we designed and developed a novel INSL5 analogue, INSL5-A13NR. This compound is a potent antagonist, without significant agonist activity, in two in vitro assays. We report here for the first time that this novel antagonist peptide blocks agonist-induced increase in colon motility in mice that express RXFP4. Our data also show that colorectal propulsion induced by intracolonic administration of bacterial products (short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs) is antagonized by INSL5-A13NR. Therefore, INSL5-A13NR is an important research tool and potential drug lead for the treatment of colon motility disorders, such as bacterial diarrheas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan V Pustovit
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jamie Jm Liew
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Praveen Praveen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mengjie Liu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ada Koo
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lalita Oparija-Rogenmozere
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Qinghao Ou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ross Ad Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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5
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Ivell R, Alhujaili W, Kohsaka T, Anand-Ivell R. Physiology and evolution of the INSL3/RXFP2 hormone/receptor system in higher vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113583. [PMID: 32800774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the insulin-like peptide hormone INSL3 and its cognate receptor RXFP2 (relaxin-family peptide receptor 2) have existed throughout chordate evolution, their physiological diversification appears to be linked closely with mammalian emergence and radiation. In contrast, they have been lost in birds and reptiles. Both hormone and receptor are expressed from autosomal genes which have maintained their synteny across vertebrate evolution. Whereas the INSL3 gene comprises only two exons closely linked to the JAK3 gene, RXFP2 is normally encoded by 18 exons. Both genes, however, are subject to alternative splicing to yield a variety of possibly inactive or antagonistic molecules. In mammals, the INSL3-RXFP2 dyad has maintained a probably primitive association with gametogenesis, seen also in fish, whereby INSL3 promotes the survival, growth and differentiation of male germ cells in the testis and follicle development in the ovary. In addition, however, the INSL3/RXFP2 system has adopted a typical 'neohormone' profile, essential for the promotion of internal fertilisation and viviparity; fetal INSL3 is essential for the first phase of testicular descent into a scrotum, and also appears to be associated with male phenotype, in particular horn and skeletal growth. Circulating INSL3 is produced exclusively by the mature testicular Leydig cells in male mammals and acts as a potent biomarker for testis development during fetal and pubertal development as well as in ageing. As such it can be used also to monitor seasonally breeding animals as well as to investigate environmental or lifestyle conditions affecting development. Nevertheless, most information about INSL3 and RXFP2 comes from a very limited selection of species; it will be especially useful to gain further information from a more diverse range of animals, especially those whose evolution has led them to express unusual reproductive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE2 5RD, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE2 5RD, UK.
| | - Waleed Alhujaili
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE2 5RD, UK
| | - Tetsuya Kohsaka
- Dept. of Applied Life Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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6
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Shokri S, Tavalaee M, Ebrahimi SM, Ziaeipour S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Nejatbakhsh R. Expression of RXFP2 receptor on human spermatozoa and the anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects of insulin-like factor 3. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13715. [PMID: 32557760 DOI: 10.1111/and.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) has an important role in the human reproductive system; however, its detailed function is still mysterious. We aimed to investigate the possibility of expression of RXFP2 receptor on human spermatozoa and to determine the anti-apoptotic and antioxidant mechanism derived the binding of INSL3 and RXFP2. In this experimental study, the expression/location of the RXFP2 receptor was determined on the spermatozoa of fertile and infertile men. Twenty samples from 20 fertile men were collected and divided into 6 parts (control group, and five groups treated with INSL3 10, 100, 250, 500, 1,000 ng/ml). DNA damage, active caspase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sperm parameters were evaluated by TUNEL, flow cytometry, optical microscope and computer-assisted sperm analysis. The expression of RXFP2 was confirmed by Western blot. Immunocytochemistry illustrated that this receptor is expressed in the posterior half of the spermatozoa's head. The INSL3 at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 ng/ml reduced the active caspase and mitochondrial ROS, and also reduced DNA fragmentation at 1,000 ng/ml. Besides, INSL3 500 and 1,000 ng/ml significantly increased the sperm motility. This study confirmed the presence of RXFP2 receptor in fertile and infertile men's spermatozoa, indicating the highly dose-dependent efficacy of the INSL3, which may have promising impacts on the in-vitro fertilisation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shokri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Tavalaee
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Meisam Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Abhar School of Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Ziaeipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Nejatbakhsh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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7
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Valkovic AL, Leckey MB, Whitehead AR, Hossain MA, Inoue A, Kocan M, Bathgate RAD. Real-time examination of cAMP activity at relaxin family peptide receptors using a BRET-based biosensor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00432. [PMID: 30263124 PMCID: PMC6153321 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide (RXFPs) 1-4 receptors modulate the activity of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to produce a range of physiological functions. RXFP1 and RXFP2 increase cAMP via Gαs, whereas RXFP3 and RXFP4 inhibit cAMP via Gαi/o. RXFP1 also shows a delayed increase in cAMP downstream of Gαi3. In this study we have assessed whether the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensor CAMYEL (cAMP sensor using YFP-Epac-Rluc), which allows real-time measurement of cAMP activity in live cells, will aid in understanding ligand- and cell-specific RXFP signaling. CAMYEL detected concentration-dependent changes in cAMP activity at RXFP1-4 in recombinant cell lines, using a variety of ligands with potencies comparable to those seen in conventional cAMP assays. We used RXFP2 and RXFP3 antagonists to demonstrate that CAMYEL detects dynamic changes in cAMP by reversing cAMP activation or inhibition respectively, with real-time addition of antagonist after agonist stimulation. To demonstrate the utility of CAMYEL to detect cAMP activation in native cells expressing low levels of RXFP receptor, we cloned CAMYEL into a lentiviral vector and transduced THP-1 cells, which express low levels of RXFP1. THP-1 CAMYEL cells demonstrated robust cAMP activation in response to relaxin. However, the CAMYEL assay was unable to detect the Gαi3-mediated phase of RXFP1 cAMP activation in PTX-treated THP-1 cells or HEK293A cells with knockout of Gαs. Our data demonstrate that cytoplasmically-expressed CAMYEL efficiently detects real-time cAMP activation by Gαs or inhibition by Gαi/o but may not detect cAMP generated in specific intracellular compartments such as that generated by Gαi3 upon RXFP1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Valkovic
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Miranda B. Leckey
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alice R. Whitehead
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Mohammed A. Hossain
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku UniversityAobaMiyagiJapan
| | - Martina Kocan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ross A. D. Bathgate
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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8
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Ivell R, Anand-Ivell R. Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a major regulator of female reproductive physiology. Hum Reprod Update 2018; 24:639-651. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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9
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Ferlin A, De Toni L, Agoulnik AI, Lunardon G, Armani A, Bortolanza S, Blaauw B, Sandri M, Foresta C. Protective Role of Testicular Hormone INSL3 From Atrophy and Weakness in Skeletal Muscle. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:562. [PMID: 30323788 PMCID: PMC6172310 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgens are primarily involved in muscle growth, whilst disease-driven muscle wasting is frequently associated with hypogonadism. The Leydig cells of the testes also produce the peptide-hormone Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3). INSL3 displays anabolic activity on bone, a target tissue of androgens, and its plasma concentrations are diminished in male hypogonadism. Here we tested the role of INSL3 on muscle mass regulation, in physiological and pathological conditions. Studies on C2C12 cell line showed that INSL3, acting on his specific receptor RXFP2, promotes skeletal muscle protein synthesis through the Akt/mTOR/S6 pathway. Next, studies on Rxfp2 -/- mice showed that INSL3 is required to prevent excessive muscle loss after denervation. Mechanistically, denervated Rxfp2 -/- mice lacked the compensatory activation of the Akt/mTOR/S6 pathway and showed an abnormal ubiquitin-proteasome system activation. Lack of INSL3 activity resulted also in reduced contractile force. These findings underlie a role of INSL3/RXFP2 in protein turnover, contributing to muscle wasting in male hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferlin
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alexander I. Agoulnik
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Andrea Armani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sergia Bortolanza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marco Sandri
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Carlo Foresta
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10
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Hossain MA, Bathgate RAD. Challenges in the design of insulin and relaxin/insulin-like peptide mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:2827-2841. [PMID: 28988628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptidomimetics are designed to overcome the poor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics associated with the native peptide or protein on which they are based. The design of peptidomimetics starts from developing structure-activity relationships of the native ligand-target pair that identify the key residues that are responsible for the biological effect of the native peptide or protein. Then minimization of the structure and introduction of constraints are applied to create the core active site that can interact with the target with high affinity and selectivity. Developing peptidomimetics is not trivial and often challenging, particularly when peptides' interaction mechanism with their target is complex. This review will discuss the challenges of developing peptidomimetics of therapeutically important insulin superfamily peptides, particularly those which have two chains (A and B) and three disulfide bonds and whose receptors are known, namely insulin, H2 relaxin, H3 relaxin, INSL3 and INSL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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11
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Patil NA, Rosengren KJ, Separovic F, Wade JD, Bathgate RAD, Hossain MA. Relaxin family peptides: structure-activity relationship studies. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:950-961. [PMID: 27922185 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human relaxin peptide family consists of seven cystine-rich peptides, four of which are known to signal through relaxin family peptide receptors, RXFP1-4. As these peptides play a vital role physiologically and in various diseases, they are of considerable importance for drug discovery and development. Detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies towards understanding the role of important residues in each of these peptides have been reported over the years and utilized for the design of antagonists and minimized agonist variants. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the SAR of human relaxin 2 (H2 relaxin), human relaxin 3 (H3 relaxin), human insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and human insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5). LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin A Patil
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Zheng Y, Zhai L, Zhao Y, Wu C. Orthogonal Cysteine–Penicillamine Disulfide Pairing for Directing the Oxidative Folding of Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15094-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of
Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Linxiang Zhai
- The MOE Key Laboratory of
Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of
Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of
Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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13
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Halls ML, Bathgate RAD, Sutton SW, Dschietzig TB, Summers RJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCV. Recent advances in the understanding of the pharmacology and biological roles of relaxin family peptide receptors 1-4, the receptors for relaxin family peptides. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:389-440. [PMID: 25761609 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Relaxin, insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), relaxin-3, and INSL5 are the cognate ligands for the relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors 1-4, respectively. RXFP1 activates pleiotropic signaling pathways including the signalosome protein complex that facilitates high-sensitivity signaling; coupling to Gα(s), Gα(i), and Gα(o) proteins; interaction with glucocorticoid receptors; and the formation of hetero-oligomers with distinctive pharmacological properties. In addition to relaxin-related ligands, RXFP1 is activated by Clq-tumor necrosis factor-related protein 8 and by small-molecular-weight agonists, such as ML290 [2-isopropoxy-N-(2-(3-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenylcarbamoyl)phenyl)benzamide], that act allosterically. RXFP2 activates only the Gα(s)- and Gα(o)-coupled pathways. Relaxin-3 is primarily a neuropeptide, and its cognate receptor RXFP3 is a target for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and autism. A variety of peptide agonists, antagonists, biased agonists, and an allosteric modulator target RXFP3. Both RXFP3 and the related RXFP4 couple to Gα(i)/Gα(o) proteins. INSL5 has the properties of an incretin; it is secreted from the gut and is orexigenic. The expression of RXFP4 in gut, adipose tissue, and β-islets together with compromised glucose tolerance in INSL5 or RXFP4 knockout mice suggests a metabolic role. This review focuses on the many advances in our understanding of RXFP receptors in the last 5 years, their signal transduction mechanisms, the development of novel compounds that target RXFP1-4, the challenges facing the field, and current prospects for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| | - Steve W Sutton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| | - Thomas B Dschietzig
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.L.H., R.J.S.); Neuropeptides Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (R.A.D.B.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (S.W.S.); Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany (T.B.D.); and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medical Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, Berlin, Germany (T.B.D.)
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14
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Chen Y, Yang C, Li T, Zhang M, Liu Y, Gauthier MA, Zhao Y, Wu C. The Interplay of Disulfide Bonds, α-Helicity, and Hydrophobic Interactions Leads to Ultrahigh Proteolytic Stability of Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2347-55. [PMID: 26156023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of noncovalent interactions to the stability of naturally occurring peptides and proteins has been generally acknowledged, though how these can be rationally manipulated to improve the proteolytic stability of synthetic peptides remains to be explored. In this study, a platform to enhance the proteolytic stability of peptides was developed by controllably dimerizing them into α-helical dimers, connected by two disulfide bonds. This platform not only directs peptides toward an α-helical conformation but permits control of the interfacial hydrophobic interactions between the peptides of the dimer. Using two model dimeric systems constructed from the N-terminal α-helix of RNase A and known inhibitors for the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 (and its homologue MDMX), a deeper understanding into the interplay of disulfide bonds, α-helicity, and hydrophobic interactions on enhanced proteolytic stability was sought out. Results reveal that all three parameters play an important role on attaining ultrahigh proteolytic resistance, a concept that can be exploited for the development of future peptide therapeutics. The understanding gained through this study will enable this strategy to be tailored to new peptides because the proposed strategy displays substantial tolerance to sequence permutation. It thus appears promising for conveniently creating prodrugs composed entirely of the therapeutic peptide itself (i.e., in the form of a dimer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Chen
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqiong Yang
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhang
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Marc A Gauthier
- ‡Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Yibing Zhao
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- †The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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15
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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16
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Scott DJ, Rosengren KJ, Bathgate RAD. The different ligand-binding modes of relaxin family peptide receptors RXFP1 and RXFP2. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1896-906. [PMID: 22973049 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) are peptide hormones with a number of important physiological roles in reproduction, regulation of extracellular matrix turnover, and cardiovascular function. Relaxin and INSL3 mediate their actions through the closely related G-protein coupled receptors, relaxin family peptide receptors 1 and 2 (RXFP1 and RXFP2), respectively. These receptors have large extracellular domains (ECD) that contain high-affinity ligand-binding sites within their 10 leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing modules. Although relaxin can bind and activate both RXFP1 and RXFP2, INSL3 can only bind and activate RXFP2. To investigate whether this difference is related to the nature of the high-affinity ECD binding site or to differences in secondary binding sites involving the receptor transmembrane (TM) domain, we created a suite of constructs with RXFP1/2 chimeric ECD attached to single TM helices. We show that by changing as little as one LRR, representing four amino acid substitutions, we were able to engineer a high-affinity INSL3-binding site into the ECD of RXFP1. Molecular modeling of the INSL3-RXFP2 interaction based on extensive experimental data highlights the differences in the binding mechanisms of relaxin and INSL3 to the ECD of their cognate receptors. Interestingly, when the engineered RXFP1/2 ECD were introduced into full-length RXFP1 constructs, INSL3 exhibited only low affinity and efficacy on these receptors. These results highlight critical differences both in the ECD binding and in the coordination of the ECD-binding site with the TM domain, and provide new mechanistic insights into the binding and activation events of RXFP1 and RXFP2 by their native hormone ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Scott
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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17
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Shabanpoor F, Akhter Hossain M, Ryan PJ, Belgi A, Layfield S, Kocan M, Zhang S, Samuel CS, Gundlach AL, Bathgate RAD, Separovic F, Wade JD. Minimization of human relaxin-3 leading to high-affinity analogues with increased selectivity for relaxin-family peptide 3 receptor (RXFP3) over RXFP1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1671-81. [PMID: 22257012 DOI: 10.1021/jm201505p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin-3 is a neuropeptide that is implicated in the regulation of stress responses and memory. The elucidation of its precise physiological role(s) has, however, been hampered by cross-activation of the relaxin-2 receptor, RXFP1, in the brain. The current study undertook to develop analogues of human relaxin-3 (H3 relaxin) that can selectively bind and activate its receptor, RXFP3. We developed a high-affinity selective agonist (analogue 2) by removal of the intra-A chain disulfide bond and deletion of 10 residues from the N terminus of the A chain. Further truncation of this analogue from the C terminus of the B chain to Cys(B22) and addition of an Arg(B23) led to a high-affinity, RXFP3-selective, competitive antagonist (analogue 3). Central administration of analogue 2 in rats increased food intake, which was blocked by prior coadministration of analogue 3. These novel RXFP3-selective peptides represent valuable pharmacological tools to study the physiological roles of H3 relaxin/RXFP3 systems in the brain and important leads for the development of novel compounds for the treatment of affective and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Shabanpoor
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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18
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Haugaard-Kedström LM, Shabanpoor F, Hossain MA, Clark RJ, Ryan PJ, Craik DJ, Gundlach AL, Wade JD, Bathgate RAD, Rosengren KJ. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a Single-Chain Peptide Antagonist for the Relaxin-3 Receptor RXFP3. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4965-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110567j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard J. Clark
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | - K. Johan Rosengren
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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