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Dolan JP, Cosgrove SC, Miller GJ. Biocatalytic Approaches to Building Blocks for Enzymatic and Chemical Glycan Synthesis. JACS AU 2023; 3:47-61. [PMID: 36711082 PMCID: PMC9875253 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While the field of biocatalysis has bloomed over the past 20-30 years, advances in the understanding and improvement of carbohydrate-active enzymes, in particular, the sugar nucleotides involved in glycan building block biosynthesis, have progressed relatively more slowly. This perspective highlights the need for further insight into substrate promiscuity and the use of biocatalysis fundamentals (rational design, directed evolution, immobilization) to expand substrate scopes toward such carbohydrate building block syntheses and/or to improve enzyme stability, kinetics, or turnover. Further, it explores the growing premise of using biocatalysis to provide simple, cost-effective access to stereochemically defined carbohydrate materials, which can undergo late-stage chemical functionalization or automated glycan synthesis/polymerization.
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2
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Ouadhi S, López DMV, Mohideen FI, Kwan DH. Engineering the enzyme toolbox to tailor glycosylation in small molecule natural products and protein biologics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzac010. [PMID: 36444941 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many glycosylated small molecule natural products and glycoprotein biologics are important in a broad range of therapeutic and industrial applications. The sugar moieties that decorate these compounds often show a profound impact on their biological functions, thus biocatalytic methods for controlling their glycosylation are valuable. Enzymes from nature are useful tools to tailor bioproduct glycosylation but these sometimes have limitations in their catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, regiospecificity, stereospecificity, or stability. Enzyme engineering strategies such as directed evolution or semi-rational and rational design have addressed some of the challenges presented by these limitations. In this review, we highlight some of the recent research on engineering enzymes to tailor the glycosylation of small molecule natural products (including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and peptides), as well as the glycosylation of protein biologics (including hormones, enzyme-replacement therapies, enzyme inhibitors, vaccines, and antibodies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ouadhi
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dulce María Valdez López
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - F Ifthiha Mohideen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - David H Kwan
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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3
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Mészáros Z, Nekvasilová P, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Reprint of: Advanced glycosidases as ingenious biosynthetic instruments. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107820. [PMID: 34462167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycosidases, naturally hydrolyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes, have found few synthetic applications in industry, being primarily used for cleaving unwanted carbohydrates. With the establishment of glycosynthase and transglycosidase technology by genetic engineering, the view of glycosidases as industrial biotechnology tools has started to change. Their easy production, affordability, robustness, and substrate versatility, added to the possibility of controlling undesired side hydrolysis by enzyme engineering, have made glycosidases competitive synthetic tools. Current promising applications of engineered glycosidases include the production of well-defined chitooligomers, precious galactooligosaccharides or specialty chemicals such as glycosylated flavonoids. Other synthetic pathways leading to human milk oligosaccharides or remodeled antibodies are on the horizon. This work provides an overview of the synthetic achievements to date for glycosidases, emphasizing the latest trends and outlining possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1903/3, CZ-16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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4
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Mészáros Z, Nekvasilová P, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Advanced glycosidases as ingenious biosynthetic instruments. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107733. [PMID: 33781890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycosidases, naturally hydrolyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes, have found few synthetic applications in industry, being primarily used for cleaving unwanted carbohydrates. With the establishment of glycosynthase and transglycosidase technology by genetic engineering, the view of glycosidases as industrial biotechnology tools has started to change. Their easy production, affordability, robustness, and substrate versatility, added to the possibility of controlling undesired side hydrolysis by enzyme engineering, have made glycosidases competitive synthetic tools. Current promising applications of engineered glycosidases include the production of well-defined chitooligomers, precious galactooligosaccharides or specialty chemicals such as glycosylated flavonoids. Other synthetic pathways leading to human milk oligosaccharides or remodeled antibodies are on the horizon. This work provides an overview of the synthetic achievements to date for glycosidases, emphasizing the latest trends and outlining possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1903/3, CZ-16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:231-280. [PMID: 33052414 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates have great potential to improve human health in a multitude of different ways and fields. Prominent examples are human milk oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The typical choice for the production of homogeneous glycoconjugates is enzymatic synthesis. Through the availability of expression and purification protocols, recombinant Leloir glycosyltransferases are widely applied as catalysts for the synthesis of a wide range of glycoconjugates. Extensive utilization of these enzymes also depends on the availability of activated sugars as building blocks. Multi-enzyme cascades have proven a versatile technique to synthesize and in situ regenerate nucleotide sugar.In this chapter, the functions and mechanisms of Leloir glycosyltransferases are revisited, and the advantage of prokaryotic sources and production systems is discussed. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro pathways for the synthesis of nucleotide sugar are reviewed. In the second part, recent and prominent examples of the application of Leloir glycosyltransferase are given, i.e., the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoconjugate vaccines, and human milk oligosaccharides as well as the re-glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals, and the status of automated glycan assembly is revisited.
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7
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Kapešová J, Petrásková L, Kulik N, Straková Z, Bojarová P, Markošová K, Rebroš M, Křen V, Slámová K. Transglycosidase activity of glycosynthase-type mutants of a fungal GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1206-1215. [PMID: 32522540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases (CAZy GH20, EC 3.2.1.52) are exo-glycosidases specific for cleaving N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine moieties of various substrates. The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from the filamentous fungus Talaromyces flavus (TfHex), a model enzyme in this study, has a broad substrate flexibility and outstanding synthetic ability. We have designed and characterized seven glycosynthase-type variants of TfHex mutated at the catalytic aspartate residue that stabilizes the oxazoline reaction intermediate. Most of the obtained enzyme variants lost the majority of their original hydrolytic activity towards the standard substrate p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-β-GlcNAc); moreover, the mutants were not active with the proposed glycosynthase donor 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosyl-α-fluoride (GlcNAc-α-F) either as would be expected in a glycosynthase. Importantly, the mutant enzymes instead retained a strong transglycosylation activity towards the standard substrate pNP-β-GlcNAc. In summary, five out of seven prepared TfHex variants bearing mutation at the catalytic Asp370 residue acted as efficient transglycosidases, which makes them excellent tools for the synthesis of chitooligosaccharides, with the advantage of processing an inexpensive, stable and commercially available pNP-β-GlcNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kapešová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 136, Nové Hrady, CZ 37333, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Straková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic.; Department of Biochemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 6, Prague 6, CZ 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Markošová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, SK 81237, Slovakia
| | - Martin Rebroš
- Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, SK 81237, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ 14220, Czech Republic..
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8
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High-Throughput Recovery and Characterization of Metagenome-Derived Glycoside Hydrolase-Containing Clones as a Resource for Biocatalyst Development. mSystems 2019; 4:4/4/e00082-19. [PMID: 31164449 PMCID: PMC6550366 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00082-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of new biocatalysts for plant biomass degradation and glycan synthesis has typically relied on the characterization and investigation of one or a few enzymes at a time. By coupling functional metagenomic screening and high-throughput functional characterization, we can progress beyond the current scale of catalyst discovery and provide rapid annotation of catalyst function. By functionally screening environmental DNA from many diverse sources, we have generated a suite of active glycoside hydrolase-containing clones and demonstrated their reaction parameters. We then demonstrated the utility of this collection through the generation of a new catalyst for the formation of azido-modified glycans. Further interrogation of this collection of clones will expand our biocatalytic toolbox, with potential application to biomass deconstruction and synthesis of glycans. Functional metagenomics is a powerful tool for both the discovery and development of biocatalysts. This study presents the high-throughput functional screening of 22 large-insert fosmid libraries containing over 300,000 clones sourced from natural and engineered ecosystems, characterization of active clones, and a demonstration of the utility of recovered genes or gene cassettes in the development of novel biocatalysts. Screening was performed in a 384-well-plate format with the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl cellobioside, which releases a fluorescent molecule when cleaved by β-glucosidases or cellulases. The resulting set of 164 active clones was subsequently interrogated for substrate preference, reaction mechanism, thermal stability, and optimal pH. The environmental DNA harbored within each active clone was sequenced, and functional annotation revealed a cornucopia of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Evaluation of genomic-context information revealed both synteny and polymer-targeting loci within a number of sequenced clones. The utility of these fosmids was then demonstrated by identifying clones encoding activity on an unnatural glycoside (4-methylumbelliferyl 6-azido-6-deoxy-β-d-galactoside) and transforming one of the identified enzymes into a glycosynthase capable of forming taggable disaccharides. IMPORTANCE The generation of new biocatalysts for plant biomass degradation and glycan synthesis has typically relied on the characterization and investigation of one or a few enzymes at a time. By coupling functional metagenomic screening and high-throughput functional characterization, we can progress beyond the current scale of catalyst discovery and provide rapid annotation of catalyst function. By functionally screening environmental DNA from many diverse sources, we have generated a suite of active glycoside hydrolase-containing clones and demonstrated their reaction parameters. We then demonstrated the utility of this collection through the generation of a new catalyst for the formation of azido-modified glycans. Further interrogation of this collection of clones will expand our biocatalytic toolbox, with potential application to biomass deconstruction and synthesis of glycans.
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9
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Armstrong Z, Liu F, Chen HM, Hallam SJ, Withers SG. Systematic Screening of Synthetic Gene-Encoded Enzymes for Synthesis of Modified Glycosides. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b05179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Armstrong
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Hong-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Steven J. Hallam
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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10
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Burgin T, Mayes HB. Mechanism of oligosaccharide synthesis via a mutant GH29 fucosidase. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First unbiased transition path sampling study of a glycosynthase enzyme reveals single-step mechanism with oxocarbenium-like transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker Burgin
- University of Michigan Department of Chemical Engineering
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Heather B. Mayes
- University of Michigan Department of Chemical Engineering
- Ann Arbor
- USA
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11
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most prevalent posttranslational modifications that profoundly affects the structure and functions of proteins in a wide variety of biological recognition events. However, the structural complexity and heterogeneity of glycoproteins, usually resulting from the variations of glycan components and/or the sites of glycosylation, often complicates detailed structure-function relationship studies and hampers the therapeutic applications of glycoproteins. To address these challenges, various chemical and biological strategies have been developed for producing glycan-defined homogeneous glycoproteins. This review highlights recent advances in the development of chemoenzymatic methods for synthesizing homogeneous glycoproteins, including the generation of various glycosynthases for synthetic purposes, endoglycosidase-catalyzed glycoprotein synthesis and glycan remodeling, and direct enzymatic glycosylation of polypeptides and proteins. The scope, limitation, and future directions of each method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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12
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Chen HM, Withers SG. Synthesis of azido-deoxy and amino-deoxy glycosides and glycosyl fluorides for screening of glycosidase libraries and assembly of substituted glycosides. Carbohydr Res 2018; 467:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Slámová K, Kapešová J, Valentová K. "Sweet Flavonoids": Glycosidase-Catalyzed Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2126. [PMID: 30037103 PMCID: PMC6073497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural flavonoids, especially in their glycosylated forms, are the most abundant phenolic compounds found in plants, fruit, and vegetables. They exhibit a large variety of beneficial physiological effects, which makes them generally interesting in a broad spectrum of scientific areas. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the modifications of the glycosidic parts of various flavonoids employing glycosidases, covering both selective trimming of the sugar moieties and glycosylation of flavonoid aglycones by natural and mutant glycosidases. Glycosylation of flavonoids strongly enhances their water solubility and thus increases their bioavailability. Antioxidant and most biological activities are usually less pronounced in glycosides, but some specific bioactivities are enhanced. The presence of l-rhamnose (6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranose) in rhamnosides, rutinosides (rutin, hesperidin) and neohesperidosides (naringin) plays an important role in properties of flavonoid glycosides, which can be considered as "pro-drugs". The natural hydrolytic activity of glycosidases is widely employed in biotechnological deglycosylation processes producing respective aglycones or partially deglycosylated flavonoids. Moreover, deglycosylation is quite commonly used in the food industry aiming at the improvement of sensoric properties of beverages such as debittering of citrus juices or enhancement of wine aromas. Therefore, natural and mutant glycosidases are excellent tools for modifications of flavonoid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Kapešová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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14
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Ati J, Lafite P, Daniellou R. Enzymatic synthesis of glycosides: from natural O- and N-glycosides to rare C- and S-glycosides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1857-1865. [PMID: 29062404 PMCID: PMC5629408 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate related enzymes, like glycosyltransferases and glycoside hydrolases, are nowadays more easily accessible and are thought to represent powerful and greener alternatives to conventional chemical glycosylation procedures. The knowledge of their corresponding mechanisms has already allowed the development of efficient biocatalysed syntheses of complex O-glycosides. These enzymes can also now be applied to the formation of rare or unnatural glycosidic linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Ati
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311, University of Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre Lafite
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311, University of Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Richard Daniellou
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311, University of Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
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15
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Slámová K, Bojarová P. Engineered N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes in glycoscience. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2070-2087. [PMID: 28347843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, enzymes modifying N-acetylhexosamine substrates have emerged in numerous theoretical studies as well as practical applications from biology, biomedicine, and biotechnology. Advanced enzyme engineering techniques converted them into potent synthetic instruments affording a variety of valuable glycosides. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the diversity of engineered enzymes active with N-acetylhexosamine carbohydrates: from popular glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases to less known oxidases, epimerases, kinases, sulfotransferases, and acetylases. Though hydrolases in natura, engineered chitinases, β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases were successfully employed in the synthesis of defined natural and derivatized chitooligomers and in the remodeling of N-glycosylation patterns of therapeutic antibodies. The genes of various N-acetylhexosaminyltransferases were cloned into metabolically engineered microorganisms for producing human milk oligosaccharides, Lewis X structures, and human-like glycoproteins. Moreover, mutant N-acetylhexosamine-active glycosyltransferases were applied, e.g., in the construction of glycomimetics and complex glycostructures, industrial production of low-lactose milk, and metabolic labeling of glycans. In the synthesis of biotechnologically important compounds, several innovative glycoengineered systems are presented for an efficient bioproduction of GlcNAc, UDP-GlcNAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and of defined glycosaminoglycans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The above examples demonstrate that engineering of N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes was able to solve complex issues such as synthesis of tailored human-like glycoproteins or industrial-scale production of desired oligosaccharides. Due to the specific catalytic mechanism, mutagenesis of these catalysts was often realized through rational solutions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Specific N-acetylhexosamine glycosylation is crucial in biological, biomedical and biotechnological applications and a good understanding of its details opens new possibilities in this fast developing area of glycoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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16
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Strazzulli A, Cobucci-Ponzano B, Carillo S, Bedini E, Corsaro MM, Pocsfalvi G, Withers SG, Rossi M, Moracci M. Introducing transgalactosylation activity into a family 42 β-galactosidase. Glycobiology 2017; 27:425-437. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Strazzulli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cobucci-Ponzano
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Carillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mosè Rossi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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17
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Tshililo NO, Strazzulli A, Cobucci-Ponzano B, Maurelli L, Iacono R, Bedini E, Corsaro MM, Strauss E, Moracci M. The α-Thioglycoligase Derived from a GH89 α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Synthesises α-N-Acetylglucosamine-Based Glycosides of Biomedical Interest. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ndivhuwo Olga Tshililo
- Department of Biochemistry; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Andrea Strazzulli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - National Research Council of Italy; Via P. Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Beatrice Cobucci-Ponzano
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - National Research Council of Italy; Via P. Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Luisa Maurelli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - National Research Council of Italy; Via P. Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Roberta Iacono
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - National Research Council of Italy; Via P. Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo; Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo; Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Erick Strauss
- Department of Biochemistry; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Marco Moracci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - National Research Council of Italy; Via P. Castellino 111 80131 Naples Italy
- Department of Biology; University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo; Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21 80126 Napoli Italy
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18
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Li C, Wang LX. Endoglycosidases for the Synthesis of Polysaccharides and Glycoconjugates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:73-116. [PMID: 27816108 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in glycobiology have implicated essential roles of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in many important biological recognition processes, including intracellular signaling, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, cancer progression, host-pathogen interactions, and immune responses. A detailed understanding of the biological functions, as well as the development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics, often requires structurally well-defined oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which are usually difficult to isolate in pure form from natural sources. To meet with this urgent need, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has become increasingly important as the major means to provide homogeneous compounds for functional glycocomics studies and for drug/vaccine development. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, an approach that combines chemical synthesis and enzymatic manipulations, is often the method of choice for constructing complex oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates that are otherwise difficult to achieve by purely chemical synthesis. Among these, endoglycosidases, a class of glycosidases that hydrolyze internal glycosidic bonds in glycoconjugates and polysaccharides, are emerging as a very attractive class of enzymes for synthetic purposes, due to their transglycosylation activity and their capability of transferring oligosaccharide units en bloc in a single step, in contrast to the limitation of monosaccharide transfers by common glycosyltransferases. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the application of endoglycosidases for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, including oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and other biologically relevant polysaccharides. The scope, limitation, and future directions of endoglycosidase-catalyzed synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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19
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Abstract
A robust platform for facile defined glycan synthesis does not exist. Yet the need for such technology has never been greater as researchers seek to understand the full scope of carbohydrate function, stretching beyond the classical roles of structure and energy storage to encompass highly nuanced cell signaling events. To comprehensively explore and exploit the full diversity of carbohydrate functions, we must first be able to synthesize them in a controlled manner. Toward this goal, traditional chemical syntheses are inefficient while nature's own synthetic enzymes, the glycosyl transferases, can be challenging to express and expensive to employ on scale. Glycoside hydrolases represent a pool of glycan processing enzymes that can be either used in a transglycosylation mode or, better, engineered to function as "glycosynthases," mutant enzymes capable of assembling glycosides. Glycosynthases grant access to valuable glycans that act as functional and structural probes or indeed as inhibitors and therapeutics in their own right. The remodelling of glycosylation patterns in therapeutic proteins via glycoside hydrolases and their mutants is an exciting frontier in both basic research and industrial scale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M. Danby
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Codera V, Edgar KJ, Faijes M, Planas A. Functionalized Celluloses with Regular Substitution Pattern by Glycosynthase-Catalyzed Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1272-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Codera
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin J. Edgar
- Department
of Sustainable Biomaterials, Macromolecules
and Interfaces Institute, and Institute for
Critical Technologies and Applied Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Magda Faijes
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Ohnuma T, Dozen S, Honda Y, Kitaoka M, Fukamizo T. A glycosynthase derived from an inverting chitinase with an extended binding cleft. J Biochem 2016; 160:93-100. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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22
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Salamone S, Guerreiro C, Cambon E, Hargreaves JM, Tarrat N, Remaud-Siméon M, André I, Mulard LA. Investigation on the Synthesis of Shigella flexneri Specific Oligosaccharides Using Disaccharides as Potential Transglucosylase Acceptor Substrates. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11237-57. [PMID: 26340432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemo-enzymatic strategies hold great potential for the development of stereo- and regioselective syntheses of structurally defined bioactive oligosaccharides. Herein, we illustrate the potential of the appropriate combination of a planned chemo-enzymatic pathway and an engineered biocatalyst for the multistep synthesis of an important decasaccharide for vaccine development. We report the stepwise investigation, which led to an efficient chemical conversion of allyl α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-2-deoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-β-d-glucopyranoside, the product of site-specific enzymatic α-d-glucosylation of a lightly protected non-natural disaccharide acceptor, into a pentasaccharide building block suitable for chain elongation at both ends. Successful differentiation between hydroxyl groups features the selective acylation of primary alcohols and acetalation of a cis-vicinal diol, followed by a controlled per-O-benzylation step. Moreover, we describe the successful use of the pentasaccharide intermediate in the [5 + 5] synthesis of an aminoethyl aglycon-equipped decasaccharide, corresponding to a dimer of the basic repeating unit from the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri 2a, a major cause of bacillary dysentery. Four analogues of the disaccharide acceptor were synthesized and evaluated to reach a larger repertoire of O-glucosylation patterns encountered among S. flexneri type-specific polysaccharides. New insights on the potential and limitations of planned chemo-enzymatic pathways in oligosaccharide synthesis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Salamone
- Institut Pasteur , Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15 France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Guerreiro
- Institut Pasteur , Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15 France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cambon
- Université de Toulouse , INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504 , F-31400 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jason M Hargreaves
- Institut Pasteur , Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15 France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Tarrat
- Université de Toulouse , INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504 , F-31400 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Université de Toulouse , INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504 , F-31400 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Université de Toulouse , INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504 , F-31400 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- Institut Pasteur , Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15 France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris, France
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23
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Slámová K, Krejzová J, Marhol P, Kalachova L, Kulik N, Pelantová H, Cvačka J, Křen V. Synthesis of Derivatized Chitooligomers using Transglycosidases Engineered from the Fungal GH20 β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Verges A, Cambon E, Barbe S, Salamone S, Le Guen Y, Moulis C, Mulard LA, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Computer-Aided Engineering of a Transglycosylase for the Glucosylation of an Unnatural Disaccharide of Relevance for Bacterial Antigen Synthesis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alizée Verges
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP;
LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie
des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cambon
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP;
LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie
des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Barbe
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP;
LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie
des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Salamone
- Institut Pasteur,
Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523,
Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Institut Pasteur,
Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523,
Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP;
LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie
des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut Pasteur,
Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523,
Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP;
LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie
des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP;
LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie
des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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25
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Pennec A, Daniellou R, Loyer P, Nugier-Chauvin C, Ferrières V. Araf51 with improved transglycosylation activities: one engineered biocatalyst for one specific acceptor. Carbohydr Res 2015; 402:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Taylor MS. Catalyst-Controlled, Regioselective Reactions of Carbohydrate Derivatives. SITE-SELECTIVE CATALYSIS 2015; 372:125-55. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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27
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Brockhausen I. Crossroads between Bacterial and Mammalian Glycosyltransferases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:492. [PMID: 25368613 PMCID: PMC4202792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial glycosyltransferases (GT) often synthesize the same glycan linkages as mammalian GT; yet, they usually have very little sequence identity. Nevertheless, enzymatic properties, folding, substrate specificities, and catalytic mechanisms of these enzyme proteins may have significant similarity. Thus, bacterial GT can be utilized for the enzymatic synthesis of both bacterial and mammalian types of complex glycan structures. A comparison is made here between mammalian and bacterial enzymes that synthesize epitopes found in mammalian glycoproteins, and those found in the O antigens of Gram-negative bacteria. These epitopes include Thomsen–Friedenreich (TF or T) antigen, blood group O, A, and B, type 1 and 2 chains, Lewis antigens, sialylated and fucosylated structures, and polysialic acids. Many different approaches can be taken to investigate the substrate binding and catalytic mechanisms of GT, including crystal structure analyses, mutations, comparison of amino acid sequences, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Knowledge of the protein structures and functions helps to design GT for specific glycan synthesis and to develop inhibitors. The goals are to develop new strategies to reduce bacterial virulence and to synthesize vaccines and other biologically active glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada ; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
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28
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Hushegyi A, Tkac J. Are glycan biosensors an alternative to glycan microarrays? ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 6:6610-6620. [PMID: 27231487 PMCID: PMC4878710 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay00692e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates (glycans) play an important role in nature and study of their interaction with proteins or intact cells can be useful for understanding many physiological and pathological processes. Such interactions have been successfully interrogated in a highly parallel way using glycan microarrays, but this technique has some limitations. Thus, in recent years glycan biosensors in numerous progressive configurations have been developed offering distinct advantages compared to glycan microarrays. Thus, in this review advances achieved in the field of label-free glycan biosensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hushegyi
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - J Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
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29
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A transitional hydrolase to glycosynthase mutant by Glu to Asp substitution at the catalytic nucleophile in a retaining glycosidase. Carbohydr Res 2014; 389:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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André I, Potocki-Véronèse G, Barbe S, Moulis C, Remaud-Siméon M. CAZyme discovery and design for sweet dreams. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 19:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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31
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Solís D, Bovin NV, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Romero A, Roy R, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. A guide into glycosciences: How chemistry, biochemistry and biology cooperate to crack the sugar code. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:186-235. [PMID: 24685397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 07110 Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Baleares, Spain.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117871 GSP-7, V-437, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 München, Germany.
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32
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Li C, Kim YW. Characterization of a Galactosynthase Derived fromBacillus circulansβ-Galactosidase: Facile Synthesis ofD-Lacto- andD-Galacto-N-bioside. Chembiochem 2014; 15:522-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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