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de Andrade VM, de Oliveira VDM, Barcick U, Ramu VG, Heras M, Bardají ER, Castanho MARB, Zelanis A, Capella A, Junqueira JC, Conceição K. Mechanistic insights on the antibacterial action of the kyotorphin peptide derivatives revealed by in vitro studies and Galleria mellonella proteomic analysis. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106607. [PMID: 38437995 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The selected kyotorphin derivatives were tested to improve their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The antimicrobial screening of the KTP derivatives were ascertained in the representative strains of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS Kyotorphin derivatives, KTP-NH2, KTP-NH2-DL, IbKTP, IbKTP-NH2, MetKTP-DL, MetKTP-LD, were designed and synthesized to improve lipophilicity and resistance to enzymatic degradation. Peptides were synthesized by standard solution or solid-phase peptide synthesis and purified using RP-HPLC, which resulted in >95 % purity, and were fully characterized by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determined for bacterial strains were between 20 and 419 μM. The direct effect of IbKTP-NH2 on bacterial cells was imaged using scanning electron microscopy. The absence of toxicity, high survival after infection and an increase in the hemocytes count was evaluated by injections of derivatives in Galleria mellonella larvae. Proteomics analyses of G. mellonella hemolymph were performed to investigate the underlying mechanism of antibacterial activity of IbKTP-NH2 at MIC. RESULTS IbKTP-NH2 induces morphological changes in bacterial cell, many differentially expressed proteins involved in DNA replication, synthesis of cell wall, and virulence were up-regulated after the treatment of G. mellonella with IbKTP-NH2. CONCLUSION We suggest that this derivative, in addition to its physical activity on the bacterial membranes, can elicit a cellular and humoral immune response, therefore, it could be considered for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor M de Andrade
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Peptídeos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Vitor D M de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Peptídeos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Uilla Barcick
- Laboratório de Proteômica Funcional, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Vasanthakumar G Ramu
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica (LIPPSO), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain; Peptides and Complex Generics, #2700, Neovantage, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, 500078, Telengana, India
| | - Montserrat Heras
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica (LIPPSO), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Eduard R Bardají
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica (LIPPSO), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André Zelanis
- Laboratório de Proteômica Funcional, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Aline Capella
- Laboratório ProLaser, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Conceição
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Peptídeos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil.
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2
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Vieira-da-Silva B, Castanho MARB. The structure and matrix dynamics of bacterial biofilms as revealed by antimicrobial peptides' diffusion. J Pept Sci 2022; 29:e3470. [PMID: 36537560 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
From the biological point of view, bacterial biofilms are communities of bacteria embedded in a self-produced gel matrix composed of polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins. Considering the biophysical point of view, the biofilm matrix is a highly dense, crowded medium that imposes constraints to solute diffusion, depending on the size, conformational dynamics, and net charge. From the pharmacological point of view, biofilms are additional difficulties to drug development as heterogeneity in oxygen and nutrient distribution, and consequently, heterogeneity in bacterial metabolic status leads to recalcitrance. For peptide scientists, biofilms are both a challenge and an opportunity. Biofilms can be intruded by peptides, revealing important biological, biophysical, and pharmacological insights. Peptides can be engineered for different sizes, flexibilities, and net charges, unravelling the determinants of diffusion; they kill bacteria by lysis, overcoming the hurdles of metabolic status heterogeneity, and they are able to kill bacteria in the biofilm core, leaving the matrix intact, that is, without causing bacterial biofilm dispersion as side effect. This concise review addresses the knowledge reached while interrogating bacterial biofilms with peptides and other reporter molecules, and the advances therefrom in biology, biophysics, and drug development.
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3
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Ueda H. Review of Kyotorphin Research: A Mysterious Opioid Analgesic Dipeptide and Its Molecular, Physiological, and Pharmacological Characteristics. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:662697. [PMID: 35047919 PMCID: PMC8757751 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.662697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine-arginine (kyotorphin), an opioid analgesic dipeptide, was discovered more than 40 years ago in 1979. The evidence accumulated during this period has established the physiological significance of kyotorphin as a neuromodulating peptide, and pharmacological applications. Some of the following important findings have been discussed in this review: (1) kyotorphin is unevenly distributed in the brain; it is found in high concentrations in the pain pathway, which involves the regions associated with morphine analgesia; (2) kyotorphin is subcellularly localized in the synaptosome fraction or nerve-ending particles; (3) a specific synthetase generates kyotorphin from tyrosine and arginine; (4) kyotorphin may be also processed from calpastatin by a novel calcium-activated neutral protease or calpain; (5) kyotorphin preloaded into the synaptosome is released by high K+ depolarization in a Ca2+-dependent manner; (6) kyotorphin has a specific G protein coupled receptor, which mediates the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi; (7) leucine-arginine works as a specific kyotorphin receptor antagonist; 8) membrane-bound aminopeptidase or excretion through a peptide transporter, PEPT2, may contribute to the inactivation of kyotorphin; and (9) kyotorphin causes increased Met-enkephalin release from brain and spinal slices. It is also known that the opening of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels through a conformational coupling of the InsP3 receptor with the transient receptor potential C1, which is downstream of the kyotorphin receptor-mediated activation of Gi and PLC, could be a potential underlying mechanism of Met-enkephalin release. Considering these findings, translational research is an exciting domain that can be explored in the future. As kyotorphin is a small molecule, we could design function-added kyotorphin derivatives. These studies would include not only the brain-permeable kyotorphin derivatives but also hybrid kyotorphin derivatives conjugated with small compounds that have additional pharmacological actions. Further, since there are reports of kyotorphin being involved in either the etiology or treatment of Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, inflammation, and chronic pain, studies on the beneficial effects of kyotorphin derivatives should also be expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Ueda
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4
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López R, Palomo C. N,N-Diacylaminals as Emerging Tools in Synthesis: From Peptidomimetics to Asymmetric Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:20-29. [PMID: 32667706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N,N-Diacylaminals are flexible molecular scaffolds that have commonly been utilized as amide surrogates in peptidomimetics. The singularities of this motif as an N-acyl imine equivalent and as hydrogen-bond donor have recently opened new synthetic opportunities, especially in the field of asymmetric catalysis. This concept article highlights this diverse synthetic potential and provides the elements necessary for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
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5
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Belo RF, Martins MLF, Shvachiy L, Costa-Coelho T, de Almeida-Borlido C, Fonseca-Gomes J, Neves V, Vicente Miranda H, Outeiro TF, Coelho JE, Xapelli S, Valente CA, Heras M, Bardaji E, Castanho MARB, Diógenes MJ, Sebastião AM. The Neuroprotective Action of Amidated-Kyotorphin on Amyloid β Peptide-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:985. [PMID: 32733240 PMCID: PMC7363954 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyotorphin (KTP, l-tyrosyl-l-arginine) is an endogenous dipeptide initially described to have analgesic properties. Recently, KTP was suggested to be an endogenous neuroprotective agent, namely for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In fact, KTP levels were shown to be decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AD, and recent data showed that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of KTP ameliorates memory impairments in a sporadic rat model of AD. However, this administration route is far from being a suitable therapeutic strategy. Here, we evaluated if the blood-brain permeant KTP-derivative, KTP-NH2, when systemically administered, would be effective in preventing memory deficits in a sporadic AD animal model and if so, which would be the synaptic correlates of that action. The sporadic AD model was induced in male Wistar rats through i.c.v. injection of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Animals were treated for 20 days with KTP-NH2 (32.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), starting at day 3 after Aβ administration) before memory testing (Novel object recognition (NOR) and Y-maze (YM) tests). Animals were then sacrificed, and markers for gliosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Synaptic correlates were assessed by evaluating theta-burst induced long term potentiation (LTP) of field excitatory synaptic potentials (fEPSPs) recorded from hippocampal slices and cortical spine density analysis. In the absence of KTP-NH2 treatment, Aβ-injected rats had clear memory deficits, as assessed through NOR or YM tests. Importantly, these memory deficits were absent in Aβ-injected rats that had been treated with KTP-NH2, which scored in memory tests as control (sham i.c.v. injected) rats. No signs of gliosis could be detected at the end of the treatment in any group of animals. LTP magnitude was significantly impaired in hippocampal slices that had been incubated with Aβ oligomers (200 nM) in the absence of KTP-NH2. Co-incubation with KTP-NH2 (50 nM) rescued LTP toward control values. Similarly, Aβ caused a significant decrease in spine density in cortical neuronal cultures, and this was prevented by co-incubation with KTP-NH2 (50 nM). In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that i.p. KTP-NH2 treatment counteracts Aβ-induced memory impairments in an AD sporadic model, possibly through the rescuing of synaptic plasticity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita F Belo
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida L F Martins
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liana Shvachiy
- Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Lab, Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Costa-Coelho
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina de Almeida-Borlido
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Fonseca-Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vicente Miranda
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joana E Coelho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A Valente
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Montserrat Heras
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica (LIPPSO), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Eduard Bardaji
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica (LIPPSO), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria José Diógenes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Perazzo J, Lima C, Heras M, Bardají E, Lopes-Ferreira M, Castanho M. Neuropeptide Kyotorphin Impacts on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Glucocorticoid-Mediated Inflammatory Response. A Molecular Link to Nociception, Neuroprotection, and Anti-Inflammatory Action. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1663-1667. [PMID: 28472878 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide kyotorphin (KTP) is a potent analgesic if administered directly into the brain. In contrast, KTP-amide (KTP-NH2) is analgesic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory following systemic administration, albeit its mechanism of action is unknown. The aim of this study was to shed light on the mechanism of action of KTP-NH2 at the molecular level. KTP-NH2 does not inhibit the enkephalinases angiotensin-converting-enzyme and dipeptidyl-peptidase 3. Intravital microscopy showed that KTP-NH2 decreased the number of rolling leukocytes in a mouse model of inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pretreatment with metyrapone abrogated the action of KTP-NH2. Interestingly, stimulating rolling leukocytes using CXCL-1 is also counteracted by the KTP-NH2, but this effect is not abrogated by metyrapone. We conclude that KTP-NH2 has dual action: a glucocorticoid-mediated action, which is dominant in the full-fledged LPS-induced inflammation model, and a glucocorticoid-independent mechanism, which is predominant in models in which leukocyte rolling is stimulated but inflammation is not totally developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Perazzo
- Faculdade
de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Lima
- Unidade
de Imunorregulação, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia
Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Montserrat Heras
- Laboratori
d’Innovació en processos i Productes de Síntesi
Orgànica (LIPPSO), Department de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurelia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Eduard Bardají
- Laboratori
d’Innovació en processos i Productes de Síntesi
Orgànica (LIPPSO), Department de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurelia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Mônica Lopes-Ferreira
- Unidade
de Imunorregulação, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia
Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Castanho
- Faculdade
de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Perazzo J, Castanho MARB, Sá Santos S. Pharmacological Potential of the Endogenous Dipeptide Kyotorphin and Selected Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:530. [PMID: 28127286 PMCID: PMC5226936 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous peptide kyotorphin (KTP) has been extensively studied since it was discovered in 1979. The dipeptide is distributed unevenly over the brain but the majority is concentrated in the cerebral cortex. The putative KTP receptor has not been identified yet. As many other neuropeptides, KTP clearance is mediated by extracellular peptidases and peptide transporters. From the wide spectrum of biological activity of KTP, analgesia was by far the most studied. The mechanism of action is still unclear, but researchers agree that KTP induces Met-enkephalins release. More recently, KTP was proposed as biomarker of Alzheimer disease. Despite all that, KTP limited pharmacological value prompted researchers to develop derivatives more lipophilic and therefore more prone to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and also more resistant to enzymatic degradation. Conjugation of KTP with functional molecules, such as ibuprofen, generated a new class of compounds with additional biological properties. Moreover, the safety profile of these derivatives compared to opioids and their efficacy as neuroprotective agents greatly increases their pharmacological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Perazzo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Sá Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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8
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Perazzo J, Lopes-Ferreira M, Sá Santos S, Serrano I, Pinto A, Lima C, Bardaji E, Tavares I, Heras M, Conceição K, Castanho MARB. Endothelium-Mediated Action of Analogues of the Endogenous Neuropeptide Kyotorphin (Tyrosil-Arginine): Mechanistic Insights from Permeation and Effects on Microcirculation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1130-40. [PMID: 27244291 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyotorphin (KTP) is an endogenous peptide with analgesic properties when administered into the central nervous system (CNS). Its amidated form (l-Tyr-l-Arg-NH2; KTP-NH2) has improved analgesic efficacy after systemic administration, suggesting blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing. KTP-NH2 also has anti-inflammatory action impacting on microcirculation. In this work, selected derivatives of KTP-NH2 were synthesized to improve lipophilicity and resistance to enzymatic degradation while introducing only minor changes in the chemical structure: N-terminal methylation and/or use of d amino acid residues. Intravital microscopy data show that KTP-NH2 having a d-Tyr residue, KTP-NH2-DL, efficiently decreases the number of leukocyte rolling in a murine model of inflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS): down to 46% after 30 min with 96 μM KTP-NH2-DL. The same molecule has lower ability to permeate membranes (relative permeability of 0.38) and no significant activity in a behavioral test which evaluates thermal nociception (hot-plate test). On the contrary, methylated isomers at 96 μM increase leukocyte rolling up to nearly 5-fold after 30 min, suggesting a proinflammatory activity. They have maximal ability to permeate membranes (relative permeability of 0.8) and induce long-lasting antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Perazzo
- Instituto de Medicina
Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mônica Lopes-Ferreira
- Unidade
de Imunorregulação, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia
Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sónia Sá Santos
- Instituto de Medicina
Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isa Serrano
- Instituto de Medicina
Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antónia Pinto
- Instituto de Medicina
Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Lima
- Unidade
de Imunorregulação, Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia
Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduard Bardaji
- Laboratori
d’Innovació en processos i Productes de Síntesi
Orgànica (LIPPSO), Department de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Isaura Tavares
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- i3S
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação
em Saúde, and Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade
de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Montserrat Heras
- Laboratori
d’Innovació en processos i Productes de Síntesi
Orgànica (LIPPSO), Department de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Katia Conceição
- Departamento
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330, 04021-001 São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. R. B. Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina
Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Sá Santos S, Santos SM, Pinto ART, Ramu VG, Heras M, Bardaji E, Tavares I, Castanho MARB. Amidated and Ibuprofen-Conjugated Kyotorphins Promote Neuronal Rescue and Memory Recovery in Cerebral Hypoperfusion Dementia Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:1. [PMID: 26858637 PMCID: PMC4726799 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic brain ischemia is a prominent risk factor for neurological dysfunction and progression for dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In rats, permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO) causes a progressive neurodegeneration in the hippocampus, learning deficits and memory loss as it occurs in AD. Kyotorphin (KTP) is an endogenous antinociceptive dipeptide whose role as neuromodulator/neuroprotector has been suggested. Recently, we designed two analgesic KTP-derivatives, KTP-amide (KTP–NH2) and KTP–NH2 linked to ibuprofen (IbKTP–NH2) to improve KTP brain targeting. This study investigated the effects of KTP-derivatives on cognitive/behavioral functions (motor/spatial memory/nociception) and hippocampal pathology of female rats in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (2VO-rat model). 2VO-animals were treated with KTP–NH2 or IbKTP–NH2 for 7 days at weeks 2 and 5 post-surgery. After behavioral testing (week 6), coronal sections of hippocampus were H&E-stained or immunolabeled for the cellular markers GFAP (astrocytes) and NFL (neurons). Our findings show that KTP-derivatives, mainly IbKTP–NH2, enhanced cognitive impairment of 2VO-animals and prevented neuronal damage in hippocampal CA1 subfield, suggesting their potential usefulness for the treatment of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Sá Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara M Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antónia R T Pinto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vasanthakumar G Ramu
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona Girona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Heras
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona Girona, Spain
| | - Eduard Bardaji
- Laboratori d'Innovació en Processos i Productes de Síntesi Orgànica, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona Girona, Spain
| | - Isaura Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina do PortoPorto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e CelularPorto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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10
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Oliveira MC, Gano L, Santos I, Correia JDG, Serrano ID, Santos SS, Ribeiro M, Perazzo J, Tavares I, Heras M, Bardaji E, Castanho MA. Improvement of the pharmacological properties of amidated kyotorphin by means of iodination. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iodination resulted in a slow release-like process that converted KTP, a drug rapidly cleared and having a fast transient effect, into a pro drug having delayed and prolonged action.
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