1
|
Szabó R, Sebestyén M, Kóczán G, Orosz Á, Mező G, Hudecz F. Cellular Uptake Mechanism of Cationic Branched Polypeptides with Poly[l-Lys] Backbone. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:246-254. [PMID: 28276242 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cationic macromolecular carriers can be effective carriers for small molecular compounds, drugs, epitopes, or nucleic acids. Polylysine-based polymeric branched polypeptides have been systematically studied on the level of cells and organisms as well. In the present study, we report our findings on the cellular uptake characteristics of nine structurally related polylysine-based polypeptides with cationic side chains composed of (i) single amino acid (poly[Lys(Xi)], XiK) or (ii) oligo[dl-alanine] (poly[Lys(dl-Alam)], AK) or (iii) oligo[dl-alanine] with an additional amino acid (X) at the terminal position (poly[Lys(Xi-dl-Alam)] (XAK)) or (iv) at the position next to the polylysine backbone (poly[Lys(dl-Alam-Xi)] (AXK)). In vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were characterized on HT-29 human colon carcinoma and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Data indicate that the polycationic polypeptides studied are essentially nontoxic in the concentration range studied, and their uptake is very much dependent on the side chain structure (length, identity of amino acid X, and distance between the terminal positive charges) and also on the cell lines. Our findings in uptake inhibition studies suggest that predominantly macropinocytosis and caveole/lipid raft mediated endocytosis are involved. The efficacy of their internalization is markedly influenced by the hydrophobicity and charge properties of the amino acid X. Interestingly, the uptake properties of the these polypeptides show certain similarities to the entry pathways of several cell penetrating peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Sebestyén
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Kóczán
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Orosz
- Department
of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó
u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hudecz
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Pázmány
Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szabö R, Mezö G, Hudecz F, Köhidai L. Effect of the Polylysine Based Polymeric Polypeptides on the Growth and Chemotaxis of Tetrahymena Pyriformis. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391102031640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polylysine based branched polypeptides represents a group of biocompatible polymers that could be utilized as macromolecular carriers for drugs, epitopes or reporter molecules. Ten polymers with different character (amino acid composition and charge properties) were prepared: polypeptides with single amino acid in the branches (poly[Lys(Xi)]), X = His, Pro or Glu; and polymers possessing oligo[DL-alanine] side chains only (poly[Lys(DL-Alam) (AK) or with an additional amino acid residue poly[Lys(Xi-DL-Alam)] (XAK), where X = Ser (SAK), Thr (TAK), Glu (EAK), acetyl-Glu (Ac-EAK) or succinyl-Glu (Succ-EAK). were investigated. The concentration of these compounds influence the chemotaxis and survival of eukaryotic unicellular model organism, Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. Two types of experiments were performed. First the polymer induced chemoattractant/chemorepellent response of Tetrahymena cells were tested, then chemotactic selection experiments were performed. The chemotactic responses elicited by the polymers were dependent not only on chemical properties (composition, charge and the length of the side chain) of the compounds, but also on their concentration. Based on these results, the polymers were grouped as full-chemoattractant expressing this behavior in the full concentration range investigated (HiK), full-chemorepellent (EiK and Ac-EAK) and partial chemoattractant/chemorepellent with concentration dependent activity (PiK, EAK and Succ-EAK).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gábor Mezö
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, 112, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hudecz
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, 112, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Hungary
| | - Lászlö Köhidai
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1445, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Protein tyrosine kinase characterization based on fully automated synthesis of (phospho) peptide arrays in microplates. Methods Mol Biol 2009. [PMID: 19241019 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-834-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In view of the importance of information transfer mediated throughout the cell by recognition, phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of kinases, their adapters, or substrates, this method was developed. The method provides a potent research tool for rapidly generating and testing these substrates as modeled by synthetic peptide arrays. The peptides or phosphorylated peptides are automatically generated on the inner surfaces of microplate wells, covalently linked to a polylysine polymer so that they are in a sterically favorable conformation, immediately available for in situ testing. Products up to 18 amino acids long have shown excellent mass spectral homogeneity. Thus, determinate peptide libraries can be ready for testing in as little as 2 days after the conception of an experiment. The process can be easily automated using robotic liquid handlers and is extremely rapid, sensitive, and economical. Optionally, the method can be upgraded to a higher throughput level using more powerful workstations with greater capacity, such as the Biomek FX, or any similar robotics capable of transfer-from-file logic to guide synthesis cycles.
Collapse
|
4
|
Szabó R, Mezö G, Pállinger E, Kovács P, Köhidai L, Bösze S, Hudecz F. In vitro cytotoxicity, chemotactic effect, and cellular uptake of branched polypeptides with poly[L-lys] backbone by J774 murine macrophage cell line. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1078-86. [PMID: 18429626 DOI: 10.1021/bc7004544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Branched polypeptides with polylysine backbone are promising candidates for selective delivery of drugs, epitopes. or reporter molecules. We reported earlier that polylysine-based polypeptides with polyanionic character were internalized by murine bone marrow derived macrophages via class A scavenger receptor. In the present studies, our investigations were extended to seven polypeptides with different amino acid composition and charge properties. We report on our findings on the concentration-dependent influence of these compounds on survival and chemotaxis of the murine macrophage-like cell line J774 and internalization properties of the polypeptides by J774 cells. Our observations indicate that the polypeptides regardless of their charge properties were essentially nontoxic and did not alter significantly the chemotaxis of J774 cells; therefore, the polypeptides suit the requirements for nontoxic and "neutral" carrier molecules. We also demonstrated that the polypeptides were internalized efficiently by J774 cells, depending on their chemical structure and charge properties. Using the scavenger receptor-ligand fucoidan as inhibitor, we established that the scavenger receptor played a role-in accordance with findings on murine bone marrow derived macrophages in the internalization only of the polyanionic polypeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Szabó
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry at Eötvös L. University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 112, POB 32, H-1518, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis and swelling properties of novel pH-sensitive poly(aspartic acid) gels. Acta Biomater 2008; 4:733-44. [PMID: 18280800 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemically cross-linked poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) gels were prepared by the hydrolysis of poly(succinimide) (PSI). The latter was prepared by thermal polycondensation of aspartic acid. The PSI chains were cross-linked by natural amines and amino acid derivatives such as putrescin, spermine, spermidine, lysine and cystamine to obtain biodegradable, biocompatible, amino acid-based hydrogels. The volume of the synthesized unhydrolyzed PSI gels changes abruptly at a well-defined pH that results in ring opening, while the hydrolyzed gels show a volume phase transition around the pK values of PASP. The unidirectional stress-strain behavior of the gels as well as the dependence of equilibrium swelling degree on the pH was carefully studied and the most important network parameters were determined by a modified version of the Brannon-Peppas-Peppas theory.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pimm MV, Gribben SJ, Mezö G, Hudecz F. Strategies for labelling branched polypeptides with a poly(L-lysine) backbone with radioiodines (123I, 125I, 131I) and radiometals (111In, 51Cr) for biodistribution studies and radiopharmaceutical development. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580360208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Saxinger C, Conrads TP, Goldstein DJ, Veenstra TD. Fully automated synthesis of (phospho)peptide arrays in microtiter plate wells provides efficient access to protein tyrosine kinase characterization. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:1. [PMID: 15647109 PMCID: PMC546003 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synthetic peptides have played a useful role in studies of protein kinase substrates and interaction domains. Synthetic peptide arrays and libraries, in particular, have accelerated the process. Several factors have hindered or limited the applicability of various techniques, such as the need for deconvolution of combinatorial libraries, the inability or impracticality of achieving full automation using two-dimensional or pin solid phases, the lack of convenient interfacing with standard analytical platforms, or the difficulty of compartmentalization of a planar surface when contact between assay components needs to be avoided. This paper describes a process for synthesis of peptides and phosphopeptides on microtiter plate wells that overcomes previous limitations and demonstrates utility in determination of the epitope of an autophosphorylation site phospho-motif antibody and utility in substrate utilization assays of the protein tyrosine kinase, p60c-src. Results The overall reproducibility of phospho-peptide synthesis and multiplexed EGF receptor (EGFR) autophosphorylation site (pY1173) antibody ELISA (9H2) was within 5.5 to 8.0%. Mass spectrometric analyses of the released (phospho)peptides showed homogeneous peaks of the expected molecular weights. An overlapping peptide array of the complete EGFR cytoplasmic sequence revealed a high redundancy of 9H2 reactive sites. The eight reactive phospopeptides were structurally related and interestingly, the most conserved antibody reactive peptide motif coincided with a subset of other known EGFR autophosphorylation and SH2 binding motifs and an EGFR optimal substrate motif. Finally, peptides based on known substrate specificities of c-src and related enzymes were synthesized in microtiter plate array format and were phosphorylated by c-Src with the predicted specificities. The level of phosphorylation was proportional to c-Src concentration with sensitivities below 0.1 Units of enzyme. Conclusions The ability of this method to interface with various robotics and instrumentation is highly flexible since the microtiter plate is an industry standard. It is highly scalable by increasing the surface area within the well or the number of wells and does not require specialized robotics. The microtiter plate array system is well suited to the study of protein kinase substrates, antigens, binding molecules, and inhibitors since these all can be quantitatively studied at a single uniform, reproducible interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Saxinger
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Building 1052, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - David J Goldstein
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Building 31, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy D Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szabó R, Hudecz F, Reig F. Interfacial interactions between poly[L-lysine]-based branched polypeptides and phospholipid model membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 267:18-24. [PMID: 14554162 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of five poly[L-lysine]-derived branched chain polypeptides of poly[Lys(X(i))] (X(i)K) or poly[Lys(X(i)-DL-Ala(m))] (XAK) with lipid bilayers (DPPC and DPPC/PG, 8:2) was studied by fluorescence polarization techniques. Two fluorescent probes, DPH and TMA-DPH, were utilized to monitor changes of motion in the internal and/or in the polar head regions, respectively. Results indicate that the interaction of polypeptides with neutral (DPPC) bilayers is mainly dependent on the polarity and electrical charge of side chains. The amphoteric E(i)K shows the highest level of interaction. Polycationic polypeptides (H(i)K, P(i)K, TAK) have a relatively small effect on the transition temperature of the lipids, while the polyanionic Succ-EAK has no effect at the alkyl chain region of the bilayer. Data with TMA-DPH indicate the lack of pronounced interaction between the polypeptides and the outer surface of the liposome. Similar tendency was documented for DPPC/PG vesicles. Polypeptides, H(i)K, and P(i)K induce significant changes in the transition temperature, thus indicating their insertion into the hydrophobic core of the bilayer without marked effect on the polar head region. Results suggest that these polypeptides (except E(i)K) have no destabilizing effect on liposomes studied. These properties are considered as beneficial for their use as safe carriers for bioactive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Szabó
- Research Group Peptide Chemistry at Eötvös L. University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hudecz F, Reményi J, Szabó R, Kóczán G, Mezo G, Kovács P, Gaál D. Drug targeting by macromolecules without recognition unit? J Mol Recognit 2003; 16:288-98. [PMID: 14523942 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
his review will summarize available information on the ability of macromolecular conjugates containing no specific recognition motifs to deliver anthracyclines (daunomycin, adriamycin) or methotrexate to target cells such as tumour cells or macrophages. Conjugates with natural (proteins, DNA, carbohydrates) and synthetic macromolecules (linear and branched chain poly-alpha-amino acids, non-biodegradable DIVEMA, HPMA etc.) will be reviewed. Experimental data from several laboratories indicate that these conjugates are taken up by cells mainly by fluid-phase or adsorptive endocytosis. It is believed that these processes do not involve 'specific receptors'. Two examples of methotrexate and daunomycin conjugates will be discussed to show the effect of the chemical structure of branched chain polypeptides on the uptake and antitumour or antiparasitic (Leishmania donovani infection) efficacy of conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Hudecz
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Novel approach for the purification and analysis of methotrexate-branched polymeric polypeptide conjugates by HPLC. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
Mezö G, Kajtár J, Nagy I, Szekerke M, Hudecz F. Carrier design: Synthesis and conformational studies of poly (L-lysine) based branched polypeptides with hydroxyl groups in the side chains. Biopolymers 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(199711)42:6<719::aid-bip9>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
12
|
Pimm MV, Gribben SJ, Bogdán K, Hudecz F. The effect of charge on the biodistribution in mice of branched polypeptides with a poly(l-lysine) backbone labelled with 125I, 111In or 51Cr. J Control Release 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00080-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|