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Bryan L, Clynes M, Meleady P. The emerging role of cellular post-translational modifications in modulating growth and productivity of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107757. [PMID: 33895332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used host cell lines used for the production human therapeutic proteins. Much research over the past two decades has focussed on improving the growth, titre and cell specific productivity of CHO cells and in turn lowering the costs associated with production of recombinant proteins. CHO cell engineering has become of particular interest in recent years following the publication of the CHO cell genome and the availability of data relating to the proteome, transcriptome and metabolome of CHO cells. However, data relating to the cellular post-translational modification (PTMs) which can affect the functionality of CHO cellular proteins has only begun to be presented in recent years. PTMs are important to many cellular processes and can further alter proteins by increasing the complexity of proteins and their interactions. In this review, we describe the research presented from CHO cells to date related on three of the most important PTMs; glycosylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bryan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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2
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Development of a novel heterologous gene expression system using earthworms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8190. [PMID: 33854163 PMCID: PMC8046771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, animals and plants have received increasing attention as potential next-generation protein production systems, especially for biopharmaceuticals and animal proteins. The aim of the present study was to develop the earthworms Eisenia fetida Waki and Eisenia andrei Sagami as next-generation animal protein production hosts. These earthworms have been approved as model animals for acute toxicity tests by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and they have post-translational modification systems. However, so far, none of the studies have used earthworm transfection techniques. Thus, we developed a transfection method for E. fetida and E. andrei using microinjection and electroporation systems. The maximum survival rates and transfection efficiencies were 79.2% and 29.2% for E. fetida, and 95.8% and 50.0% for E. andrei, respectively. Furthermore, human erythropoietin was detected in the transformed earthworm tail fragments using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results contribute to the development of a potential earthworm-based novel animal protein production system.
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Zhan C, Bidkhori G, Schwarz H, Malm M, Mebrahtu A, Field R, Sellick C, Hatton D, Varley P, Mardinoglu A, Rockberg J, Chotteau V. Low Shear Stress Increases Recombinant Protein Production and High Shear Stress Increases Apoptosis in Human Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101653. [PMID: 33145483 PMCID: PMC7593556 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic kidney cells HEK293 can be used for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins requiring human post-translational modifications. High cell density perfusion processes are advantageous for such production but are challenging due to the shear sensitivity of HEK293 cells. To understand the impact of hollow filter cell separation devices, cells were cultured in bioreactors operated with tangential flow filtration (TFF) or alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) at various flow rates. The average theoretical velocity profile in these devices showed a lower shear stress for ATF by a factor 0.637 compared to TFF. This was experimentally validated and, furthermore, transcriptomic evaluation provided insights into the underlying cellular processes. High shear caused cellular stress leading to apoptosis by three pathways, i.e. endoplasmic reticulum stress, cytoskeleton reorganization, and extrinsic signaling pathways. Positive effects of mild shear stress were observed, with increased recombinant erythropoietin production and increased gene expression associated with transcription and protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Zhan
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hubert Schwarz
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Malm
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aman Mebrahtu
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ray Field
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diane Hatton
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Varley
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rockberg
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronique Chotteau
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
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Knockout of sialidase and pro-apoptotic genes in Chinese hamster ovary cells enables the production of recombinant human erythropoietin in fed-batch cultures. Metab Eng 2019; 57:182-192. [PMID: 31785386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid, a terminal monosaccharide present in N-glycans, plays an important role in determining both the in vivo half-life and the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant glycoproteins. Low sialylation levels of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell cultures are considered a major obstacle to the production of rhEPO in fed-batch mode. This is mainly due to the accumulation of extracellular sialidases released from the cells. To overcome this hurdle, three sialidase genes (Neu1, 2, and 3) were initially knocked-out using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated large deletion method in the rhEPO-producing rCHO cell line. Unlike wild type cells, sialidase knockout (KO) clones maintained the sialic acid content and proportion of tetra-sialylated rhEPO throughout fed-batch cultures without exhibiting a detrimental effect with respect to cell growth and rhEPO production. Additional KO of two pro-apoptotic genes, BAK and BAX, in sialidase KO clones (5X KO clones) further improved rhEPO production without any detrimental effect on sialylation. On day 10 in fed-batch cultures, the 5X KO clones had 1.4-times higher rhEPO concentration and 3.0-times higher sialic acid content than wild type cells. Furthermore, the proportion of tetra-sialylated rhEPO on day 10 in fed-batch cultures was 42.2-44.3% for 5X KO clones while it was only 2.2% for wild type cells. Taken together, KO of sialidase and pro-apoptotic genes in rCHO cells is a useful tool for producing heavily sialylated glycoproteins such as rhEPO in fed-batch mode.
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Mortazavi M, Shokrgozar MA, Sardari S, Azadmanesh K, Mahdian R, Kaghazian H, Hosseini SN, Hedayati MH. Using chemical chaperones to increase recombinant human erythropoietin secretion in CHO cell line. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:535-544. [PMID: 30990119 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1479865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recombinant protein production, over-expressed genes induce unfolded protein response (UPR), overloaded protein aggregation in endoplasmic reticulum and its expansion. In this study, we have used 16 chemicals to improve erythropoietin production in engineered CHO cells and tried to study the mechanism of reducing protein aggregation in each treatment. Endoplasmic reticulum expansion was studied through endoplasmic reticulum specific labeling with utilizing fluorescent glibenclamide and its molecular chaperones expression were studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The increase in the mRNA level of EPO and endoplasmic reticulum chaperones GRP78/BiP, XBP1, ATF6, and ATF4 in different chemical treatments were not related to ER expansion. On the other hand, ER expansion in beta alanine, beta cyclodextrin and taurine treatments resulted in increased EPO secretion. Dramatically increase in EPO expression in conjugated linoleic acid, spermidine, trehalose, and maltose (19, 20, 16, and 19-fold, respectively) did not increase erythropoietin productivity, but betaine which did not caused ER expansion, with minor increase in EPO gene expression increase EPO productivity. The results indicated that betaine increase EPO secretion in engineered CHO cell line without relation to ER expansion and molecular chaperones expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Mortazavi
- a National Cell Bank of Iran (NCBI), Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Soroush Sardari
- b Unit of Drug Design and Bioinformatics, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- c Department of Virology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Mahdian
- d Department of Molecular Medicine , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hooman Kaghazian
- e Department of Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Karaj , Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Hedayati
- g Department of Quality Control , Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
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O'Neil RT, Saha S, Veach RA, Welch RC, Woodard LE, Rooney CM, Wilson MH. Transposon-modified antigen-specific T lymphocytes for sustained therapeutic protein delivery in vivo. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1325. [PMID: 29636469 PMCID: PMC5893599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell therapy platform permitting long-term delivery of peptide hormones in vivo would be a significant advance for patients with hormonal deficiencies. Here we report the utility of antigen-specific T lymphocytes as a regulatable peptide delivery platform for in vivo therapy. piggyBac transposon modification of murine cells with luciferase allows us to visualize T cells after adoptive transfer. Vaccination stimulates long-term T-cell engraftment, persistence, and transgene expression enabling detection of modified cells up to 300 days after adoptive transfer. We demonstrate adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells expressing erythropoietin (EPO) elevating the hematocrit in mice for more than 20 weeks. We extend our observations to human T cells demonstrating inducible EPO production from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Our results reveal antigen-specific T lymphocytes to be an effective delivery platform for therapeutic molecules such as EPO in vivo, with important implications for other diseases that require peptide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T O'Neil
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- The Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sunandan Saha
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ruth Ann Veach
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- The Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Richard C Welch
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- The Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lauren E Woodard
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- The Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Cliona M Rooney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew H Wilson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- The Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
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Hernández L, Rodríguez A, Peña V, Zumalacárregui L, Amaro D. DNA removal on different chromatography supports used for EPO purification by spike studies. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1247713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Hernández
- Development Product Department, Manufacturing Plant of Recombinant Proteins and Vaccines, Center for Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Higher Polytechnic Institute José Antonio Echeverría, Marianao, Havana, Cuba
| | - A. Rodríguez
- Development Product Department, Manufacturing Plant of Recombinant Proteins and Vaccines, Center for Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - V. Peña
- Development Product Department, Manufacturing Plant of Recombinant Proteins and Vaccines, Center for Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - L. Zumalacárregui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Higher Polytechnic Institute José Antonio Echeverría, Marianao, Havana, Cuba
| | - D. Amaro
- Development Product Department, Manufacturing Plant of Recombinant Proteins and Vaccines, Center for Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Higher Polytechnic Institute José Antonio Echeverría, Marianao, Havana, Cuba
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8
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Cell growth stimulating effect of Ganoderma lucidum spores and their potential application for Chinese hamster ovary K1 cell cultivation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:925-35. [PMID: 26921102 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, water-soluble extracts of Ganoderma lucidum spores (Gls), a Chinese medicinal herb that possesses cell growth stimulating function, were found to be an effective growth factor for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultivation. The Gls extract was prepared and supplemented to CHO K1 cell culture media with various serum levels. Our results obtained from both the static culture and the spinner-flask suspension culture showed that use of small-amount Gls extract effectively promoted cell growth and suppressed cell apoptosis induced by serum deprivation with normal cell cycle maintained in a low-serum medium. The low-serum medium containing 1 % (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.01 % (w/v) Gls extract showed a comparable performance on both cell growth and fusion protein productivity with the conventional CHO culture medium containing 10 % (v/v) FBS and a commercial serum-free medium. This is the first study of the potential of Gls extracts for use as an alternative cell growth factor and nutrient for CHO cells. The findings have presented a new approach to economic cultivation of CHO cells for therapeutic protein production.
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10
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Effect of glutamine substitution by TCA cycle intermediates on the production and sialylation of Fc-fusion protein in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. J Biotechnol 2014; 180:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Approaches to optimizing animal cell culture process: substrate metabolism regulation and protein expression improvement. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 113:177-215. [PMID: 19373452 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Some high value proteins and vaccines for medical and veterinary applications by animal cell culture have an increasing market in China. In order to meet the demands of large-scale productions of proteins and vaccines, animal cell culture technology has been widely developed. In general, an animal cell culture process can be divided into two stages in a batch culture. In cell growth stage a high specific growth rate is expected to achieve a high cell density. In production stage a high specific production rate is stressed for the expression and secretion of qualified protein or replication of virus. It is always critical to maintain high cell viability in fed-batch and perfusion cultures. More concern has been focused on two points by the researchers in China. First, the cell metabolism of substrates is analyzed and the accumulation of toxic by-products is decreased through regulating cell metabolism in the culture process. Second, some important factors effecting protein expression are understood at the molecular level and the production ability of protein is improved. In pace with the rapid development of large-scale cell culture for the production of vaccines, antibodies and other recombinant proteins in China, the medium design and process optimization based on cell metabolism regulation and protein expression improvement will play an important role. The chapter outlines the main advances in metabolic regulation of cell and expression improvement of protein in animal cell culture in recent years.
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Jeong TH, Son YJ, Ryu HB, Koo BK, Jeong SM, Hoang P, Do BH, Song JA, Chong SH, Robinson RC, Choe H. Soluble expression and partial purification of recombinant human erythropoietin from E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 95:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Datta P, Yang B, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. Modulation of heparan sulfate biosynthesis by sodium butyrate in recombinant CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:223-35. [PMID: 24468831 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has been used to improve transgene expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The current study explores the impact of butyrate treatment on heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis and structural composition in a recombinant CHO-S cell line expressing enzymes in the heparin (HP)/(HS) biosynthetic pathway (Dual-10 stably expressing NDST2 and HS3st1). Flow cytometric analysis showed that antithrombin binding was increased in Dual-10 cells and basic fibroblast growth factor binding was decreased in response to sodium butyrate treatment. The results were in agreement with the AMAC-LCMS (2-aminoacridine-tagged HS/HP analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) data that showed that there was an increase in heparan sulfate tri-sulfated disaccharides and a decrease in N-sulfated disaccharides in the butyrate-treated cells. However, we could not detect any changes in the chondroitin sulfate pathway in Dual-10 cells treated with butyrate. The current study is the first to report the effect of butyrate on glycosaminoglycan profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Datta
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Avenue, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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Rodrigues ME, Costa AR, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Oliveira R. Evaluation of solid and porous microcarriers for cell growth and production of recombinant proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1104:137-147. [PMID: 24297414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-733-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcarrier technology opened new perspectives for anchorage-dependent cell culture, by providing increased surface areas for cell adhesion and proliferation, and therefore improving both cell and product yields obtained in these cultures. The establishment of a successful microcarrier culture depends on many factors, such as the type of microcarrier, the cells, and the culture conditions. In this chapter, the basic steps required for the evaluation and optimization of a microcarrier culture for the purpose of production of recombinant proteins are described, for both solid and porous microcarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Ayyildiz-Tamis D, Avcı K, Deliloglu-Gurhan SI. Comparative investigation of the use of various commercial microcarriers as a substrate for culturing mammalian cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:221-31. [PMID: 24357035 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microcarriers provide large adhesion area allowing high cell densities in bioreactor systems. This study focused on the investigation of cell adhesion and cell growth characteristics of both anchorage-dependent CHO-K1 and anchorage-independent Ag8 myeloma cell lines cultivated on four different microcarriers (Biosilon®, Microhex®, Cytodex 3®, Cytoline 2®) by considering the cell kinetics and physiological data. Experiments were performed in both static and agitated cell culture systems by using 24-well tissue culture plates and then 50-ml spinner flasks. In agitated cultures, the highest specific growth rates (0.026 h for CHO-K1 and 0.061 h for Ag8 cell line) were obtained with Cytodex 3® and Cytoline 2® microcarriers for CHO-K1 and Ag8 cell line, respectively. Metabolic characteristics showed some variation among the cultures with the four microcarriers. The most significant being the higher production of lactate with microcarriers with CHO-K1 cells relative to the Ag8 cells. SEM analyses revealed the differences in the morphology of the cells along with microcarriers. On Cytodex 3® and Cytoline 2®, CHO-K1 cells attached to the substratum through long, slender filopodia, whereas the cells showed a flat morphology by covering the substratum on the Biosilon® and Microhex®. Ag8 cells maintained their spherical shapes throughout the culture for all types of microcarriers. In an attempt to scale-up, productions were carried out in 50-ml spinner flasks. Cytodex 3® (for CHO-K1 cells) and Cytoline 2® (for Ag8 cells) were evaluated. The results demonstrate that high yield of biomass could be achieved through the immobilization of the cells in each culture system. And cell cultures on microcarriers, especially on Cytodex 3® and Cytoline 2®, represented a good potential as microcarriers for larger scale cultures of CHO-K1 and Ag8, respectively. Moreover, owing to the fact that the cell lines and culture media are specific, outcomes will be applicable for other clones derived from the same host cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ayyildiz-Tamis
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Bornova, Turkey,
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16
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Costa AR, Withers J, Rodrigues ME, McLoughlin N, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Rudd PM, Azeredo J. The impact of microcarrier culture optimization on the glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:25. [PMID: 23487430 PMCID: PMC3592997 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microcarriers are widely used for the large-scale culture of attachment-dependent cells with increased cell densities and, ultimately, higher product yield. In these processes, the specific culture conditions can affect the quality of the product, which is closely related to its glycosylation pattern. Furthermore, the lack of studies in the area reinforces the need to better understand the effects of microcarrier culture in product glycosylation. Consequently, in this work, the glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) produced by adherent CHO-K1 cells grown in Cytodex 3 was evaluated under different conditions, and compared to that obtained of typical adherent cultures. It was found that microcarrier cultures result in a glycosylation profile with different characteristics from T-flask cultures, with a general increase in galactosylation and decrease in fucosylation levels, both with a potentially positive impact on mAb activity. Sialylation also varied but without a general tendency. This study then showed that the specific culture conditions used in microcarrier culture influence the mAb glycan profile, and each functional element (galactose, core fucose, sialic acid) is independently affected by these conditions. In particular, great reductions of fucosylation (from 79 to 55%) were obtained when using half volume at inoculation, and notable decreases in sialylation (from 23 to 2%) and glycoform heterogeneity (from 20 to 11 glycoforms) were observed for shake flask culture, potentially associated with the improved cell densities achieved in these culture vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Costa
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joanne Withers
- NIBRT Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Niaobh McLoughlin
- NIBRT Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mariana Henriques
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rosário Oliveira
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joana Azeredo
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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17
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Gel electrophoretic methods for the analysis of biosimilar pharmaceuticals using the example of recombinant erythropoietin. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:587-602. [PMID: 23425274 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their versatility and cost-effectiveness, gel electrophoretic methods provide an important set of tools for the analysis of therapeutic proteins. As an increasing number of biosimilar pharmaceuticals are entering the market, techniques are required that allow reliable demonstration of comparability of these products with the reference products. Isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE, native PAGE and 2D electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) have been frequently applied for this purpose. Supplementary techniques are fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis and sarcosyl-PAGE. Of additional importance is the comparison of recombinant with endogenously synthesized glycoproteins. Reagent array analysis combined with SDS-PAGE and western blotting proved especially useful for this purpose. As an example for the application of these methods, the analysis of recombinant originator erythropoietins and some of their biosimilar counterparts is described.
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Castilho A, Neumann L, Gattinger P, Strasser R, Vorauer-Uhl K, Sterovsky T, Altmann F, Steinkellner H. Generation of biologically active multi-sialylated recombinant human EPOFc in plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54836. [PMID: 23372778 PMCID: PMC3555983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycosylated proteins are more stable, show increased serum half-life and less sensitivity to proteolysis compared to non-sialylated forms. This applies particularly to recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). Recent progress in N-glycoengineering of non-mammalian expression hosts resulted in in vivo protein sialylation at great homogeneity. However the synthesis of multi-sialylated N-glycans is so far restricted to mammalian cells. Here we used a plant based expression system to accomplish multi-antennary protein sialylation. A human erythropoietin fusion protein (EPOFc) was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana ΔXTFT, a glycosylation mutant that lacks plant specific N-glycan residues. cDNA of the hormone was co-delivered into plants with the necessary genes for (i) branching (ii) β1,4-galactosylation as well as for the (iii) synthesis, transport and transfer of sialic acid. This resulted in the production of recombinant EPOFc carrying bi- tri- and tetra-sialylated complex N-glycans. The formation of this highly complex oligosaccharide structure required the coordinated expression of 11 human proteins acting in different subcellular compartments at different stages of the glycosylation pathway. In vitro receptor binding assays demonstrate the generation of biologically active molecules. We demonstrate the in planta synthesis of one of the most complex mammalian glycoforms pointing to an outstanding high degree of tolerance to changes in the glycosylation pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Pohlscheidt M, Jacobs M, Wolf S, Thiele J, Jockwer A, Gabelsberger J, Jenzsch M, Tebbe H, Burg J. Optimizing capacity utilization by large scale 3000 L perfusion in seed train bioreactors. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:222-9. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Kim DY, Chaudhry MA, Kennard ML, Jardon MA, Braasch K, Dionne B, Butler M, Piret JM. Fed-batch CHO cell t-PA production and feed glutamine replacement to reduce ammonia production. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:165-75. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Lee JS, Ha TK, Lee SJ, Lee GM. Current state and perspectives on erythropoietin production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1405-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Aehle M, Bork K, Schaepe S, Kuprijanov A, Horstkorte R, Simutis R, Lübbert A. Increasing batch-to-batch reproducibility of CHO-cell cultures using a model predictive control approach. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:623-34. [PMID: 22451075 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By means of a model predictive control strategy it was possible to ensure a high batch-to-batch reproducibility in animal cell (CHO-cell) suspensions cultured for a recombinant therapeutic protein (EPO) production. The general control objective was derived by identifying an optimal specific growth rate taking productivity, protein quality and process controllability into account. This goal was approached indirectly by controlling the oxygen mass consumed by the cells which is related to specific biomass growth rate and cell concentration profile by manipulating the glutamine feed rate. Process knowledge represented by a classical model was incorporated into the model predictive control algorithm. The controller was employed in several cultivation experiments. During these cultivations, the model parameters were adapted after each sampling event to cope with changes in the process' dynamics. The ability to predict the state variables, particularly for the oxygen consumption, led to only moderate changes in the desired optimal operational trajectories. Hence, nearly identical oxygen consumption profiles, cell and protein titers as well as sialylation patterns were obtained for all cultivation runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Aehle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg, 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Schumacher YO, Saugy M, Pottgiesser T, Robinson N. Detection of EPO doping and blood doping: the haematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:846-53. [PMID: 22374784 DOI: 10.1002/dta.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The increase of the body's capacity to transport oxygen is a prime target for doping athletes in all endurance sports. For this pupose, blood transfusions or erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), such as erythropoietin, NESP, and CERA are used. As direct detection of such manipulations is difficult, biomarkers that are connected to the haematopoietic system (haemoglobin concentration, reticulocytes) are monitored over time (Athlete Biological Passport (ABP)) and analyzed using mathematical models to identify patterns suspicious of doping. With this information, athletes can either be sanctioned directly based on their profile or targeted with conventional doping tests. Key issues for the appropriate use of the ABP are correct targeting and use of all available information (e.g. whereabouts, cross sectional population data) in a forensic manner. Future developments of the passport include the correction of all concentration-based variables for shifts in plasma volume, which might considerably increase sensitivity. New passport markers from the genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic level might add further information, but need to be validated before integration into the passport procedure. A first assessment of blood data of federations that have implemented the passport show encouraging signs of a decreased blood-doping prevalence in their athletes, which adds scientific credibility to this innovative concept in the fight against ESA- and blood doping.
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24
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Meshram M, Naderi S, McConkey B, Budman H, Scharer J, Ingalls B. Population-based modeling of the progression of apoptosis in mammalian cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1193-204. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Tharmalingam T, Sunley K, Spearman M, Butler M. Enhanced Production of Human Recombinant Proteins from CHO cells Grown to High Densities in Macroporous Microcarriers. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 49:263-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Hong JK, Cho SM, Yoon SK. Substitution of glutamine by glutamate enhances production and galactosylation of recombinant IgG in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 88:869-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Lamon S, Robinson N, Saugy M. Procedures for monitoring recombinant erythropoietin and analogs in doping. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:141-54, x. [PMID: 20122455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin concentration is one of the principal factors of aerobic power and, consequently, of performance in many types of physical activities. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin is, therefore, particularly powerful for improving the physical performances of patients, and, more generally, improving their quality of life. This article discusses procedures for monitoring recombinant erythropoietin and its analogues in doping for athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lamon
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, West Switzerland, Epalinges, Switzerland
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28
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The effects of microcarrier culture on recombinant CHO cells under biphasic hypothermic culture conditions. Cytotechnology 2009; 59:81-91. [PMID: 19412658 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, producing recombinant secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) was investigated under three different culture conditions (suspension cells, cells attached to Cytodex 3 and Cytopore 1 microcarriers) in a biphasic culture mode using a temperature shift to mild hypothermic conditions (33 degrees C) in a fed-batch bioreactor. The cell viability in both the suspension and the Cytodex 3 cultures was maintained for significantly longer periods under hypothermic conditions than in the single-temperature cultures, leading to higher integrated viable cell densities. For all culture conditions, the specific productivity of SEAP increased after the temperature reduction; the specific productivities of the microcarrier cultures increased approximately threefold while the specific productivity of the suspension culture increased nearly eightfold. The glucose and glutamine consumption rates and lactate and ammonia production rates were significantly lowered after the temperature reduction, as were the yields of lactate from glucose. However, the yield of ammonia from glutamine increased in response to the temperature shift.
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29
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30
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Lee JC, Kim DY, Oh DJ, Chang HN. Two-stage depth filter perfusion culture for recombinant antibody production by recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Lee JC, Kim DY, Oh DJ, Chang HN. Long-term operation of depth filter perfusion systems (DFPS) for monoclonal antibody production using recombinant CHO cells: Effect of temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Nam JH, Ermonval M, Sharfstein ST. Cell Attachment to Microcarriers Affects Growth, Metabolic Activity, and Culture Productivity in Bioreactor Culture. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 23:652-60. [PMID: 17500530 DOI: 10.1021/bp070007l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is not well understood how changes from suspension to microcarrier cultures affect cell growth, metabolism, and yield of recombinant proteins. To investigate the effects of culture conditions on cell characteristics, fed-batch bioreactor cultures were performed under different culture conditions (suspension cultures, cultures attached to Cytodex 3 and Cytopore 1 microcarriers) using two different Chinese hamster ovary cell lines producing either secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase (TR2-255) or tissue plasminogen activator (CHO 1-15-500). In controlled, agitated bioreactors, suspension cultures reached cell densities and product titers higher than those in microcarrier cultures, in contrast to the results in static flask cultures. Growth and metabolic activities showed similar trends in suspension and microcarrier culture regardless of cell line. However, the responses of the specific productivities to the different culture conditions differed significantly between the cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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33
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Lee JC, Chang HN, Oh DJ. Recombinant Antibody Production by Perfusion Cultures of rCHO Cells in a Depth Filter Perfusion System. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:134-9. [PMID: 15903250 DOI: 10.1021/bp0497942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells, producing recombinant antibody against the human platelet, were cultivated in a depth filter perfusion system (DFPS). When perfusion cultures with working volume of 1 L were operated at perfusion rates of 5/d and 6/d, volumetric antibody productivities reached values 28 and 34 times higher than that of batch suspension culture in Erlenmeyer flasks and 43 and 53 times higher than that of batch culture in a controlled stirred tank reactor, respectively. Perfusion cultures in the DFPS showed stable antibody production over the whole culture period of up to 20 days. In the DFPS, inoculated cells in suspension were entrapped in a few hours within the depth filter matrix by medium circulation and retained there until the void space of the filter matrix was saturated by the cultured cells. After cells in the depth filter matrix reached saturation, overgrown viable cells at a perfusion rate of 5/d or 6/d were continuously collected into waste medium at a density of 2-4 x 10(5) cells/mL, which resulted in stable operation at high perfusion rates, maintaining values of process parameters such as glucose/lactate concentration, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Because the DFPS overcomes most drawbacks observed with conventional perfusion systems, it is preferable to be used as a key culture system to produce monoclonal antibody stably for a long culture period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Chul Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea
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34
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Nam JH, Zhang F, Ermonval M, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. The effects of culture conditions on the glycosylation of secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:1178-92. [PMID: 18553404 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different culture conditions, suspension and microcarrier culture and temperature reduction on the structures of N-linked glycans attached to secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) were investigated for CHO cells grown in a controlled bioreactor. Both mass spectrometry and anion-exchange chromatography were used to probe the N-linked glycan structures and distribution. Complex-type glycans were the dominant structures with small amounts of high mannose glycans observed in suspension and reduced temperature cultures. Biantennary glycans were the most common structures detected by mass spectrometry, but triantennary and tetraantennary forms were also detected. The amount of sialic acid present was relatively low, approximately 0.4 mol sialic acid/mol SEAP for suspension cultures. Microcarrier cultures exhibited a decrease in productivity compared with suspension culture due to a decrease in both maximum viable cell density (15-20%) and specific productivity (30-50%). In contrast, a biphasic suspension culture in which the temperature was reduced at the beginning of the stationary phase from 37 to 33 degrees C, showed a 7% increase in maximum viable cell density, a 62% increase in integrated viable cell density, and a 133% increase in specific productivity, leading to greater than threefold increase in total productivity. Both microcarrier and reduced temperature cultures showed increased sialylation and decreased fucosylation when compared to suspension culture. Our results highlight the importance of glycoform analysis after process modification as even subtle changes (e.g., changing from one microcarrier to another) may affect glycan distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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35
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Tharmalingam T, Sunley K, Butler M. High yields of monomeric recombinant β-interferon from macroporous microcarrier cultures under hypothermic conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 24:832-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Yee JC, de Leon Gatti M, Philp RJ, Yap M, Hu WS. Genomic and proteomic exploration of CHO and hybridoma cells under sodium butyrate treatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:1186-204. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Jiang Z, Sharfstein ST. Sodium butyrate stimulates monoclonal antibody over-expression in CHO cells by improving gene accessibility. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:189-94. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Robinson N, Giraud S, Saudan C, Baume N, Avois L, Mangin P, Saugy M. Erythropoietin and blood doping. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40 Suppl 1:i30-4. [PMID: 16799100 PMCID: PMC2657498 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHOD To outline the direct and indirect approaches in the fight against blood doping in sports, the different strategies that have been used and are currently being used to fight efficiently against blood doping are presented and discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The paper outlines the different approaches and diagnostic tools that some federations have to identify and target sports people demonstrating abnormal blood profiles. Originally blood tests were introduced for medical reasons and for limiting misuse of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). In this way it became possible to prevent athletes with haematocrit levels well above normal, and potentially dangerous for their health, competing in sport. Today, with nearly a decade of blood testing experience, sports authorities should be familiar with some of the limitations and specially the ability of blood tests performed prior to competitions to fight efficiently against the misuse of rHuEPO, blood transfusion, and artificial haemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, Institute of Legal Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Lim SF, Chuan KH, Liu S, Loh SOH, Chung BYF, Ong CC, Song Z. RNAi suppression of Bax and Bak enhances viability in fed-batch cultures of CHO cells. Metab Eng 2006; 8:509-22. [PMID: 16860584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins play a crucial role in the regulation of the mitochondrial pathway that leads to apoptosis. Members of the Bcl-2 family can be divided into the anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L), and the pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bak and the BH3-only proteins. In this study, siRNA constructs to silence the Bax and Bak genes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were generated. Stable CHO cell lines in which the expression of Bax and Bak were significantly knocked down were screened by Western blot analysis and confirmed by RT-PCR. CHO cells with both Bax and Bak knocked down showed a clear resistance against cytotoxic lectins and UV irradiation-induced apoptosis. Compared to original CHO-K1 cells, these cells also survived longer when cultured under extreme conditions such as complete nutrient depletion or in high-osmolality medium. CHO cells with both Bax and Bak genes knocked down displayed an extended lifespan as well as higher viable cell densities in fed-batch cultures, both in adherent form on microcarrier beads and in suspension. The IFN-gamma productivity by a rCHO IFN-gamma cell line in which both Bak and Bax were knocked down increased by 35% compared to the control cells. These results indicate that the genetic inactivation of Bax and Bak in recombinant CHO cells can be an effective strategy in delaying the onset of apoptosis in batch and fed-batch cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Fee Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, 06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
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40
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Meuwly F, Papp F, Ruffieux PA, Bernard AR, Kadouri A, von Stockar U. Use of glucose consumption rate (GCR) as a tool to monitor and control animal cell production processes in packed-bed bioreactors. J Biotechnol 2006; 122:122-9. [PMID: 16153735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For animal cell cultures growing in packed-bed bioreactors where cell number cannot be determined directly, there is a clear need to use indirect methods that are not based on cell counts in order to monitor and control the process. One option is to use the glucose consumption rate (GCR) of the culture as an indirect measure to monitor the process in bioreactors. This study was done on a packed-bed bioreactor process using recombinant CHO cells cultured on Fibra-Cel disk carriers in perfusion mode at high cell densities. A key step in the process is the switch of the process from the cell growth phase to the production phase triggered by a reduction of the temperature. In this system, we have used a GCR value of 300 g of glucose per kilogram of disks per day as a criterion for the switch. This paper will present results obtained in routine operations for the monitoring and control of an industrial process at pilot-scale. The process operated with this GCR-based strategy yielded consistent, reproducible process performance across numerous bioreactor runs performed on multiple production sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Meuwly
- Serono Biotech Center, Laboratoires Serono SA, Zone Industrielle B, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
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41
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Kwon DN, Song H, Park JY, Lee SY, Cho SK, Kang SJ, Jang JS, Seo HG, Kim JH. Dynamic Control of Oligosaccharide Modification in the Mammary Gland: Linking Recombinant Human Erythropoietin. Transgenic Res 2006; 15:37-55. [PMID: 16475009 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-3519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed two transgenic mouse lines that secrete rhEPO in their milk to assess the dynamic control of N-linked oligosaccharides. Since pharmaceutically available epoetin alpha and beta are produced in CHO cells, we compared transgenic mammary gland-derived rhEPO to its CHO cell-derived counterpart. The major glycosyltransferases that determine the N-oligosaccharides patterns of rhEPO include N-acetylglycosaminyltransferase (GnT) and alpha1,3/4 fucosyltransferase (Fuc-TIV), GnT-III, -V and Fuc-TIV expression in the mouse mammary gland is significantly higher than that in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-derived cells, where the protein is not detectable. The data suggest that N-linked sugar chain patterns of recombinant glycoproteins, produced by the mammary gland differ, since GnT-III alters the sugar pattern extensively. In our experiments, rhEPO produced by the transgenic mice contains more tetra-acidic oligosaccharide structures than epoetin alpha derived from CHO cells, a rhEPO that is widely used therapeutically. Accordingly, we examined milk-derived rhEPO activity, both in vitro and in vivo. The rhEPO protein purified from the milk of mammary glands upregulates the EPO receptor-mediated expression of the STAT5 gene in MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, similar to the effects of epoetin alpha. Furthermore, direct injection of rhEPO into the mouse tail vein leads to an increase in the levels of blood components, such as red blood cells and platelets. In light of these findings, we suggest that the mammary glands of transgenic animals provide a sufficient environment to generate rhEPO with post-translational modifications for biopharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deug-Nam Kwon
- Department of Dairy Science, Division of Applied Life Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 660-701, Chinju, GyeongNam, Korea
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42
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Abstract
The error in quantitative gel electrophoresis/Western blotting was investigated considering the purity testing of erythropoietin. The overall error was over 35% relative standard deviation. However, an analysis of variance elucidated that the interoperator variability was the dominant error source, which already explained almost 80% of the total variance. Careful compilation and investigation of the possible error sources strongly indicates that the immunoreaction after blotting and the subsequent color reaction are the major error sources in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Koller
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Analytical Support, Mannheim, Germany
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43
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Spearman M, Rodriguez J, Huzel N, Butler M. Production and glycosylation of recombinant beta-interferon in suspension and cytopore microcarrier cultures of CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2005; 21:31-9. [PMID: 15903238 DOI: 10.1021/bp0498084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microcarriers are suitable for high-density cultures of cells requiring surface attachment and also offer the advantage of easy media removal for product recovery. We have used the macroporous microcarriers Cytopore 1 and 2 for the growth of CHO cells producing recombinant human beta-interferon (beta-IFN) in stirred batch cultures. Although these cells may grow in suspension, in the presence of Cytopore microcarriers they become entrapped in the inner bead matrix where they can be maintained at high densities. Cell growth rates were reduced in microcarrier cultures compared to suspension cultures. However, the beta-IFN yield was up to 3-fold greater as a result of an almost 5-fold higher specific productivity. Maximum productivity was found in cultures containing 1.0 mg/mL of Cytopore 1 or 0.5 mg/mL of Cytopore 2 with a cell/bead ratio of 1029 and 822, respectively. Beta-IFN molecules aggregated in the later stages of all cultures, causing a decrease in response by ELISA. However, the degree of aggregation was significantly less in the microcarrier cultures. The N-linked glycans from beta-IFN were isolated and analyzed by normal phase HPLC. There was no apparent difference in the profile of glycans obtained from each of the suspension and Cytopore culture systems. This suggests that Cytopore microcarriers may be useful in bioprocess development for enhanced recombinant glycoprotein production without affecting the glycosylation profile of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Spearman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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44
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Meuwly F, von Stockar U, Kadouri A. Optimization of the medium perfusion rate in a packed-bed bioreactor charged with CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2005; 46:37-47. [PMID: 19003257 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-005-2105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the optimal medium perfusion rate to be used for the continuous culture of a recombinant CHO cell line in a packed-bed bioreactor made of Fibra-Cel((R)) disk carriers was determined. A first-generation process had originally been designed with a high perfusion rate, in order to rapidly produce material for pre-clinical and early clinical trials. It was originally operated with a perfusion of 2.6 vvd during production phase in order to supply the high cell density (2.5x10(7) cell ml(-1) of packed-bed) with sufficient fresh medium. In order to improve the economics of this process, a reduction of the medium perfusion rate by -25% and -50% was investigated at small-scale. The best option was then implemented at pilot scale in order to further produce material for clinical trials with an improved second-generation process. With a -25% reduction of the perfusion rate, the volumetric productivity was maintained compared to the first-generation process, but a -30% loss of productivity was obtained when the medium perfusion rate was further reduced to -50% of its original level. The protein quality under reduced perfusion rate conditions was analyzed for purity, N-glycan sialylation level, abundance of dimers or aggregates, and showed that the quality of the final drug substance was comparable to that obtained in reference conditions. Finally, a reduction of -25% medium perfusion was implemented at pilot scale in the second-generation process, which enabled to maintain the same productivity and the same quality of the molecule, while reducing costs of media, material and manpower of the production process. For industrial applications, it is recommended to test whether and how far the perfusion rate can be decreased during the production phase - provided that the product is not sensitive to residence time - with the benefits of reduced cost of goods and to simplify manufacturing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Meuwly
- Laboratoires Serono S.A., Zone Industrielle B , Serono Biotech Center, CH-1809, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
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Warnock J, Al-Rubeai M. Production of Biologics from Animal Cell Cultures. APPLICATIONS OF CELL IMMOBILISATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3363-x_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Dürrschmid M, Landauer K, Simic G, Blüml G, Doblhoff-Dier O. Scalable inoculation strategies for microcarrier-based animal cell bioprocesses. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 83:681-6. [PMID: 12889032 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Scalability is a major demand for high-yield, stable bioprocess systems in animal cell culture-based biopharmaceutical production. Increased yields can be achieved through high-density cell culture, such as in the combination of microcarrier and fluidized bed bioreactor technology. To minimize inocula volume in industrial applications of fluidized bed fermentation systems, it is crucial to increase the bed volume in the reactor during the fermentation process. We tested scale-up strategy for the production of recombinant human arylsulfatase B (ASB) enzyme used in enzyme replacement therapy in patients afflicted with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI). This enzyme was derived from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells cultivated as adherent cell culture on Cytoline macroporous microcarriers (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) using a Cytopilot Mini fluidized bed bioreactor (FBR; Amersham Biosciences, Vogelbusch, Austria). Both 1:2 expansion (herein referred to as the addition of fresh, not-yet-colonized microcarriers) and 1:6 expansion of the carrier bed were performed successfully; the cells restarted to proliferate for colonizing these newly added carriers; and the stability of the culture was not negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dürrschmid
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Zanette D, Soffientini A, Sottani C, Sarubbi E. Evaluation of phenylboronate agarose for industrial-scale purification of erythropoietin from mammalian cell cultures. J Biotechnol 2003; 101:275-87. [PMID: 12615396 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel, cost-effective ways to produce erythropoietin (Epo), the world top-selling biopharmaceutical, is a major challenge for today's biotechnology industry. However, Epo's high glycosylation content (almost 40% of total mass) and the requirement for sialic acid for optimal in vivo activity still make mammalian cells the expression system of choice. In contrast to the abundance of reports on Epo production, robust, cost-effective methods for large-scale Epo purification can hardly be found in literature. To fill this gap, we describe here a process specifically studied for industrial-scale purification of the protein. Our method is based on the ability of phenylboronate agarose (PBA) to form reversible complexes with 1,2-cis-diol-containing molecules, like sugars in glycoproteins. Finding that additional factors (i.e., ionic and hydrophobic interactions) contribute to the Epo-PBA binding reaction, chromatography conditions have been optimized in scale-down experiments to improve selectivity and yield. As a result, the high performance of affinity chromatography has been achieved using a support possessing the robustness, chemical stability and low cost of a small synthetic ligand. By adding an anion exchange chromatography step and gel filtration for polishing, a pure and active product can easily be obtained by an integrated, start-to-end process optimized for industrial-scale operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Zanette
- Lepetit Research Center, now BioSearch Italia, 21040 Gerenzano, Italy
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