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Lu Z, Shen Q, Bandari NC, Evans S, McDonnell L, Liu L, Jin W, Luna-Flores CH, Collier T, Talbo G, McCubbin T, Esquirol L, Myers C, Trau M, Dumsday G, Speight R, Howard CB, Vickers CE, Peng B. LowTempGAL: a highly responsive low temperature-inducible GAL system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae460. [PMID: 38808673 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature is an important control factor for biologics biomanufacturing in precision fermentation. Here, we explored a highly responsive low temperature-inducible genetic system (LowTempGAL) in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two temperature biosensors, a heat-inducible degron and a heat-inducible protein aggregation domain, were used to regulate the GAL activator Gal4p, rendering the leaky LowTempGAL systems. Boolean-type induction was achieved by implementing a second-layer control through low-temperature-mediated repression on GAL repressor gene GAL80, but suffered delayed response to low-temperature triggers and a weak response at 30°C. Application potentials were validated for protein and small molecule production. Proteomics analysis suggested that residual Gal80p and Gal4p insufficiency caused suboptimal induction. 'Turbo' mechanisms were engineered through incorporating a basal Gal4p expression and a galactose-independent Gal80p-supressing Gal3p mutant (Gal3Cp). Varying Gal3Cp configurations, we deployed the LowTempGAL systems capable for a rapid stringent high-level induction upon the shift from a high temperature (37-33°C) to a low temperature (≤30°C). Overall, we present a synthetic biology procedure that leverages 'leaky' biosensors to deploy highly responsive Boolean-type genetic circuits. The key lies in optimisation of the intricate layout of the multi-factor system. The LowTempGAL systems may be applicable in non-conventional yeast platforms for precision biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Lu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Qianyi Shen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Naga Chandra Bandari
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Samuel Evans
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- Centre of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Liam McDonnell
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- Centre of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Lian Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Queensland Node of Metabolomics Australia and Proteomics Australia (Q-MAP), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wanli Jin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Carlos Horacio Luna-Flores
- Centre of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Thomas Collier
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Gert Talbo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Queensland Node of Metabolomics Australia and Proteomics Australia (Q-MAP), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tim McCubbin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chris Myers
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matt Trau
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Geoff Dumsday
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- Centre of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Advanced Engineering Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- Centre of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Bingyin Peng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre of Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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2
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Xu T, Zhang J, Wang T, Wang X. Recombinant antibodies aggregation and overcoming strategies in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3913-3922. [PMID: 35608667 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell lines are frequently used as the preferred host cells for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) having post-translational modified modifications similar to those observed in proteins produced by human cells. Nowadays, most RTPs approved for marketing are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies (RTAs) are among the most important and promising RTPs for biomedical applications. A major limitation associated with the use of RTAs is their aggregation, which can be caused by a variety of factors; this results in a reduction of quality. RTA aggregations are especially concerning as they can trigger human immune responses in humans and may be fatal. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying RTA aggregation and measures for avoiding aggregation are interesting topics in RTAs research. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of RTAs aggregation, with a focus on factors that cause aggregation during RTA production and the development of strategies for overcoming RTA aggregation. KEY POINTS: • The recombinant antibody aggregation in mammalian cell systems is reviewed. • Intracellular environment and extracellular parameters influence recombinant antibody aggregation. • Reducing the aggregations can improve the quality of recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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3
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Hussain H, Patel T, Ozanne AMS, Vito D, Ellis M, Hinchliffe M, Humphreys DP, Stephens PE, Sweeney B, White J, Dickson AJ, Smales CM. A comparative analysis of recombinant Fab and full-length antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4815-4828. [PMID: 34585737 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are the leading class of biopharmaceuticals in terms of numbers approved for therapeutic purposes. Antigen-binding fragments (Fab) are also used as biotherapeutics and used widely in research applications. The dominant expression systems for full-length antibodies are mammalian cell-based, whereas for Fab molecules the preference has been an expression in bacterial systems. However, advances in CHO and downstream technologies make mammalian systems an equally viable option for small- and large-scale Fab production. Using a panel of full-length IgG antibodies and their corresponding Fab pair with different antigen specificities, we investigated the impact of the IgG and Fab molecule format on production from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and assessed the cellular capability to process and produce these formats. The full-length antibody format resulted in the recovery of fewer mini-pools posttransfection when compared to the corresponding Fab fragment format that could be interpreted as indicative of a greater overall burden on cells. Antibody-producing cell pools that did recover were subsequently able to achieve higher volumetric protein yields (mg/L) and specific productivity than the corresponding Fab pools. Importantly, when the actual molecules produced per cell of a given format was considered (as opposed to mass), CHO cells produced a greater number of Fab molecules per cell than obtained with the corresponding IgG, suggesting that cells were more efficient at making the smaller Fab molecule. Analysis of cell pools showed that gene copy number was not correlated to the subsequent protein production. The amount of mRNA correlated with secreted Fab production but not IgG, whereby posttranscriptional processes act to limit antibody production. In summary, we provide the first comparative description of how full-length IgG and Fab antibody formats impact on the outcomes of a cell line construction process and identify potential limitations in their production that could be targeted for engineering increases in the efficiency in the manufacture of these recombinant antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirra Hussain
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,CPI, Central Park, Darlington, UK
| | - Tulshi Patel
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Horizon Discovery Biosciences Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angelica M S Ozanne
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Davide Vito
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Mestag Therapeutics Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Ellis
- Protein Sciences, UCB Pharma, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bernie Sweeney
- Protein Sciences, UCB Pharma, Berkshire, UK.,Lonza Biologics, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Alan J Dickson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher M Smales
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Co Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Functional differences between TSHR alleles associate with variation in spawning season in Atlantic herring. Commun Biol 2021; 4:795. [PMID: 34172814 PMCID: PMC8233318 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying molecular mechanisms that determine long day versus short day breeders remain unknown in any organism. Atlantic herring provides a unique opportunity to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in reproduction timing, because both spring and autumn spawners exist within the same species. Although our previous whole genome comparisons revealed a strong association of TSHR alleles with spawning seasons, the functional consequences of these variants remain unknown. Here we examined the functional significance of six candidate TSHR mutations strongly associated with herring reproductive seasonality. We show that the L471M missense mutation in the spring-allele causes enhanced cAMP signaling. The best candidate non-coding mutation is a 5.2 kb retrotransposon insertion upstream of the TSHR transcription start site, near an open chromatin region, which is likely to affect TSHR expression. The insertion occurred prior to the split between Pacific and Atlantic herring and was lost in the autumn-allele. Our study shows that strongly associated coding and non-coding variants at the TSHR locus may both contribute to the regulation of seasonal reproduction in herring. Junfeng Chen et al. examine potential functional consequences of reproduction timing-associated TSHR alleles segregating in Atlantic herring. By comparing fish that spawn during the spring to those that spawn in the autumn, they find that the spring-allele is correlated with enhanced cAMP signaling and that both coding and non-coding variants in the TSHR locus contribute to seasonal reproduction.
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5
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Castro R, Nobre LS, Eleutério RP, Thomaz M, Pires A, Monteiro SM, Mendes S, Gomes RA, Clemente JJ, Sousa MFQ, Pinto F, Silva AC, Freitas MC, Lemos AR, Akpogheneta O, Kosack L, Bergman ML, Duarte N, Matoso P, Costa J, Bandeiras TM, Gomes-Alves P, Gonçalves CP, Demengeot J, Alves PM. Production of high-quality SARS-CoV-2 antigens: Impact of bioprocess and storage on glycosylation, biophysical attributes, and ELISA serologic tests performance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2202-2219. [PMID: 33624859 PMCID: PMC8014509 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serological assays are valuable tools to study SARS-CoV-2 spread and, importantly, to identify individuals that were already infected and would be potentially immune to a virus reinfection. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and its receptor binding domain (RBD) are the antigens with higher potential to develop SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. Moreover, structural studies of these antigens are key to understand the molecular basis for Spike interaction with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, hopefully enabling the development of COVID-19 therapeutics. Thus, it is urgent that significant amounts of this protein became available at the highest quality. In this study, we produced Spike and RBD in two human derived cell hosts: HEK293-E6 and Expi293F™. We evaluated the impact of different and scalable bioprocessing approaches on Spike and RBD production yields and, more importantly, on these antigens' quality attributes. Using negative and positive sera collected from human donors, we show an excellent performance of the produced antigens, assessed in serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, as denoted by the high specificity and sensitivity of the test. We show robust Spike productions with final yields of approx. 2 mg/L of culture that were maintained independently of the production scale or cell culture strategy. To the best of our knowledge, the final yield of 90 mg/L of culture obtained for RBD production, was the highest reported to date. An in-depth characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and RBD proteins was performed, namely the antigen's oligomeric state, glycosylation profiles, and thermal stability during storage. The correlation of these quality attributes with ELISA performance show equivalent reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 positive serum, for all Spike and RBD produced, and for all storage conditions tested. Overall, we provide straightforward protocols to produce high-quality SARS-CoV-2 Spike and RBD antigens, that can be easily adapted to both academic and industrial settings; and integrate, for the first time, studies on the impact of bioprocess with an in-depth characterization of these proteins, correlating antigen's glycosylation and biophysical attributes to performance of COVID-19 serologic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Castro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia S Nobre
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rute P Eleutério
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Thomaz
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António Pires
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Monteiro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Gomes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João J Clemente
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcos F Q Sousa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipe Pinto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana C Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Micael C Freitas
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana R Lemos
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Nadia Duarte
- IGC, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Matoso
- IGC, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Júlia Costa
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Bandeiras
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patricia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
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6
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Silva Couto P, Rotondi M, Bersenev A, Hewitt C, Nienow A, Verter F, Rafiq Q. Expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) in bioreactors using microcarriers: lessons learnt and what the future holds. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Chen P, Chen M, Menon A, Hussain AI, Carey E, Lee C, Horwitz J, O'Connell S, Cooper JW, Schwartz R, Gowetski DB. Development of a High Yielding Bioprocess for a Pre-fusion RSV Subunit Vaccine. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:261-270. [PMID: 33068697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus causing severe infection in infants and the elderly. Various approaches are being used to develop an effective RSV vaccine. The RSV fusion (F) subunit, particularly the cleaved trimeric pre-fusion F, is one of the most promising vaccine candidates under development. The pre-fusion conformation elicits the majority of neutralizing antibodies during natural infection. However, this pre-fusion conformation is metastable and prone to conversion to a post-fusion conformation, thus hindering the potential of this construct as a vaccine antigen. The Vaccine Research Center (VRC) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) designed a structurally stabilized pre-fusion F glycoprotein, DS-Cav1, that showed high immunogenicity and induced a neutralizing response in animal studies. To advance this candidate to clinical manufacturing, a production process that maintained product quality (i.e. a cleaved trimer with pre-fusion conformation) and delivered high protein expression levels was required. This report describes the development of the vaccine candidate including vector design and cell culture process development to meet these challenges. Co-transfection of individual plasmids to express DS-Cav1 and furin (for DS-Cav1 cleavage and activation) demonstrated a superior protein product expression and pre-fusion conformation compared to co-expression with a double gene vector. A top clone was selected based on these measurements. Protein expression levels were further increased by seeding density optimization and a biphasic hypothermia temperature downshift. The combined efforts led to a high-yield fed-batch production of approximately 1,500 mg/L (or up to 15,000 doses per liter) at harvest. The process was scaled up and demonstrated to be reproducible at 50 L-scale for toxicity and Phase I clinical trial use. Preliminary phase I data indicate the pre-fusion antigen has a promising efficacy (Crank et al., 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Mingzhong Chen
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Amritha Menon
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Althaf I Hussain
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth Carey
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Christopher Lee
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Joe Horwitz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Johnathan W Cooper
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Richard Schwartz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Daniel B Gowetski
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9 West Watkins Mill Rd., Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
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8
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Weng Z, Jin J, Shao C, Li H. Reduction of charge variants by CHO cell culture process optimization. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:259-269. [PMID: 32236800 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, global interest in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has risen rapidly. As therapeutic agents, antibodies have shown marked efficacy in combatting a range of cancers and immune diseases with high target specificity and low toxicity (Carla Lucia et al. in PLoS ONE 6:e24071, 2011; Donaghy in MAbs 8:659-671, 2016; Nasiri et al. in J Cell Physiol 9:6441-6457, 2018; Teo et al. in Cancer Immunol Immunother 61:2295-2309, 2012). Recent advances in cell culture technology, such as high-throughput clone screening, have facilitated antibody production at concentrations exceeding 10 g/L (Chen et al. in BMC Immunol 19:35, 2018; Huang et al. in Biotechnol Prog 26:1400-1410, 2010; Lu et al. in Biotechnol Bioeng 110:191-205, 2013; Singh et al. in Biotechnol Bioeng 113:698-716, 2016). As titers have improved, the industry has begun to focus on the adjustment of target antibody quality profiles to improve efficacy. Cell lines, culture media, and culture conditions impact protein quality (Van Beers and Bardor in Biotechnol J 7:1473-1484, 2012). Optimization of critical quality attributes (CQAs), such as charge variants, can be achieved through bioprocess development and is the preferred approach as changes to the cell line or growth media used is considered unfavorable by regulatory bodies (Gawlitzek et al. in Biotechnol Bioeng 103:1164-1175, 2009; Jordan et al. in Cytotechnology 65:31-40, 2013; Pan et al. in Cytotechnology 69:39-56, 2016). In this study, the effect of process control and ion supplementation on charge variants of mAbs produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was investigated. Results of this study demonstrated that the concentration of Zn2+, duration of culturing, and temperature affect charge variants of a given mAb. Under the optimum conditions of 3L bioreactors, the most significant was that Zn2 + and temperature shift could further improve the quality of antibody. The main peak increased by 12%, and the acid peak decreased by 16%. At the same time, there was no significant loss of titer. This study provided supporting evidence for methods to improve charge variants arising during mAb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Weng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Process Science and Production Department, Sunshine GuoJian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai), Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - ChunHua Shao
- Process Science and Production Department, Sunshine GuoJian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai), Shanghai, China
| | - Huazhong Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Schneider A, Gorr IH, Larraillet V, Frensing T, Popp O. Reduction of IL-2 fragmentation during manufacturing of a novel immunocytokine by DoE process optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2503-2513. [PMID: 31180133 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent molecule in cancer therapy. Clinical application, however, is limited due to its strong side effects during the treatment. We developed an IL-2 variant (IL-2v) immunocytokine to circumvent the drawbacks of the current IL-2 therapy. During the production of the IL-2v immunocytokine in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, molecules with fragmented IL-2v and therefore reduced cytokine activity can be observed. To control product fragmentation different production process conditions were investigated. By shifting temperature or pH after the cell growth phase to lower values, fragmented species can be reduced from 10% to 12% to about 4%. However, with the adopted process conditions, the effective titer is decreased concomitantly. Moreover, fermentation length and inoculation cell density are parameters to adjust fragmentation and effective titer. A suitable method for efficient process optimization is the design of experiment approach. With this procedure, novel optimal values for temperature, pH value, harvest day, and inoculation cell densities were proposed and tested subsequently. In comparison to the former process, the improved process reduces fragmentation by 66% while keeping the effective titer comparable. In summary, these findings will help to control fragmentation in CHO production processes of different IL-2v or IL-2 containing therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Schneider
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo H Gorr
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany.,Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Vincent Larraillet
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Biochemical and Analytical Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Frensing
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany
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10
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Chen W, Liu L, Ge W. Expression analysis of growth differentiation factor 9 (Gdf9/gdf9), anti-müllerian hormone (Amh/amh) and aromatase (Cyp19a1a/cyp19a1a) during gonadal differentiation of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:401-413. [PMID: 28203731 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.144964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the zebrafish, no sex-determining gene has been identified, while some sex-related genes, such as cyp19a1a and amh, show sexually dimorphic expression. Interestingly, most of these genes are expressed in the somatic cells. With increasing evidence suggesting roles of germ cells in gonadal differentiation, there is an increasing interest in the factors released by the germ cells for the bidirectional communication between the two compartments. We have reported that Gdf9/gdf9 is an oocyte-specific factor in the zebrafish, similar to that of mammals. Whether and how Gdf9 is involved in gonadal differentiation is unknown. In this study, we compared the expression levels of gdf9, cyp19a1a, and amh among several other sex-related genes in the gonads before, during, and after sex differentiation. The expression of gdf9 started in the gonads before sex differentiation, and its level surged in the differentiated ovary. Its expression pattern was similar to that of cyp19a1a, but reciprocal to amh expression. Using recombinant zebrafish Gdf9 (rzfGdf9), we further showed that Gdf9 significantly suppressed the expression of amh while increased that of activin beta subunits (inhbaa and inhbb) in vitro. Although gdf9 and cyp19a1a showed co-expression during gonadal differentiation, we only observed a slight but not significant response of cyp19a1a to rzfGdf9. Knocking down the expression of gdf9 and cyp19a1a with vivo-morpholinos caused a male-skewed sex ratio. Our data suggested that Gdf9 is likely involved in promoting oocyte/ovary differentiation in the zebrafish and it may act by suppressing amh expression, at least partly, in the somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Rocha A, Zanuy S, Gómez A. Conserved Anti-Müllerian Hormone: Anti-Müllerian Hormone Type-2 Receptor Specific Interaction and Intracellular Signaling in Teleosts. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:141. [PMID: 27226310 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.137547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher vertebrates, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is required for Müllerian duct regression in fetal males. AMH is also produced during postnatal life in both sexes regulating steroidogenesis and early stages of folliculogenesis. Teleosts lack Müllerian ducts, but Amh has been identified in several species including European sea bass. However, information on Amh type-2 receptor (Amhr2), the specific receptor for Amh binding, is restricted to a couple of fish species. Here, we report on cloning sea bass amhr2, the production of a recombinant sea bass Amh, and the functional analysis of this ligand-receptor couple. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that sea bass amhr2 segregates with Amhr2 from other vertebrates. This piscine receptor is capable of activating Smad proteins. Antibodies raised against sea bass Amh were used to study native and recombinant Amh, revealing proteins in the range of 66-70 kDa corresponding to the full length Amh. Once proteolytically treated, recombinant sea bass Amh generates a 12 kDa C-terminal mature protein, suggesting that contrary to what has been described for other fish Amh proteins, this protein is processed in a similar way as mammalian AMH. The mature sea bass Amh is a biologically active protein able to bind sea bass Amhr2 and, surprisingly, also human AMHR2. In prepubertal sea bass testes, Amh was detected by immunohistochemistry mostly in Sertoli cells surrounding early germ-cell generations. During spermatogenesis, a weaker staining signal could be observed in Sertoli cells surrounding spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rocha
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Silvia Zanuy
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
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12
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García Münzer D, Ivarsson M, Usaku C, Habicher T, Soos M, Morbidelli M, Pistikopoulos E, Mantalaris A. An unstructured model of metabolic and temperature dependent cell cycle arrest in hybridoma batch and fed-batch cultures. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li N, Chen L, Zhang D, Sun D, Li S, Guo X, Ma X. Stirring rate regulates the proliferation and metabolism of microencapsulated recombinant CHO cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 62:833-9. [PMID: 25524589 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stirred tank bioreactors are the most widely used method for the large-scale culture of mammalian cells. However, the scale of stirred tank bioreactors is limited by insufficient oxygen/nutrient mixing and the accumulation of waste products in high cell density cultures. The most effective method to solve these problems is to increase the stirring rate; this usually leads to increased cell proliferation, but can decrease the utilization of nutrients for recombinant protein synthesis. To investigate the effects of stirring rate on the proliferation, metabolism, and recombinant protein yield of microencapsulated recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells, the cells were cultured under different stirring rates, and cell viability, metabolic activity, and protein yield were measured. Microencapsulation promoted Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator expression, and higher stirring rates promoted increases in microencapsulated cell density and metabolic activity. However, the maximum yield of recombinant protein was obtained at a moderate stirring rate, whereas protein yield was decreased at the highest tested stirring rate. The stirring rate had a significant impact on the growth and protein expression of microencapsulated rCHO cells, and a specific stirring rate was identified to maximize the yield of recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Demeng Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Sun
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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14
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Steinhoff RF, Ivarsson M, Habicher T, Villiger TK, Boertz J, Krismer J, Fagerer SR, Soos M, Morbidelli M, Pabst M, Zenobi R. High-throughput nucleoside phosphate monitoring in mammalian cell fed-batch cultivation using quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:190-8. [PMID: 25139677 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for monitoring multiple intracellular metabolite levels in parallel are limited in sample throughput capabilities and analyte selectivity. This article presents a novel high-throughput method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for monitoring intracellular metabolite levels in fed-batch processes. The MALDI-TOF-MS method presented here is based on a new microarray sample target and allows the detection of nucleoside phosphates and various other metabolites using stable isotope labeled internal standards. With short sample preparation steps and thus high sample throughput capabilities, the method is suitable for monitoring mammalian cell cultures, such as antibody producing hybridoma cell lines in industrial environments. The method is capable of reducing the runtime of standard LC-UV methods to approximately 1 min per sample (including 10 technical replicates). Its performance is exemplarily demonstrated in an 8-day monitoring experiment of independently controlled fed-batches, containing an antibody producing mouse hybridoma cell culture. The monitoring profiles clearly confirmed differences between cultivation conditions. Hypothermia and hyperosmolarity were studied in four bioreactors, where hypothermia was found to have a positive effect on the longevity of the cell culture, whereas hyperosmolarity lead to an arrest of cell proliferation. The results are in good agreement with HPLC-UV cross validation experiments. Subsequent principal component analysis (PCA) clearly separates the different bioreactor conditions based on the measured mass spectral profiles. This method is not limited to any cell line and can be applied as a process analytical tool in biotechnological processes.
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15
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Transient transfection of CHO cells using linear polyethylenimine is a simple and effective means of producing rainbow trout recombinant IFN-γ protein. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:987-93. [PMID: 24897997 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical method was developed for the transient transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with 25 kDa linear polyethylenimine (PEI) then optimal culture conditions determined for the production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IFN-γ recombinant protein. We found that culture temperature had a significant impact upon recombinant protein yield, with best results being obtained at 32 °C. However the amount of serum added to the culture medium had no effect upon recombinant IFN-γ (rIFN-γ) production. In this study maximal rIFN-γ yields and minimal PEI toxicity were achieved using a DNA/PEI ratio of 1:8, where the amount of PEI did not exceed 10 µg per 5 ml of RPMI1640 culture medium, with cells subsequently cultured at 32 °C for 7 days. Thus, linear PEI is a technically simple and cost-efficient method for the transient transfection of CHO cells and is compatible with serum-free operations.
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16
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Vergara M, Becerra S, Berrios J, Osses N, Reyes J, Rodríguez-Moyá M, Gonzalez R, Altamirano C. Differential effect of culture temperature and specific growth rate on CHO cell behavior in chemostat culture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93865. [PMID: 24699760 PMCID: PMC3974816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild hypothermia condition in mammalian cell culture technology has been one of the main focuses of research for the development of breeding strategies to maximize productivity of these production systems. Despite the large number of studies that show positive effects of mild hypothermia on specific productivity of r-proteins, no experimental approach has addressed the indirect effect of lower temperatures on specific cell growth rate, nor how this condition possibly affects less specific productivity of r-proteins. To separately analyze the effects of mild hypothermia and specific growth rate on CHO cell metabolism and recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator productivity as a model system, high dilution rate (0.017 h−1) and low dilution rate (0.012 h−1) at two cultivation temperatures (37 and 33°C) were evaluated using chemostat culture. The results showed a positive effect on the specific productivity of r-protein with decreasing specific growth rate at 33°C. Differential effect was achieved by mild hypothermia on the specific productivity of r-protein, contrary to the evidence reported in batch culture. Interestingly, reduction of metabolism could not be associated with a decrease in culture temperature, but rather with a decrease in specific growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Vergara
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Silvana Becerra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- CREAS CONICYT-REGIONAL, GORE Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julio Berrios
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nelson Osses
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Reyes
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María Rodríguez-Moyá
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- CREAS CONICYT-REGIONAL, GORE Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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17
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The impact of process temperature on mammalian cell lines and the implications for the production of recombinant proteins in CHO cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Mazón MJ, Gómez A, Yilmaz O, Carrillo M, Zanuy S. Administration of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone In Vivo Triggers Testicular Recrudescence of Juvenile European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)1. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:6. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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19
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Li CW, Ge W. Regulation of the Activin-Inhibin-Follistatin System by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in the Zebrafish Ovary1. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:55. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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20
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Mazón MJ, Zanuy S, Muñoz I, Carrillo M, Gómez A. Luteinizing Hormone Plasmid Therapy Results in Long-Lasting High Circulating Lh and Increased Sperm Production in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:32. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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21
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Production of functional soluble Dectin-1 glycoprotein using an IRES-linked destabilized-dihydrofolate reductase expression vector. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52785. [PMID: 23300776 PMCID: PMC3530475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1 (CLEC7A) is a C-type lectin receptor that binds to β-glucans found in fungal cell walls to act as a major pattern recognition receptor (PRR). Since β-glucans epitope is not present in human cells, we are of the opinion that Dectin-1 can have therapeutic functions against fungal infections. We thus set out to produce a soluble extracellular domain of murine Dectin-1 (called sDectin-1) in sufficient titers to facilitate such studies in mouse models. Since sDectin-1 has previously been shown to be glycosylated, we chose to produce this protein using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, a mammalian host cell line suitable for the high-titer production of recombinant glycoproteins. To ensure a high titer production of sDectin-1 and minimize the effects of gene fragmentation, we constructed a mammalian expression vector with a PEST-destabilized dhfr amplifiable marker downstream of an attenuated IRES element, which was in turn downstream of the sDectin-1 gene and a CMV IE promoter. Stably transfected and MTX-amplified cell pools were generated using this vector, and maximum sDectin-1 titers of 246 mg/l and 598 mg/l were obtained in shake flask batch culture and bioreactor fed-batch culture respectively. The purified recombinant sDectin-1 was shown to be glycosylated. Protein functionality was also demonstrated by its ability to bind to zymosan particles and to the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We describe for the first time the use of an attenuated IRES-linked PEST-destabilized dhfr amplifiable marker for the production of recombinant proteins with stably amplified cell pools. With our process, we reached the highest reported titer for producing recombinant proteins smaller than 50 kDa in cell pools. sDectin-1 protein produced is glycosylated and functional. This vector design can thus be used efficiently for the high-titer production of functional recombinant proteins.
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Botezatu L, Sievers S, Gama-Norton L, Schucht R, Hauser H, Wirth D. Genetic aspects of cell line development from a synthetic biology perspective. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 127:251-284. [PMID: 22068842 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal cells can be regarded as factories for the production of relevant proteins. The advances described in this chapter towards the development of cell lines with higher productivity capacities, certain metabolic and proliferation properties, reduced apoptosis and other features must be regarded in an integrative perspective. The systematic application of systems biology approaches in combination with a synthetic arsenal for targeted modification of endogenous networks are proposed to lead towards the achievement of a predictable and technologically advanced cell system with high biotechnological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Botezatu
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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23
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24
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González-Leal IJ, Carrillo-Cocom LM, Ramírez-Medrano A, López-Pacheco F, Bulnes-Abundis D, Webb-Vargas Y, Alvarez MM. Use of a Plackett-Burman statistical design to determine the effect of selected amino acids on monoclonal antibody production in CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1709-17. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Molés G, Zanuy S, Muñoz I, Crespo B, Martínez I, Mañanós E, Gómez A. Receptor Specificity and Functional Comparison of Recombinant Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Gonadotropins (Fsh and Lh) Produced in Different Host Systems1. Biol Reprod 2011; 84:1171-81. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.086470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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26
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Thaisuchat H, Baumann M, Pontiller J, Hesse F, Ernst W. Identification of a novel temperature sensitive promoter in CHO cells. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:51. [PMID: 21569433 PMCID: PMC3118111 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) expression system is the leading production platform for manufacturing biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of numerous human diseases. Efforts to optimize the production process also include the genetic construct encoding the therapeutic gene. Here we report about the successful identification of an endogenous highly active gene promoter obtained from CHO cells which shows conditionally inducible gene expression at reduced temperature. Results Based on CHO microarray expression data abundantly transcribed genes were selected as potential promoter candidates. The S100a6 (calcyclin) and its flanking regions were identified from a genomic CHO-K1 lambda-phage library. Computational analyses showed a predicted TSS, a TATA-box and several TFBSs within the 1.5 kb region upstream the ATG start signal. Various constructs were investigated for promoter activity at 37°C and 33°C in transient luciferase reporter gene assays. Most constructs showed expression levels even higher than the SV40 control and on average a more than two-fold increase at lower temperature. We identified the core promoter sequence (222 bp) comprising two SP1 sites and could show a further increase in activity by duplication of this minimal sequence. Conclusions This novel CHO promoter permits conditionally high-level gene expression. Upon a shift to 33°C, a two to three-fold increase of basal productivity (already higher than SV40 promoter) is achieved. This property is of particular advantage for a process with reduced expression during initial cell growth followed by the production phase at low temperature with a boost in expression. Additionally, production of toxic proteins becomes feasible, since cell metabolism and gene expression do not directly interfere. The CHO S100a6 promoter can be characterized as cold-shock responsive with the potential for improving process performance of mammalian expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruthai Thaisuchat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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27
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Balyasnikova IV, Franco-Gou R, Mathis JM, Lesniak MS. Genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells to express a single-chain antibody against EGFRvIII on the cell surface. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4:247-58. [PMID: 19937911 DOI: 10.1002/term.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are under active investigation as cellular carriers for gene therapy. hMSCs possess natural tropism toward tumours; however, the targeting of hMSCs to specific cell populations within tumours is unexplored. In the case of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), at least half of the tumours express EGFRvIII on the cell surface, an ideal target for antibody-mediated gene/drug delivery. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of genetically modifying hMSCs to express a single-chain antibody (scFv) to EGFRvIII on their surfaces. Nucleofection was used to transfect hMSCs with cDNA encoding scFv EGFRvIII fused with PDGFR or human B7-1 transmembrane domains. The expression of scFv EGFRvIII on the cell surface was assessed by FACS. A stable population of scFv EGFRvIII-expressing hMSCs was selected, based on antibiotic resistance, and enriched using FACS. We found that nucleofection allows the efficient expression of scFv EGFRvIII on the cell surface of hMSCs. hMSCs transfected with the construct encoding scFv EGFRvIII as a fusion with PDGFRtm showed scFv EGFRvIII expression in up to 86% of cells. Most importantly, human MSCs expressing scFv against EGFRvIII demonstrated enhanced binding to U87-EGFRvIII cells in vitro and significantly increased retention in human U87-EGFRvIII-expressing tumours in vivo. In summary, we provide the first conclusive evidence of genetic modification of hMSCs with a single-chain antibody against an antigen expressed on the surface of tumour cells, thereby opening up a new venue for enhanced delivery of gene therapy applications in the context of malignant brain cancer.
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Chauvigné F, Tingaud-Sequeira A, Agulleiro MJ, Calusinska M, Gómez A, Finn RN, Cerdà J. Functional and Evolutionary Analysis of Flatfish Gonadotropin Receptors Reveals Cladal- and Lineage-Level Divergence of the Teleost Glycoprotein Receptor Family1. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:1088-102. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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29
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Sunley K, Butler M. Strategies for the enhancement of recombinant protein production from mammalian cells by growth arrest. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:385-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Yee JC, Gerdtzen ZP, Hu WS. Comparative transcriptome analysis to unveil genes affecting recombinant protein productivity in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:246-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Ahn WS, Jeon JJ, Jeong YR, Lee SJ, Yoon SK. Effect of culture temperature on erythropoietin production and glycosylation in a perfusion culture of recombinant CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1234-44. [PMID: 18980186 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of culture temperature on erythropoietin (EPO) production and glycosylation in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we cultivated CHO cells using a perfusion bioreactor. Cells were cultivated at 37 degrees C until viable cell concentration reached 1 x 10(7) cells/mL, and then culture temperature was shifted to 25 degrees C, 28 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 32 degrees C, 37 degrees C (control), respectively. Lowering culture temperature suppressed cell growth but was beneficial to maintain high cell viability for a longer period. In a control culture at 37 degrees C, cell viability gradually decreased and fell below 80% on day 18 while it remained over 90% throughout the culture at low culture temperature. The cumulative EPO production and specific EPO productivity, q(EPO), increased at low culture temperature and were the highest at 32 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively. Interestingly, the cumulative EPO production at culture temperature below 32 degrees C was not as high as the cumulative EPO production at 32 degrees C although the q(EPO) at culture temperature below 32 degrees C was comparable or even higher than the q(EPO) at 32 degrees C. This implies that the beneficial effect of lowering culture temperature below 32 degrees C on q(EPO) is outweighed by its detrimental effect on the integral of viable cells. The glycosylation of EPO was evaluated by isoelectric focusing, normal phase HPLC and anion exchange chromatography analyses. The quality of EPO at 32 degrees C in regard to acidic isoforms, antennary structures and sialylated N-linked glycans was comparable to that at 37 degrees C. However, at culture temperatures below 32 degrees C, the proportions of acidic isoforms, tetra-antennary structures and tetra-sialylated N-linked glycans were further reduced, suggesting that lowering culture temperature below 32 degrees C negatively affect the quality of EPO. Thus, taken together, cell culture at 32 degrees C turned out to be the most satisfactory since it showed the highest cumulative EPO production, and moreover, EPO quality at 32 degrees C was not deteriorated as obtained at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Suk Ahn
- Life Science R&D, LG Life Sciences, Science Town, Daejon, Korea
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32
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Bollati-Fogolín M, Forno G, Nimtz M, Conradt HS, Etcheverrigaray M, Kratje R. Temperature Reduction in Cultures of hGM-CSF-expressing CHO Cells: Effect on Productivity and Product Quality. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:17-21. [PMID: 15903236 DOI: 10.1021/bp049825t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that temperature reduction from 37 to 33 degrees C in the culture of a CHO cell line producing recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (CHO-K1-hGM-CSF) leads to a reduced growth rate, increased cell viability, improved cellular productivity, and decreased cell metabolism. In the present study, CHO-K1-hGM-CSF cells were cultured in a biphasic mode: first, a 37 degrees C growth phase for achieving a high cell number, followed by a production phase where the culture temperature was shifted to 33 degrees C. The maximum cell density was not affected after temperature reduction while cell viability remained above 80% for a further 3.7 days in the culture kept at the lower temperature, when compared to the control culture maintained at 37 degrees C. Furthermore, the total rhGM-CSF production increased 6 times in the culture shifted to 33 degrees C. Because the quality and hence the in vivo efficacy of a recombinant protein might be affected by numerous factors, we have analyzed the N- and O-glycosylation of the protein produced under both cell culture conditions using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography and complementary mass spectrometry techniques. The product quality data obtained from the purified protein preparations indicated that decreasing temperature had no significant effect on the rhGM-CSF glycosylation profiles, including the degree of terminal sialylation. Moreover, both preparations exhibited the same specific in vitro biological activity. These results revealed that the employed strategy had a positive effect on the cell specific productivity of CHO-K1-hGM-CSF cells without affecting product quality, representing a novel procedure for the rhGM-CSF production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Bollati-Fogolín
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria--C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina
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33
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Influence of a Reduced CO2 Environment on the Secretion Yield, Potency and N-Glycan Structures of Recombinant Thyrotropin from CHO Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 39:159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Marchant RJ, Al-Fageeh MB, Underhill MF, Racher AJ, Smales CM. Metabolic rates, growth phase, and mRNA levels influence cell-specific antibody production levels from in vitro-cultured mammalian cells at sub-physiological temperatures. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 39:69-77. [PMID: 18253867 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that recombinant protein yield can be improved from in vitro-cultured mammalian cells by culturing at sub-physiological temperatures, although this effect is cell line and product dependent. The mechanism(s) by which low temperature leads to enhanced product yield are currently unknown; however, recent reports suggest that increased mRNA levels at sub-physiological temperatures may be largely responsible for this. Here, we have investigated whether low-temperature cultivation of cell lines selected for antibody production at 37 degrees C leads to changes in heavy- and light-chain mRNA levels and if this is reflected in antibody yields. Low-temperature in vitro culturing resulted in reduced viable cell concentration, prolonged cell viability, a reduction in metabolite consumption and production, cell cycle arrest in both CHO and NS0 cells, and changes in the levels of heavy- and light-chain mRNA. Despite increases in the level of heavy- and light-chain mRNA upon culturing at 32 degrees C in our model CHO cell line, this did not result in increased total product yield; however, changes in cell-specific yields were observed that reflected the metabolic rate of glucose utilization and changes in mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn J Marchant
- Protein Science Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
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35
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Yoon SK, Ahn YH, Jeong MH. Effect of culture temperature on follicle-stimulating hormone production by Chinese hamster ovary cells in a perfusion bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:83-9. [PMID: 17476501 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using a perfusion bioreactor. Perfusion culture at 37 degrees C yielded a high cell density but a low FSH production. To investigate the effect of culture temperature in the range of 26-37 degrees C on cell growth and FSH production, batch cultures were performed. Lowering culture temperature below 32 degrees C resulted in growth suppression. However, specific productivity of FSH, q (FSH), increased as culture temperature decreased, and the maximum q (FSH) of 43.4 ng/10(6) cells/h was obtained at 28 degrees C, which is 13-fold higher than that at 37 degrees C. Based on the results obtained from batch cultures, we performed perfusion cultures with two consecutive temperatures. CHO cells were grown up to 3.2 x 10(7) cells/ml at 37 degrees C and culture temperature shifted down to 28 degrees C to obtain a high FSH titer. Soon after the maximum FSH titer of 21 mug/ml was achieved, a rapid loss of not only viable cell concentration but also cell viability was observed, probably due to the low activities of enzymes related to cell growth. Thus, the extension of production period at 28 degrees C is critical for the enhancement of FSH production, and the use of antiapoptotic genes seems to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kwan Yoon
- Bioprocess R&D, LG Life Science Ltd, P.O. Box 61, Yusong-Gu, Science Town, Daejeon, 305-380, South Korea.
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36
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Oguchi S, Saito H, Tsukahara M, Tsumura H. pH Condition in temperature shift cultivation enhances cell longevity and specific hMab productivity in CHO culture. Cytotechnology 2007; 52:199-207. [PMID: 19002878 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling cell proliferation during cell culturing is an effective way to improve the production yield in mammalian cell culture. We examined the effect of temperature shifts (TS) under pH control conditions in Chinese hamster ovary cells. When we shifted the culture temperature from 37 degrees C to 31 degrees C before a stationary phase at pH 6.8 (TS/pH 6.8), cell viability remained high, and the final human monoclonal antibody (hMab) concentration increased to 2.3 times that in the culture remaining at 37 degrees C. However, there were no significant effects on the cell viability or production yield with the same TS at pH 7.0 (TS/pH 7.0). The average specific hMab productivity and mRNA level of TS/pH 7.0 were the same as that of TS/pH 6.8. The control of cell growth by the TS or the addition of rapamycin was effective in the maintenance of cell viability, but there was no significant increase of the average specific hMab productivity in the culture where cell proliferation was controlled with rapamycin. The hMab mRNA concentration decreased to 55%-65% at a 37 degrees C culture with the addition of actinomycin D. In contrast, actinomycin D did not affect the mRNA level in the TS culture. This result suggested that the increase in the mRNA level in the TS condition was caused by an increase in mRNA stability. In this study, we show that TS can produce two unrelated effects: a prolongation of cell longevity and an improvement in mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Oguchi
- CMC R&D Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kirin Brewery Company Limited, 100-1 Hagiwara, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0013, Japan,
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37
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Kumar N, Gammell P, Clynes M. Proliferation control strategies to improve productivity and survival during CHO based production culture : A summary of recent methods employed and the effects of proliferation control in product secreting CHO cell lines. Cytotechnology 2007; 53:33-46. [PMID: 19003188 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Hamster Ovary cells are the primary system for the production of recombinant proteins for therapeutic use. Protein productivity is directly proportional to viable biomass, viability and culture longevity of the producer cells and a number of approaches have been taken to optimise these parameters. Cell cycle arrest, particularly in G1 phase, typically using reduced temperature cultivation and nutritional control have been used to enhance productivity in production cultures by prolonging the production phase, but the mechanism by which these approaches work is still not fully understood. In this article, we analyse the public literature on proliferation control approaches as they apply to production cell lines with particular reference to what is known about the mechanisms behind each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 11, Ireland
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38
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Underhill MF, Smales CM. The cold-shock response in mammalian cells: investigating the HeLa cell cold-shock proteome. Cytotechnology 2007; 53:47-53. [PMID: 19003189 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there have been a number of reports that suggest the sub-physiological (<37 degrees C) temperature in vitro culturing of mammalian cells can result in enhanced heterologous protein production. Despite these reports, the mechanisms by which mammalian cells respond to such conditions are largely unknown. We therefore set out to use a model in vitro culture HeLa cell system to begin investigating the cold-shock response in mammalian cell systems. Sub-physiological temperature cultivation resulted in reduced growth and proliferation and a lower total cell protein content. Proteomic analysis confirmed that HeLa cells actively respond to sub-physiological temperature by up-regulating a number of proteins and immunoblot analysis confirmed that specific proteins are indeed up-regulated in a time and temperature dependent manner. Additional work is likely to improve our understanding of the cold-shock response in mammalian cells and identify candidate target proteins for cell engineering to further enhance heterologous protein production at sub-physiological temperatures.
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39
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Hong JK, Kim YG, Yoon SK, Lee GM. Down-regulation of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein does not improve hypothermic growth of Chinese hamster ovary cells producing erythropoietin. Metab Eng 2006; 9:208-16. [PMID: 17239640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) in mouse fibroblasts suggests that growth suppression at hypothermic conditions is due to an active response by the cell rather than due to passive thermal effects. To determine the effect of down-regulated CIRP expression on cell growth and erythropoietin (EPO) production in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells at low culture temperature, stable CHO cell clones with reduced CIRP expression level were established by transfecting (rCHO) cells with the CIRP siRNA vector with a target sequence of TCGTCCTTCCATGGCTGTA. For comparison of the degree of specific growth rate (micro) reduction at low culture temperature, three CIRP-reduced clones with different mu and three control clones transfected with null vector were cultivated at two different temperatures, 32 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Unlike mouse fibroblasts, alleviation of hypothermic growth arrest of rCHO cells by CIRP down-regulation was insignificant, as shown by statistical analysis using the t-test (P<0.18, n=3). The ratios of mu at 32 degrees C to micro at 37 degrees C of CIRP-reduced clones and control clones were 0.29+/-0.03 and 0.25+/-0.03 on an average, respectively. Furthermore, it was also found that overexpression of CIRP did not inhibit rCHO cell growth significantly at 37 degrees C. Taken together, the data obtained show that down-regulation of only CIRP in rCHO cells, unlike mouse fibroblasts, is not sufficient to recover growth arrest at low-temperature culture (32 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kwang Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusong-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Daejon 305-701, Korea
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40
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Trummer E, Fauland K, Seidinger S, Schriebl K, Lattenmayer C, Kunert R, Vorauer-Uhl K, Weik R, Borth N, Katinger H, Müller D. Process parameter shifting: Part II. Biphasic cultivation-A tool for enhancing the volumetric productivity of batch processes using Epo-Fc expressing CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:1045-52. [PMID: 16736532 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cell growth and protein expression potentially results in a sustainable enhancement of the volumetric productivity in a fermentation process. Following a biphasic cultivation strategy the process initially passes through a cell proliferation phase to generate a sufficiently high viable cell mass. In the subsequent production phase cells are maintained viable and productive without significant cell proliferation leading to increased viable cell days and product yields. In a previous work we have shown that the well directed alteration of the process environment based on process parameter shifting is a promising tool to regulate cell growth and protein expression. In continuation of this work we investigated process parameters which have been identified to affect cell proliferation in favor of an increased specific productivity and total product yield in a series of biphasic batch cultivation experiments. In most of these processes the integral of viable cells and the specific productivity were increased leading to a significant improvement of both final product concentration and volumetric productivity. In addition, combined parameter shifts (pH 6.90/30 degrees C and pH 6.90/33 degrees C) exerted a synergistic effect on product quality. The loss of product sialylation which occurred at reduced temperatures was prevented by simultaneously reducing the external pH. In conclusion, biphasic cultivation based on combined shifting of process parameters is a suitable tool for controlling cell proliferation and protein expression of mammalian cells in a batch bioreactor leading to enhanced volumetric productivities and therefore offers an enormous potential for bioprocess optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Trummer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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41
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Al-Fageeh M, Smales C. Control and regulation of the cellular responses to cold shock: the responses in yeast and mammalian systems. Biochem J 2006; 397:247-59. [PMID: 16792527 PMCID: PMC1513281 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the cold-shock response has now been studied in a number of different organisms for several decades, it is only in the last few years that we have begun to understand the molecular mechanisms that govern adaptation to cold stress. Notably, all organisms from prokaryotes to plants and higher eukaryotes respond to cold shock in a comparatively similar manner. The general response of cells to cold stress is the elite and rapid overexpression of a small group of proteins, the so-called CSPs (cold-shock proteins). The most well characterized CSP is CspA, the major CSP expressed in Escherichia coli upon temperature downshift. More recently, a number of reports have shown that exposing yeast or mammalian cells to sub-physiological temperatures (<30 or <37 degrees C respectively) invokes a co-ordinated cellular response involving modulation of transcription, translation, metabolism, the cell cycle and the cell cytoskeleton. In the present review, we summarize the regulation and role of cold-shock genes and proteins in the adaptive response upon decreased temperature with particular reference to yeast and in vitro cultured mammalian cells. Finally, we present an integrated model for the co-ordinated responses required to maintain the viability and integrity of mammalian cells upon mild hypothermic cold shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B. Al-Fageeh
- Protein Science Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
| | - C. Mark Smales
- Protein Science Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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42
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Yoon SK, Kim SH, Song JY, Lee GM. Biphasic culture strategy for enhancing volumetric erythropoietin productivity of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Al-Fageeh MB, Marchant RJ, Carden MJ, Smales CM. The cold-shock response in cultured mammalian cells: harnessing the response for the improvement of recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 93:829-35. [PMID: 16329142 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There are a growing number of reports on the sub-physiological temperature culturing (<37 degrees C) of mammalian cells for increased recombinant protein yield, although the effect is variable between cell lines, expression systems, and the product of interest. What is becoming clear is that exposing mammalian cells to sub-physiological temperatures invokes a coordinated cellular response involving modulation of the cell cycle, metabolism, transcription, translation, and the cell cytoskeleton. Opportunities currently exist for further enhancement of the cold-shock effect on recombinant protein production in mammalian cells through advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the cold-shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B Al-Fageeh
- Protein Science Group, Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
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44
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Trummer E, Fauland K, Seidinger S, Schriebl K, Lattenmayer C, Kunert R, Vorauer-Uhl K, Weik R, Borth N, Katinger H, Müller D. Process parameter shifting: Part I. Effect of DOT, pH, and temperature on the performance of Epo-Fc expressing CHO cells cultivated in controlled batch bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:1033-44. [PMID: 16736530 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of process environment changes on process performance is one of the most crucial process safety issues when cultivating mammalian cells in a bioreactor. In contrast, directed shifting of process parameters can also be used as an optimization tool providing higher cell and product yields. Compared to other strategies that also aim on the regulation of cell growth and protein expression process parameter shifts can be easily performed without reagent addition or even genetic modification of the host cell line. However, a successful application of changing process conditions implies a profound understanding of the provoked physiological changes within the cells. In a systematic approach we varied the dissolved oxygen tension (DOT), pH, and temperature of CHO cultures in controlled bioreactors and investigated the impact on growth, productivity, metabolism, product quality and cell cycle distribution using a recombinant CHO cell line expressing the highly glycosylated fusion protein Epo-Fc. We found the reduction of cultivation temperature and the reduction of (external) pH to exert the most significant effects on process performance by mainly reducing cell growth and metabolism. With respect to the cell line used we identified a set of parameters capable of affecting cell proliferation in favor of an increased specific productivity and total product yield. The well directed alteration of the process environment has emerged as a tool adequate for further process optimization applying a biphasic cultivation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Trummer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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45
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Andersen DC, Reilly DE. Production technologies for monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005; 15:456-62. [PMID: 15464378 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, monoclonal antibodies have emerged as an increasingly important class of human therapeutics. A variety of forms of antibodies, including fragments such as Fabs, Fab'2s and single-chain Fvs, are also being evaluated for a range of different purposes. A variety of expression systems and improvements within these systems have been developed to address these growing and diverse needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Andersen
- Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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46
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Dinnis DM, James DC. Engineering mammalian cell factories for improved recombinant monoclonal antibody production: lessons from nature? Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 91:180-9. [PMID: 15880827 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we consider how cell specific recombinant monoclonal antibody (Mab) production by engineered mammalian cells can be improved. Whilst it is generally recognized that Mab production is limited post-transcriptionally at folding and assembly reactions, genetic engineering strategies based on overexpression of individual chaperones or foldases in mammalian cells have not reliably increased cell specific Mab production. Given that recent studies have established that chaperones and foldases themselves exist in a large multiprotein complex, which may coordinate the sequential processing of Mabs, we propose that global expansion of all components of the secretory pathway will likely be necessary to generically improve recombinant Mab production by mammalian cells. In this context, what can be learnt from nature? Important recent studies have delineated some of the main cellular pathways involved in the differentiation of B-cells into nature's own high level Mab producers, plasma cells. This is achieved by a dramatic re-programming of cellular function where the coordinated expansion of metabolic and secretory machinery precedes Ig production, then is maintained by induction of a key intracellular signaling pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here we review genetic engineering strategies to increase cell specific production rate and discuss whether manipulation of intracellular signaling systems such as the UPR will provide a novel means to engineer mammalian cells for high level recombinant Mab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Dinnis
- School of Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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47
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So WK, Kwok HF, Ge W. Zebrafish gonadotropins and their receptors: II. Cloning and characterization of zebrafish follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone subunits--their spatial-temporal expression patterns and receptor specificity. Biol Reprod 2005; 72:1382-96. [PMID: 15728794 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.038216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) play critical roles in vertebrate reproduction. In the present study, we cloned and characterized zebrafish FSHbeta (fshb), LHbeta (lhb), and GTHalpha (cga) subunits. Compared with the molecules of other teleosts, the cysteine residues and potential glycosylation sites are fully conserved in zebrafish Lhb and Cga but not in Fshb, whose cysteines exhibit unique distribution. Interestingly, in addition to the pituitary, fshbeta, lhbeta, and cga were also expressed in some extrapituitary tissues, particularly the gonads and brain. In situ hybridization showed that zebrafish fshbeta and lhbeta were expressed in two distinct populations of gonadotrophs in the pituitary. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that all the three subunits increased expression before ovulation (0100-0400) when the germinal vesicles in the full-grown follicles were migrating toward the periphery, but the levels dropped at 0700, when ovulation occurred. Recombinant zebrafish FSH (zfFSH) and LH (zfLH) were produced in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and their effects on the cognate receptors (zebrafish Fshr and Lhr) tested. Interestingly, zfFSH specifically activated zebrafish Fshr expressed together with a cAMP-responsive reporter gene in the CHO cells, whereas zfLH could stimulate both Fshr and Lhr. In conclusion, the present study systematically investigated gonadotropins in the zebrafish in terms of their structure, spatial-temporal expression patterns, and receptor specificity. These results, together with the availability of recombinant zfFSH and zfLH, provide a solid foundation for further studies on the physiological relevance of FSH and LH in the zebrafish, one of the top biological models in vertebrates.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CHO Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Female
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gonadotropins, Pituitary/genetics
- Gonadotropins, Pituitary/metabolism
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity
- Ovulation/physiology
- Pituitary Gland/physiology
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, FSH/metabolism
- Receptors, LH/genetics
- Receptors, LH/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Kin So
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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48
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Yoon SK, Choi SL, Song JY, Lee GM. Effect of culture pH on erythropoietin production by Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in suspension at 32.5 and 37.0°C. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 89:345-56. [PMID: 15625678 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of culture pH in the range of 6.85-7.80 on cell growth and erythropoietin (EPO) production at 32.5 and 37.0 degrees C, serum-free suspension cultures of recombinant CHO cells (rCHO) were performed in a bioreactor with pH control. Lowering culture temperature from 37.0 to 32.5 degrees C suppressed cell growth, but cell viability remained high for a longer culture period. Regardless of culture temperature, the highest specific growth rate (mu) and maximum viable cell concentration were obtained at pH values of 7.00 and 7.20, respectively. Like mu, the specific consumption rates of glucose and glutamine decreased at 32.5 degrees C compared to 37.0 degrees C. In addition, they increased with increasing culture pH. Culture pH at 32.5 degrees C affected specific EPO productivity (q(EPO)) in a different fashion from that at 37 degrees C. At 37 degrees C, the q(EPO) was fairly constant in the pH range of 6.85-7.80, while at 32.5 degrees C, the q(EPO) was significantly influenced by culture pH. The highest q(EPO) was obtained at pH 7.00 and 32.5 degrees C, and its value was approximately 1.5-fold higher than that at pH 7.00 and 37.0 degrees C. The proportion of acidic EPO isoforms, which is a critical factor for high in vivo biological activity of EPO, was highest in the stationary phase of growth, regardless of culture temperature and pH. Although cell viability rapidly decreased in death phase at both 32.5 and 37.0 degrees C, the significant degradation of produced EPO, probably by the action of proteases released from lysed cells, was observed only at 37.0 degrees C. Taken together, through the optimization of culture temperature and pH, a 3-fold increase in maximum EPO concentration and a 1.4-fold increase in volumetric productivity were obtained at pH 7.00 and 32.5 degrees C when compared with those at 37.0 degrees C. These results demonstrate the importance of optimization of culture temperature and pH for enhancing EPO production in serum-free, suspension culture of rCHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kwan Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 371-1 Kusong-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Daejon 305-701, Korea
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49
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Chen ZL, Wu BC, Liu H, Liu XM, Huang PT. Temperature shift as a process optimization step for the production of pro-urokinase by a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell line in high-density perfusion culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2004; 97:239-43. [PMID: 16233622 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the effects of temperature shift on the cell cycle, apoptosis and metabolism of a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell line (CL-11G) producing pro-urokinase (pro-UK) in batch cultures, the potential of temperature shift as a tool in the optimization of the perfusion culture of CL-11G cells for the production of pro-UK was examined. The proportion of CL-11G cells in the G0/G1 phase in static cultures increased from 56.4% to 82.8% following a temperature shift from 37 degrees C to 31 degrees C. Conversely, the proportion of CL-11G cells in the S phase decreased from 34.8% to 11.6%. The specific growth rate of CL-11G cells reflected the effect of temperature on the cell cycle and decreased from 0.024 h(-1) at 37 degrees C to 0.006 h(-1) at 31 degrees C. Continuous exposure to the non-permissive temperature of 31 degrees C led to a marginal increase in apoptosis. The specific pro-UK productivity of CL-11G cells increased by 74% at 34 degrees C compared with controls at 37 degrees C in batch cultures. CL-11G cells immobilized with Cytopore 1 in a 5-l bioreactor initiated at 37 degrees C and temperature shifted to 34 degrees C exhibited an average 17% increase in viable cell density and an average 47% increase in pro-UK production. These results demonstrated that temperature shift offers the prospect of enhancing the productivity of pro-UK in high-density perfusion culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Lie Chen
- Department of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, P.R. China.
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