1
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Zhao H. What do we learn from enzyme behaviors in organic solvents? - Structural functionalization of ionic liquids for enzyme activation and stabilization. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107638. [PMID: 33002582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme activity in nonaqueous media (e.g. conventional organic solvents) is typically lower than in water by several orders of magnitude. There is a rising interest of developing new nonaqueous solvent systems that are more "water-like" and more biocompatible. Therefore, we need to learn from the current state of nonaqueous biocatalysis to overcome its bottleneck and provide guidance for new solvent design. This review firstly focuses on the discussion of how organic solvent properties (such as polarity and hydrophobicity) influence the enzyme activity and stability, and how these properties impact the enzyme's conformation and dynamics. While hydrophobic organic solvents usually lead to the maintenance of enzyme activity, solvents carrying functional groups like hydroxys and ethers (including crown ethers and cyclodextrins) can lead to enzyme activation. Ionic liquids (ILs) are designable solvents that can conveniently incorporate these functional groups. Therefore, we systematically survey these ether- and/or hydroxy-functionalized ILs, and find most of them are highly compatible with enzymes leading to high activity and stability. In particular, ILs carrying both ether and tert-alcohol groups are among the most enzyme-activating solvents. Future direction is to learn from enzyme behaviors in both water and nonaqueous media to design biocompatible "water-like" solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, United States.
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2
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Oh Y. Benzoate Surfactants for Enhancing the Activity of Lipoprotein Lipase from
Burkholderia
Species in Organic Solvent. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonock Oh
- Department of ChemistryPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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3
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Musa H, Kasim FH, Gunny AAN, Gopinath SCB, Ahmad MA. Biosynthesis of butyl esters from crude oil of palm fruit and kernel using halophilic lipase secretion by Marinobacter litoralis SW-45. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:314. [PMID: 31406636 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, a new moderate halophilic strain was locally isolated from seawater. The partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis positioned the organism in Marinobacter genus and was named 'Marinobacter litoralis SW-45'. This study further demonstrates successful utilization of the halophilic M. litoralis SW-45 lipase (MLL) for butyl ester synthesis from crude palm fruit oil (CPO) and kernel oil (CPKO) in heptane and solvent-free system, respectively, using hydroesterification. Hydrolysis and esterification of enzymatic [Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL)] hydrolysis of CPO and CPKO to free fatty acids (FFA) followed by MLL-catalytic esterification of the concentrated FFAs with butanol (acyl acceptor) to synthesize butyl esters were performed. A one-factor-at-a-time technique (OFAT) was used to study the influence of physicochemical factors on the esterification reaction. Under optimal esterification conditions of 40 and 45 °C, 150 and 230 rpm, 50% (v/v) biocatalyst concentration, 1:1 and 5:1 butanol:FFA, 9% and 15% (w/v) NaCl, 60 and 15 min reaction time for CPO- and CPKO-derived FFA esterification system, maximum ester conversion of 62.2% and 69.1%, respectively, was attained. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis confirmed the products formed as butyl esters. These results showed halophilic lipase has promising potential to be used for biosynthesis of butyl esters in oleochemical industry.
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4
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Lee HS, Oh Y, Kim MJ, Im W. Molecular Basis of Aqueous-like Activity of Lipase Treated with Glucose-Headed Surfactant in Organic Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10659-10668. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun Lee
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yeonock Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahn-Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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5
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Long A, Rothenberg P, Patel D, MacDougall J, Hartings MR. The structure and peroxidase activity of myoglobin in alcoholic solvents. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Spadoni Andreani E, Magagnin L, Secundo F. Preparation and Comparison of Hydrolase-Coated Plastics. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Spadoni Andreani
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milan Italy
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali e Ing. Chimica G. Natta - Politecnico di Milano; via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milan Italy
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7
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Lee E, Oh Y, Choi YK, Kim MJ. Aqueous-Level Turnover Frequency of Lipase in Organic Solvent. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500832e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eungyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790−784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonock Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790−784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790−784, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahn-Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790−784, Republic of Korea
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8
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Cruz JC, Pfromm PH, Szoszkiewicz R, Rezac ME. Hydrolases on silica surfaces: Coverage-activity–molecular property relationships revealed. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Stepankova V, Bidmanova S, Koudelakova T, Prokop Z, Chaloupkova R, Damborsky J. Strategies for Stabilization of Enzymes in Organic Solvents. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400684x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stepankova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Bidmanova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tana Koudelakova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Chaloupkova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Aguiar-Oliveira E, Maugeri F. Effects of lyophilization on catalytic properties of immobilized fructosyltransferase from Rhodotorula sp. LEB-V10. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Kuldamrong W, Husson F, Kermasha S. Biocatalysis with hydroperoxide lyase in extracts fromPenicillium camembertiin neat organic solvent media. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.776545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Bang JK, Jung SO, Kim YW, Kim MJ. Subtilisin-Catalyzed Transesterifications in the Presence of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvent: Dramatic Catalytic Improvement. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Liu CX, Zhang SP, Su ZG, Wang P. Salt induced irreversible protein adsorption with extremely high loadings on electrospun nanofibers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:760-765. [PMID: 21171565 DOI: 10.1021/la103392e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
LiCl is a kosmotrope that generally promotes protein salvation in aqueous solutions. Herein we report that LiCl embedded in electrospun polymeric nanofibers interestingly induced an abnormal protein adsorption and substantially augmented the adsorption capacity of the fibers. As a result, equilibrium protein loadings reached over 64% (w/w) of the dry mass of fibers, 9-fold higher than that observed in the absence of the salt. The adsorption appeared to be irreversible such that little protein loss was observed even after washing the fibers vigorously with fresh buffer solutions. We further examined the application of such intensified protein adsorption for enzyme immobilization. Proteins including bovine serum albumin (BSA) and protamine were first adsorbed, followed by covalent attachment of an outer layer of an enzyme, α-chymotrypsin. Such a multilayer-structured nanofibrous enzyme exhibited extremely high stability with no obvious activity loss even after being incubated for 8 months at 4 °C in aqueous buffer solution. The LiCl induced irreversible protein adsorption, which has been largely ignored in previous studies with electrospun materials, rendering an interesting scenario of interfacial protein-material interactions. It also reveals a new mechanism in controlling and fabricating molecular interactions at interfaces for development of a broad range of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Cruz JC, Pfromm PH, Tomich JM, Rezac ME. Conformational changes and catalytic competency of hydrolases adsorbing on fumed silica nanoparticles: II. Secondary structure. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 81:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Cruz JC, Pfromm PH, Tomich JM, Rezac ME. Conformational changes and catalytic competency of hydrolases adsorbing on fumed silica nanoparticles: I. Tertiary structure. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 79:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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17
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Schilke KF, Kelly C. Activation of immobilized lipase in non-aqueous systems by hydrophobic poly-DL-tryptophan tethers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:9-18. [PMID: 18393315 PMCID: PMC4124937 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many industrially important reactions use immobilized enzymes in non-aqueous, organic systems, particularly for the production of chiral compounds such as pharmaceutical precursors. The addition of a spacer molecule ("tether") between a supporting surface and enzyme often substantially improves the activity and stability of enzymes in aqueous solution. Most "long" linkers (e.g., polyethylene oxide derivatives) are relatively hydrophilic, improving the solubility of the linker-enzyme conjugate in polar environments, but this provides little benefit in non-polar environments such as organic solvents. We present a novel method for the covalent immobilization of enzymes on solid surfaces using a long, hydrophobic polytryptophan tether. Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was covalently immobilized on non-porous, functionalized 1-microm silica microspheres, with and without an intervening hydrophobic poly-DL-tryptophan tether (n approximately 78). The polytryptophan-tethered enzyme exhibited 35 times greater esterification of n-propanol with lauric acid in the organic phase and five times the hydrolytic activity against p-nitrophenol palmitate, compared to the activity of the same enzyme immobilized without tethers. In addition, the hydrophobic tethers caused the silica microspheres to disperse more readily in the organic phase, while the surface-immobilized control treatment was less lipophilic and quickly settled out of the organic phase when the suspensions were not vigorously mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F Schilke
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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18
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Serdakowski AL, Dordick JS. Enzyme activation for organic solvents made easy. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Improving Activity of Salt-Lyophilized Enzymes in Organic Media. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 146:215-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Abstract
A comprehensive study of the hydration mechanism of an enzyme in nonaqueous media was done using molecular dynamics simulations in five organic solvents with different polarities, namely, hexane, 3-pentanone, diisopropyl ether, ethanol, and acetonitrile. In these solvents, the serine protease cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi was increasingly hydrated with 12 different hydration levels ranging from 5% to 100% (w/w) (weight of water/weight of protein). The ability of organic solvents to 'strip off' water from the enzyme surface was clearly dependent on the nature of the organic solvent. The rmsd of the enzyme from the crystal structure was shown to be lower at specific hydration levels, depending on the organic solvent used. It was also shown that organic solvents determine the structure and dynamics of water at the enzyme surface. Nonpolar solvents enhance the formation of large clusters of water that are tightly bound to the enzyme, whereas water in polar organic solvents is fragmented in small clusters loosely bound to the enzyme surface. Ions seem to play an important role in the stabilization of exposed charged residues, mainly at low hydration levels. A common feature is found for the preferential localization of water molecules at particular regions of the enzyme surface in all organic solvents: water seems to be localized at equivalent regions of the enzyme surface independently of the organic solvent employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M Micaêlo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisoba, Oeiras, Portugal
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21
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Micaêlo NM, Soares CM. Modeling hydration mechanisms of enzymes in nonpolar and polar organic solvents. FEBS J 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-2956.2007.05781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Eppler RK, Komor RS, Huynh J, Dordick JS, Reimer JA, Clark DS. Water dynamics and salt-activation of enzymes in organic media: mechanistic implications revealed by NMR spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5706-10. [PMID: 16585507 PMCID: PMC1458637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deuterium spin relaxation was used to examine the motion of enzyme-bound water on subtilisin Carlsberg co-lyophilized with inorganic salts for activation in different organic solvents. Spectral editing was used to ensure that the relaxation times were associated with relatively mobile deuterons, which were contributed almost entirely by D(2)O rather than hydrogen-deuteron exchange on the protein. The results indicate that the timescale of motion for residual water molecules on the biocatalyst, (tau(c))(D(2)O), in hexane decreased from 65 ns (salt-free) to 0.58 ns (98% CsF) as (k(cat)/K(M))(app) of the biocatalyst preparation increased from 0.092 s(-1) x M(-1) (salt-free) to 1,140 s(-1) x M(-1) (98% CsF). A similar effect was apparent in acetone; the timescale decreased from 24 ns (salt-free) to 2.87 ns (98% KF), with a corresponding increase in (k(cat)/K(M))(app) of 0.140 s(-1) x M(-1) (salt-free) to 12.8 s(-1) x M(-1) (98% KF). Although a global correlation between water mobility and enzyme activity was not evident, linear correlations between ln[(k(cat)/K(M))(app)] and (tau(c))(D(2)O) were obtained for salt-activated enzyme preparations in both hexane and acetone. Furthermore, a direct correlation was evident between (k(cat)/K(M))(app) and the total amount of mobile water per mass of enzyme. These results suggest that increases in enzyme-bound water mobility mediated by the presence of salt act as a molecular lubricant and enhance enzyme flexibility in a manner functionally similar to temperature. Greater flexibility may permit a larger degree of local transition-state mobility, reflected by a more positive entropy of activation, for the salt-activated enzyme compared with the salt-free enzyme. This increased mobility may contribute to the dramatic increases in biocatalyst activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross K. Eppler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Russell S. Komor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Joyce Huynh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
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Pfromm PH, Rezac ME, Würges K, Czermak P. Fumed silica activated subtilisin Carlsberg in hexane in a packed-bed reactor. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Effect of ions and other compatible solutes on enzyme activity, and its implication for biocatalysis using ionic liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Würges K, Pfromm PH, Rezac ME, Czermak P. Activation of subtilisin Carlsberg in hexane by lyophilization in the presence of fumed silica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Roy I, Gupta MN. Preparation of highly active alpha-chymotrypsin for catalysis in organic media. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2191-3. [PMID: 15081006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple one step process for the preparation of free alpha-chymotrypsin, using an organic solvent to precipitate the enzyme from a buffered solution, followed by washing with organic solvents, is described. This preparation gave 132 times greater esterification activity than lyophilized powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Roy
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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27
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Lindsay JP, Clark DS, Dordick JS. Combinatorial formulation of biocatalyst preparations for increased activity in organic solvents: salt activation of penicillin amidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 85:553-60. [PMID: 14760696 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A combinatorial experimental technique was used to identify salts and salt mixtures capable of activating penicillin amidase in organic solvents for the transesterification of phenoxyacetate methyl ester with 1-propanol. Penicillin amidase was lyophilized in the presence of various chloride and acetate salts within 96-deep-well plates and catalytic rates measured to determine lead candidates for highly salt-activated preparations. The kinetics of the most active formulations were then further evaluated. These studies revealed that a formulation consisting of 98% (w/w) of a 1:1 KAc:CsCl salt mixture, 1% (w/w) enzyme, and 1% (w/w) potassium phosphate buffer was approximately 35,000-fold more active than the salt-free formulation in hexane, as reflected in values of V(max)/K(m). This extraordinary activation could be extended to more polar solvents, including tert-amyl alcohol, and to formulations with lower total salt contents. A correlation was found between the kosmotropic/chaotropic behavior of the salts (as measured by the Jones-Dole B coefficients) and the observed activation. Strongly chaotropic cations combined with strongly kosmotropic anions yielded the greatest activation, and this is likely due to the influence of the ions on protein-water and protein-salt interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Lindsay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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28
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Clark DS. Characteristics of nearly dry enzymes in organic solvents: implications for biocatalysis in the absence of water. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004; 359:1299-307; discussion 1307, 1323-8. [PMID: 15306384 PMCID: PMC1693408 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined enzymes in nearly anhydrous organic solvents spanning a wide range of dielectric constants using a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, high-pressure kinetic studies and the electrostatic model of Kirkwood. This approach enabled us to investigate the relationship between catalytic activity, protein flexibility and solvent polarity for an enzymatic reaction proceeding through a highly polar transition state in the near absence of water. Further insights into water-protein interactions and the involvement of water in enzyme structure and function have been obtained by EPR and multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance studies of enzymes suspended and immobilized in organic solvents with and without added water. In these systems, correlations were observed between the water content and enzyme activity, flexibility, and active-site polarity, although the structural properties of suspended and immobilized enzymes differed markedly. These results have helped to elucidate the role of water in molecular events at the enzymic active site leading to improved biocatalysis in low-water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Clark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Abstract
Enzyme catalysis in low water containing organic solvents is finding an increasing number of applications in diverse areas. This review focuses on some aspects which have not been reviewed elsewhere. Different strategies for obtaining higher activity and stability in such media are described. In this context, the damaging role of lyophilization and the means of overcoming such effects are discussed. Ultrasonication and microwave assistance are two emerging approaches for enhancing reaction rates in low water media. Control of water activity and medium engineering are two crucial approaches in optimization of catalytic behaviour in nonaqueous enzymology. Organometallics and synthesis/modification of polymers are two areas where nonaqueous enzymology can play a greater role in the coming years. The greater understanding of enzyme behaviour in nonaqueous media is expected to lead to larger and even more diverse kinds of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munishwar N Gupta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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Morgan JA, Clark DS. Salt-activation of nonhydrolase enzymes for use in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 85:456-9. [PMID: 14755564 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic reactions are important for the synthesis of chiral molecules. One factor limiting synthetic applications of enzymes is the poor aqueous solubility of numerous substrates. To overcome this limitation, enzymes can be used directly in organic solvents; however, in nonaqueous media enzymes usually exhibit only a fraction of their aqueous-level activity. Salt-activation, a technique previously demonstrated to substantially increase the transesterification activity of hydrolytic enzymes in organic solvents, was applied to horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, soybean peroxidase, galactose oxidase, and xanthine oxidase, which are oxidoreductase and oxygenase enzymes. Assays of the lyophilized enzyme preparations demonstrated that the presence of salt protected enzymes from irreversible inactivation. In organic solvents, there were significant increases in activity for the salt-activated enzymes compared to nonsalt-activated controls for every enzyme tested. The increased enzymatic activity in organic solvents was shown to result from a combination of protection against inactivation during the freeze-drying process and other as-yet undetermined factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Morgan
- University of California, Berkeley, 201 Gilman Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Roy I, Gupta MN. Non-thermal effects of microwaves on protease-catalyzed esterification and transesterification. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bordusa
- Max-Planck Society, Research Unit Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Abstract
Highly active enzyme formulations can be prepared for use in nonaqueous media. Considerable progress has been made in the past two years on gaining an improved mechanistic understanding of enzyme function and activation in dehydrated environments. This increased fundamental understanding has led to the development of a broad array of techniques for generating active, stable, and enantioselective and regioselective tailored enzymes for synthetically relevant transformations. This, in turn, is resulting in an exponential increase in the opportunities for enzymatic processes to be developed on a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 12180, Troy, New York, USA
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Abstract
The impact of directed evolution and site-specific mutagenesis on the industrial utility of enzymatic catalysis through the modification of enzyme structure and function is clearly an important area of research in bioprocess engineering. High-throughput screening for novel or improved enzyme activities, both by more efficiently exploring nature's diversity and by creating new diversity in the test tube, allows new bioprocesses to be developed. Similarly, innovations in enzyme technology that address novel ways to apply enzymes in bioprocesses also have an impact on bioprocess engineering. Several recent developments have been made in this latter aspect of bioprocess engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Panke
- Institute of Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Sonnegstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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