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Li B, Fu C, Zhou J, Hui F, Wang Q, Wang F, Wang G, Xu Z, Che L, Yuan D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Jin S. Highly Efficient Genome Editing Using Geminivirus-Based CRISPR/Cas9 System in Cotton Plant. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182902. [PMID: 36139477 PMCID: PMC9496795 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), an allotetraploid, contains At- and Dt- subgenome and most genes have multiple homologous copies, which pose a huge challenge to investigate genes’ function due to the functional redundancy. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish effective techniques for the functional genomics in cotton. In this study, we tested two novel genome editing vectors and compared them with the CRISPR/Cas9 system (pRGEB32-GhU6.7) developed in our laboratory previously. In the first new vector, the sgRNA transcription unite was constructed into the replicon (LIR-Donor-SIR-Rep-LIR) of the bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV) and named as pBeYDV-Cas9-KO and in the second vector, the ubiquitin promoter that drives Cas9 protein was replaced with a constitutive CaMV 35S promoter and defined as pRGEB32-35S. The results from transgenic cotton calli/plants revealed that pBeYDV-Cas9-KO vector showed the highest editing efficiency of GhCLA1 in At and Dt subgenomes edited simultaneously up to 73.3% compared to the 44.6% of pRGEB32-GhU6.7 and 51.2% of pRGEB32-35S. The editing efficiency of GhCLA1 in At and Dt subgenome by pBeYDV-Cas9-KO was 85.7% and 97.2%, respectively, whereas the efficiency by pRGEB32-GhU6.7 and pRGEB32-35S vectors was 67.7%, 86.5%, 84%, and 87.2%, respectively. The editing profile of pBeYDV-Cas9-KO was mainly composed of fragment deletion, accounting for 84.0% and ranging 1–10 bp in length. The main editing sites are located at positions 11–17 upstream of PAM site. The off-target effects were not detected in all potential off-target sites. Taken together, the pBeYDV-Cas9-KO system has high editing efficiency and specificity with wide editing range than the traditional CRISPR/Cas9 system, which provides a powerful tool for cotton functional genomics research and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Nuclear and Biological Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Chunyang Fu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fengjiao Hui
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fuqiu Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanying Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhongping Xu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lianlian Che
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daojun Yuan
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (S.J.)
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (S.J.)
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Bhattacharjee B, Hallan V. Geminivirus-Derived Vectors as Tools for Functional Genomics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799345. [PMID: 35432267 PMCID: PMC9010885 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent issue in the agricultural sector worldwide is the intensive damage caused to crops by the geminivirus family of viruses. The diverse types of viruses, rapid virus evolution rate, and broad host range make this group of viruses one of the most devastating in nature, leading to millions of dollars' worth of crop damage. Geminiviruses have a small genome and can be either monopartite or bipartite, with or without satellites. Their ability to independently replicate within the plant without integration into the host genome and the relatively easy handling make them excellent candidates for plant bioengineering. This aspect is of great importance as geminiviruses can act as natural nanoparticles in plants which can be utilized for a plethora of functions ranging from vaccine development systems to geminivirus-induced gene silencing (GIGS), through deconstructed viral vectors. Thus, the investigation of these plant viruses is pertinent to understanding their crucial roles in nature and subsequently utilizing them as beneficial tools in functional genomics. This review, therefore, highlights some of the characteristics of these viruses that can be deemed significant and the subsequent successful case studies for exploitation of these potentially significant pathogens for role mining in functional biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasha Bhattacharjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Plant Virology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Plant Virology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
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Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
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Li Y, Sun M, Wang X, Zhang YJ, Da XW, Jia LY, Pang HL, Feng HQ. Effects of plant growth regulators on transient expression of foreign gene in Nicotiana benthamiana L. leaves. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:124. [PMID: 38650281 PMCID: PMC10992099 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades, replicating expression vectors based on plant geminivirus have been widely used for enhancing the efficiency of plant transient expression. By using the replicating expression vector derived from bean yellow dwarf virus and green fluorescent protein as a reporter, we investigated the effects of α-naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellins3, and 6-benzyladenine, as three common plant growth regulators, on the plant biomass and efficiency of transient expression during the process of transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana L. leaves. RESULTS With the increase of the concentration of α-naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellins3, and 6-benzyladenine (from 0.1 to 1.6 mg/L), the fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area of the seedlings increased first and then returned to the levels similar to the controls (without chemical treatment). The treatment with α-naphthalene acetic acid at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/L can enhance the level of transient expression of green fluorescent protein, which peaked at 0.4 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid and was increased about by 19%, compared to the controls. Gibberellins3 at 0.1-0.4 mg/L can enhance the level of transient expression of green fluorescent protein, which peaked at 0.2 mg/L gibberellins3 and was increased by 25%. However, the application of 6-benzyladenine led to decrease in the level of transient expression of green fluorescent protein. CONCLUSIONS The appropriate plant growth regulators at moderate concentration could be beneficial to the expression of foreign genes from the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system in plants. Thus, appropriate plant growth regulators could be considered as exogenous components that are applied for the production of recombinant protein by plant-based transient expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Min Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yue-Jing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Da
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ling-Yun Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hai-Long Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Han-Qing Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Citiulo F, Crosatti C, Cattivelli L, Biselli C. Frontiers in the Standardization of the Plant Platform for High Scale Production of Vaccines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1828. [PMID: 34579360 PMCID: PMC8467261 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the value of technologies that allow a fast setup and production of biopharmaceuticals in emergency situations. The plant factory system can provide a fast response to epidemics/pandemics. Thanks to their scalability and genome plasticity, plants represent advantageous platforms to produce vaccines. Plant systems imply less complicated production processes and quality controls with respect to mammalian and bacterial cells. The expression of vaccines in plants is based on transient or stable transformation systems and the recent progresses in genome editing techniques, based on the CRISPR/Cas method, allow the manipulation of DNA in an efficient, fast, and easy way by introducing specific modifications in specific sites of a genome. Nonetheless, CRISPR/Cas is far away from being fully exploited for vaccine expression in plants. In this review, an overview of the potential conjugation of the renewed vaccine technologies (i.e., virus-like particles-VLPs, and industrialization of the production process) with genome editing to produce vaccines in plants is reported, illustrating the potential advantages in the standardization of the plant platforms, with the overtaking of constancy of large-scale production challenges, facilitating regulatory requirements and expediting the release and commercialization of the vaccine products of genome edited plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Citiulo
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Cristina Crosatti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy; (C.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy; (C.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Chiara Biselli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Viale Santa Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
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Vu TV, Sivankalyani V, Kim E, Doan DTH, Tran MT, Kim J, Sung YW, Park M, Kang YJ, Kim J. Highly efficient homology-directed repair using CRISPR/Cpf1-geminiviral replicon in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2133-2143. [PMID: 32176419 PMCID: PMC7540044 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing via the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway in somatic plant cells is very inefficient compared with error-prone repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Here, we increased HDR-based genome editing efficiency approximately threefold compared with a Cas9-based single-replicon system via the use of de novo multi-replicon systems equipped with CRISPR/LbCpf1 in tomato and obtained replicon-free but stable HDR alleles. The efficiency of CRISPR/LbCpf1-based HDR was significantly modulated by physical culture conditions such as temperature and light. Ten days of incubation at 31 °C under a light/dark cycle after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation resulted in the best performance among the tested conditions. Furthermore, we developed our single-replicon system into a multi-replicon system that effectively increased HDR efficiency. Although this approach is still challenging, we showed the feasibility of HDR-based genome editing of a salt-tolerant SlHKT1;2 allele without genomic integration of antibiotic markers or any phenotypic selection. Self-pollinated offspring plants carrying the HKT1;2 HDR allele showed stable inheritance and germination tolerance in the presence of 100 mm NaCl. Our work may pave the way for transgene-free editing of alleles of interest in asexually and sexually reproducing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Van Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Cell BiotechnologyAgricultural Genetics InstituteBac Tu LiemVietnam
| | - Velu Sivankalyani
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
| | - Eun‐Jung Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
| | - Duong Thi Hai Doan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
| | - Mil Thi Tran
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
| | - Jihae Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
| | - Yeon Woo Sung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
| | | | - Yang Jae Kang
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
| | - Jae‐Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuKorea
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7
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Poborilova Z, Plchova H, Cerovska N, Gunter CJ, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP, Moravec T. Transient protein expression in tobacco BY-2 plant cell packs using single and multi-cassette replicating vectors. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1115-1127. [PMID: 32333151 PMCID: PMC7223956 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This is the first evidence that replicating vectors can be successfully used for transient protein expression in BY-2 plant cell packs. Transient recombinant protein expression in plants and recently also plant cell cultures are of increasing interest due to the speed, safety and scalability of the process. Currently, studies are focussing on the design of plant virus-derived vectors to achieve higher amounts of transiently expressed proteins in these systems. Here we designed and tested replicating single and multi-cassette vectors that combine elements for enhanced replication and hypertranslation, and assessed their ability to express and particularly co-express proteins by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in tobacco BY-2 plant cell packs. Substantial yields of green and red fluorescent proteins of up to ~ 700 ng/g fresh mass were detected in the plant cells along with position-dependent expression. This is the first evidence of the ability of replicating vectors to transiently express proteins in BY-2 plant cell packs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Poborilova
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Plchova
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Noemi Cerovska
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cornelius J Gunter
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tomas Moravec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Van Vu T, Sung YW, Kim J, Doan DTH, Tran MT, Kim JY. Challenges and Perspectives in Homology-Directed Gene Targeting in Monocot Plants. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:95. [PMID: 31858277 PMCID: PMC6923311 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Continuing crop domestication/redomestication and modification is a key determinant of the adaptation and fulfillment of the food requirements of an exploding global population under increasingly challenging conditions such as climate change and the reduction in arable lands. Monocotyledonous crops are not only responsible for approximately 70% of total global crop production, indicating their important roles in human life, but also the first crops to be challenged with the abovementioned hurdles; hence, monocot crops should be the first to be engineered and/or de novo domesticated/redomesticated. A long time has passed since the first green revolution; the world is again facing the challenge of feeding a predicted 9.7 billion people in 2050, since the decline in world hunger was reversed in 2015. One of the major lessons learned from the first green revolution is the importance of novel and advanced trait-carrying crop varieties that are ideally adapted to new agricultural practices. New plant breeding techniques (NPBTs), such as genome editing, could help us succeed in this mission to create novel and advanced crops. Considering the importance of NPBTs in crop genetic improvement, we attempt to summarize and discuss the latest progress with major approaches, such as site-directed mutagenesis using molecular scissors, base editors and especially homology-directed gene targeting (HGT), a very challenging but potentially highly precise genome modification approach in plants. We therefore suggest potential approaches for the improvement of practical HGT, focusing on monocots, and discuss a potential approach for the regulation of genome-edited products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Van Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Cell Biotechnology, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Km 02, Pham Van Dong Road, Co Nhue 1, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi, 11917, Vietnam
| | - Yeon Woo Sung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Duong Thi Hai Doan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mil Thi Tran
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Ibrahim A, Odon V, Kormelink R. Plant Viruses in Plant Molecular Pharming: Toward the Use of Enveloped Viruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:803. [PMID: 31275344 PMCID: PMC6594412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant molecular pharming has emerged as a reliable platform for recombinant protein expression providing a safe and low-cost alternative to bacterial and mammalian cells-based systems. Simultaneously, plant viruses have evolved from pathogens to molecular tools for recombinant protein expression, chimaeric viral vaccine production, and lately, as nanoagents for drug delivery. This review summarizes the genesis of viral vectors and agroinfection, the development of non-enveloped viruses for various biotechnological applications, and the on-going research on enveloped plant viruses.
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10
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Yamamoto T, Hoshikawa K, Ezura K, Okazawa R, Fujita S, Takaoka M, Mason HS, Ezura H, Miura K. Improvement of the transient expression system for production of recombinant proteins in plants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4755. [PMID: 29555968 PMCID: PMC5859073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient and high yielding expression system is required to produce recombinant proteins. Furthermore, the transient expression system can be used to identify the localization of proteins in plant cells. In this study, we demonstrated that combination of a geminiviral replication and a double terminator dramatically enhanced the transient protein expression level in plants. The GFP protein was expressed transiently in lettuce, Nicotiana benthamiana, tomatoes, eggplants, hot peppers, melons, and orchids with agroinfiltration. Compared to a single terminator, a double terminator enhanced the expression level. A heat shock protein terminator combined with an extensin terminator resulted in the highest protein expression. Transiently expressed GFP was confirmed by immunoblot analysis with anti-GFP antibodies. Quantitative analysis revealed that the geminiviral vector with a double terminator resulted in the expression of at least 3.7 mg/g fresh weight of GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana, approximately 2-fold that of the geminiviral vector with a single terminator. These results indicated that combination of the geminiviral replication and a double terminator is a useful tool for transient expression of the gene of interest in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Risa Okazawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Miyo Takaoka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hugh S Mason
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
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11
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Rosenthal SH, Diamos AG, Mason HS. An intronless form of the tobacco extensin gene terminator strongly enhances transient gene expression in plant leaves. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:429-443. [PMID: 29429129 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We have found interesting features of a plant gene (extensin) 3' flanking region, including extremely efficient polyadenylation which greatly improves transient expression of transgenes when an intron is removed. Its use will greatly benefit studies of gene expression in plants, research in molecular biology, and applications for recombinant proteins. Plants are a promising platform for the production of recombinant proteins. To express high-value proteins in plants efficiently, the optimization of expression cassettes using appropriate regulatory sequences is critical. Here, we characterize the activity of the tobacco extensin (Ext) gene terminator by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, tobacco, and lettuce. Ext is a member of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily and constitutes the major protein component of cell walls. The present study demonstrates that the Ext terminator with its native intron removed increased transient gene expression up to 13.5-fold compared to previously established terminators. The enhanced transgene expression was correlated with increased mRNA accumulation and reduced levels of read-through transcripts, which could impair gene expression. Analysis of transcript 3'-ends found that the majority of polyadenylated transcripts were cleaved at a YA dinucleotide downstream from a canonical AAUAAA motif and a UG-rich region, both of which were found to be highly conserved among related extensin terminators. Deletion of either of these regions eliminated most of the activity of the terminator. Additionally, a 45 nt polypurine sequence ~ 175 nt upstream from the polyadenylation sites was found to also be necessary for the enhanced expression. We conclude that the use of Ext terminator has great potential to benefit the production of recombinant proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Rosenthal
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA
| | - Andrew G Diamos
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA
| | - Hugh S Mason
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA.
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Norkunas K, Harding R, Dale J, Dugdale B. Improving agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:71. [PMID: 30159002 PMCID: PMC6109318 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agroinfiltration is a simple and effective method of delivering transgenes into plant cells for the rapid production of recombinant proteins and has become the preferred transient expression platform to manufacture biologics in plants. Despite its popularity, few studies have sought to improve the efficiency of agroinfiltration to further increase protein yields. This study aimed to increase agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana by improving all levels of transgenesis. RESULTS Using the benchmark pEAQ-HT deconstructed virus vector system and the GUS reporter enzyme, physical, chemical, and molecular features were independently assessed for their ability to enhance Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and improve protein production capacities. Optimal Agrobacterium strain, cell culture density and co-cultivation time for maximal transient GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression were established. The effects of chemical additives in the liquid infiltration media were investigated and acetosyringone (500 μM), the antioxidant lipoic acid (5 μM), and a surfactant Pluronic F-68 (0.002%) were all shown to significantly increase transgene expression. Gene products known to suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing, activate cell cycle progression and confer stress tolerance were also assessed by co-expression. A simple 37 °C heat shock to plants, 1-2 days post infiltration, was shown to dramatically increase GUS reporter levels. By combining the most effective features, a dual vector delivery system was developed that provided approximately 3.5-fold higher levels of absolute GUS protein compared to the pEAQ-HT platform. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, different strategies were assessed and optimised with the aim of increasing plant-made protein capacities in Nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration. Chemical additives, heat shock and the co-expression of genes known to suppress stress and gene silencing or stimulate cell cycle progression were all proven to increase agroinfiltration-based transient gene expression. By combining the most effective of these elements a novel expression platform was developed capable of producing plant-made protein at a significantly higher level than a benchmark hyper-expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlah Norkunas
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Robert Harding
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - James Dale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Benjamin Dugdale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
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13
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Lee JH, Ko K. Production of Recombinant Anti-Cancer Vaccines in Plants. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:345-353. [PMID: 28554196 PMCID: PMC5499611 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant expression systems have been developed to produce anti-cancer vaccines. Plants have several advantages as bioreactors for the production of subunit vaccines: they are considered safe, and may be used to produce recombinant proteins at low production cost. However, several technical issues hinder large-scale production of anti-cancer vaccines in plants. The present review covers design strategies to enhance the immunogenicity and therapeutic potency of anti-cancer vaccines, methods to increase vaccine-expressing plant biomass, and challenges facing the production of anti-cancer vaccines in plants. Specifically, the issues such as low expression levels and plant-specific glycosylation are described, along with their potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Lee
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutic Protein Engineering Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutic Protein Engineering Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Giritch A, Klimyuk V, Gleba Y. 125 years of virology and ascent of biotechnologies based on viral expressio. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452717020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogens that have evolved efficient strategies for replication and expression of their proteins in the host cells. Geminiviruses - plant viruses with small circular single-stranded DNA genomes - effectively manipulate plant cell processes for viral functions, entailing great potential for biotechnological applications. This potentiality has been realized in the form of protein expression and gene-silencing vectors, and, more recently, vectors for genome editing - a technology that these viruses seem particularly well-suited to facilitate. This insight offers an overview of the biological properties of geminiviruses, with emphasis on those leveraging development of geminivirus-based replicons. It illustrates the basis for engineering geminivirus-based replicons and their applications. Furthermore, it discusses the reported use and future perspectives of geminivirus-based replicons for genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology (PSC), Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
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16
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Diamos AG, Rosenthal SH, Mason HS. 5' and 3' Untranslated Regions Strongly Enhance Performance of Geminiviral Replicons in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:200. [PMID: 26941764 PMCID: PMC4764687 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported a recombinant protein production system based on a geminivirus replicon that yields high levels of vaccine antigens and monoclonal antibodies in plants. The bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV) replicon generates massive amounts of DNA copies, which engage the plant transcription machinery. However, we noticed a disparity between transcript level and protein production, suggesting that mRNAs could be more efficiently utilized. In this study, we systematically evaluated genetic elements from human, viral, and plant sources for their potential to improve the BeYDV system. The tobacco extensin terminator enhanced transcript accumulation and protein production compared to other commonly used terminators, indicating that efficient transcript processing plays an important role in recombinant protein production. Evaluation of human-derived 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) indicated that many provided high levels of protein production, supporting their cross-kingdom function. Among the viral 5' UTRs tested, we found the greatest enhancement with the tobacco mosaic virus omega leader. An analysis of the 5' UTRs from the Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotinana benthamiana photosystem I K genes found that they were highly active when truncated to include only the near upstream region, providing a dramatic enhancement of transgene production that exceeded that of the tobacco mosaic virus omega leader. The tobacco Rb7 matrix attachment region inserted downstream from the gene of interest provided significant enhancement, which was correlated with a reduction in plant cell death. Evaluation of Agrobacterium strains found that EHA105 enhanced protein production and reduced cell death compared to LBA4301 and GV3101. We used these improvements to produce Norwalk virus capsid protein at >20% total soluble protein, corresponding to 1.8 mg/g leaf fresh weight, more than twice the highest level ever reported in a plant system. We also produced the monoclonal antibody rituximab at 1 mg/g leaf fresh weight.
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17
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Lamprecht RL, Kennedy P, Huddy SM, Bethke S, Hendrikse M, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. Production of Human papillomavirus pseudovirions in plants and their use in pseudovirion-based neutralisation assays in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20431. [PMID: 26853456 PMCID: PMC4745065 DOI: 10.1038/srep20431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause cervical cancer and have recently also been implicated in mouth, laryngeal and anogenital cancers. There are three commercially available prophylactic vaccines that show good efficacy; however, efforts to develop second-generation vaccines that are more affordable, stable and elicit a wider spectrum of cross-neutralising immunity are still ongoing. Testing antisera elicited by current and candidate HPV vaccines for neutralizing antibodies is done using a HPV pseudovirion (PsV)-based neutralisation assay (PBNA). PsVs are produced by transfection of mammalian cell cultures with plasmids expressing L1 and L2 capsid proteins, and a reporter gene plasmid, a highly expensive process. We investigated making HPV-16 PsVs in plants, in order to develop a cheaper alternative. The secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene and promoter were cloned into a geminivirus-derived plant expression vector, in order to produce circular dsDNA replicons. This was co-introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana plants with vectors expressing L1 and L2 via agroinfiltration, and presumptive PsVs were purified. The PsVs contained DNA, and could be successfully used for PBNA with anti-HPV antibodies. This is the first demonstration of the production of mammalian pseudovirions in plants, and the first demonstration of the potential of plants to make DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate L Lamprecht
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Paul Kennedy
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Suzanne M Huddy
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Susanne Bethke
- Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Megan Hendrikse
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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18
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Muthamilselvan T, Lee CW, Cho YH, Wu FC, Hu CC, Liang YC, Lin NS, Hsu YH. A transgenic plant cell-suspension system for expression of epitopes on chimeric Bamboo mosaic virus particles. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:231-9. [PMID: 25879277 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel strategy to produce vaccine antigens using a plant cell-suspension culture system in lieu of the conventional bacterial or animal cell-culture systems. We generated transgenic cell-suspension cultures from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves carrying wild-type or chimeric Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) expression constructs encoding the viral protein 1 (VP1) epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Antigens accumulated to high levels in BdT38 and BdT19 transgenic cell lines co-expressing silencing suppressor protein P38 or P19. BaMV chimeric virus particles (CVPs) were subsequently purified from the respective cell lines (1.5 and 2.1 mg CVPs/20 g fresh weight of suspended biomass, respectively), and the resulting CVPs displayed VP1 epitope on the surfaces. Guinea pigs vaccinated with purified CVPs produced humoral antibodies. This study represents an important advance in the large-scale production of immunopeptide vaccines in a cost-effective manner using a plant cell-suspension culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chin-Wei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Cho
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chao Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Liang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Butler NM, Baltes NJ, Voytas DF, Douches DS. Geminivirus-Mediated Genome Editing in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Using Sequence-Specific Nucleases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1045. [PMID: 27493650 PMCID: PMC4955380 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing using sequence-specific nucleases (SSNs) is rapidly being developed for genetic engineering in crop species. The utilization of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated systems (CRISPR/Cas) for inducing double-strand breaks facilitates targeting of virtually any sequence for modification. Targeted mutagenesis via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) has been demonstrated extensively as being the preferred DNA repair pathway in plants. However, gene targeting via homologous recombination (HR) remains more elusive but could be a powerful tool for directed DNA repair. To overcome barriers associated with gene targeting, a geminivirus replicon (GVR) was used to deliver SSNs targeting the potato ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE1 (ALS1) gene and repair templates designed to incorporate herbicide-inhibiting point mutations within the ALS1 locus. Transformed events modified with GVRs held point mutations that were capable of supporting a reduced herbicide susceptibility phenotype, while events transformed with conventional T-DNAs held no detectable mutations and were similar to wild-type. Regeneration of transformed events improved detection of point mutations that supported a stronger reduced herbicide susceptibility phenotype. These results demonstrate the use of geminiviruses for delivering genome editing reagents in plant species, and a novel approach to gene targeting in a vegetatively propagated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M. Butler
- Department of Plant, Soils and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Baltes
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisMN, USA
| | - Daniel F. Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisMN, USA
| | - David S. Douches
- Department of Plant, Soils and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
- *Correspondence: David S. Douches,
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20
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Santos RB, Abranches R, Fischer R, Sack M, Holland T. Putting the Spotlight Back on Plant Suspension Cultures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:297. [PMID: 27014320 PMCID: PMC4786539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell suspension cultures have several advantages that make them suitable for the production of recombinant proteins. They can be cultivated under aseptic conditions using classical fermentation technology, they are easy to scale-up for manufacturing, and the regulatory requirements are similar to those established for well-characterized production systems based on microbial and mammalian cells. It is therefore no surprise that taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso®)-the first licensed recombinant pharmaceutical protein derived from plants-is produced in plant cell suspension cultures. But despite this breakthrough, plant cells are still largely neglected compared to transgenic plants and the more recent plant-based transient expression systems. Here, we revisit plant cell suspension cultures and highlight recent developments in the field that show how the rise of plant cells parallels that of Chinese hamster ovary cells, currently the most widespread and successful manufacturing platform for biologics. These developments include medium optimization, process engineering, statistical experimental designs, scale-up/scale-down models, and process analytical technologies. Significant yield increases for diverse target proteins will encourage a gold rush to adopt plant cells as a platform technology, and the first indications of this breakthrough are already on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B. Santos
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierOeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Abranches
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierOeiras, Portugal
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie (IME), Integrated Production PlatformsAachen, Germany
- Biology VII, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- Biology VII, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Tanja Holland
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie (IME), Integrated Production PlatformsAachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tanja Holland
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21
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Peyret H, Lomonossoff GP. When plant virology met Agrobacterium: the rise of the deconstructed clones. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1121-35. [PMID: 26073158 PMCID: PMC4744784 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the early days of molecular farming, Agrobacterium-mediated stable genetic transformation and the use of plant virus-based vectors were considered separate and competing technologies with complementary strengths and weaknesses. The demonstration that 'agroinfection' was the most efficient way of delivering virus-based vectors to their target plants blurred the distinction between the two technologies and permitted the development of 'deconstructed' vectors based on a number of plant viruses. The tobamoviruses, potexviruses, tobraviruses, geminiviruses and comoviruses have all been shown to be particularly well suited to the development of such vectors in dicotyledonous plants, while the development of equivalent vectors for use in monocotyledonous plants has lagged behind. Deconstructed viral vectors have proved extremely effective at the rapid, high-level production of a number of pharmaceutical proteins, some of which are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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22
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Salazar-González JA, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Rosales-Mendoza S. Current status of viral expression systems in plants and perspectives for oral vaccines development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:203-17. [PMID: 25560432 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During the last 25 years, the technology to produce recombinant vaccines in plant cells has evolved from modest proofs of the concept to viable technologies adopted by some companies due to significant improvements in the field. Viral-based expression strategies have importantly contributed to this success owing to high yields, short production time (which is in most cases free of tissue culture steps), and the implementation of confined processes for production under GMPs. Herein the distinct expression systems based on viral elements are analyzed. This review also presents the outlook on how these technologies have been successfully applied to the development of plant-based vaccines, some of them being in advanced stages of development. Perspectives on how viral expression systems could allow for the development of innovative oral vaccines constituted by minimally-processed plant biomass are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Salazar-González
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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23
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Updates in inducible transgene expression using viral vectors: from transient to stable expression. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 32:85-92. [PMID: 25437638 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of economically producing useful biologics in plants has greatly increased with the advent of viral vectors. The ability of viral vectors to amplify transgene expression has seen them develop into robust transient platforms for the high-level, rapid production of recombinant proteins. To adapt these systems to stably transformed plants, new ways of deconstructing the virus machinery and linking its expression and replication to chemically controlled promoters have been developed. The more advanced of these stable, inducible hyper-expression vectors provide both activated and amplified heterologous transgene expression. Such systems could be deployed in broad acre crops and provide a pathway to fully exploit the advantages of plants as a platform for the manufacture of a wide spectrum of products.
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24
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Moon KB, Lee J, Kang S, Kim M, Mason HS, Jeon JH, Kim HS. Overexpression and self-assembly of virus-like particles in Nicotiana benthamiana by a single-vector DNA replicon system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8281-90. [PMID: 24965559 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on recent developments, virus-like particles (VLPs) are considered to be perfect candidates as nanoplatforms for applications in materials science and medicine. To succeed, mass production of VLPs and self-assembly into a correct form in plant systems are key factors. Here, we report expression of synthesized coat proteins of the three viruses, Brome mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, and Maize rayado fino virus, in Nicotiana benthamiana and production of self-assembled VLPs by transient expression system using agroinfiltration. Each coat protein was synthesized and cloned into a pBYR2fp single replicon vector. Target protein expression in cells containing p19 was fourfold higher than that of cells lacking p19. After agroinfiltration, protein expression was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and quantitative image analyzer. Quantitative analysis showed that BMVCP, CMVCP, and MRFVCP concentrations were 0.5, 1.0, and 0.8 mg · g(-1) leaf fresh weight, respectively. VLPs were purified by sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation and then analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Our results suggested that BMVCP and CMVCP proteins expressed in N. benthamiana leaves were able to correctly self-assemble into particles. Moreover, we evaluated internal cavity accessibility of VLPs to load foreign molecules. Finally, plant growth conditions after agroinfiltration are critical for increasing heterologous protein expression levels in a transient expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Beom Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB, Gwahangno 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
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25
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Hefferon KL. DNA Virus Vectors for Vaccine Production in Plants: Spotlight on Geminiviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:642-53. [PMID: 26344750 PMCID: PMC4494219 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants represent a safe, efficacious and inexpensive production platform by which to provide vaccines and other therapeutic proteins to the world's poor. Plant virus expression vector technology has rapidly become one of the most popular methods to express pharmaceutical proteins in plants. This review discusses several of the state-of-the-art plant expression systems based upon geminiviruses that have been engineered for vaccine production. An overview of the advantages of these small, single-stranded DNA viruses is provided and comparisons are made with other virus expression systems. Advances in the design of several different geminivirus vectors are presented in this review, and examples of vaccines and other biologics generated from each are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Hefferon
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada.
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26
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N-glycosylation modification of plant-derived virus-like particles: an application in vaccines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:249519. [PMID: 24971324 PMCID: PMC4055563 DOI: 10.1155/2014/249519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been developed as an alternative system to mammalian cells for production of recombinant prophylactic or therapeutic proteins for human and animal use. Effective plant expression systems for recombinant proteins have been established with the optimal combination of gene expression regulatory elements and control of posttranslational processing of recombinant glycoproteins. In plant, virus-like particles (VLPs), viral “empty shells” which maintain the same structural characteristics of virions but are genome-free, are considered extremely promising as vaccine platforms and therapeutic delivery systems. Unlike microbial fermentation, plants are capable of carrying out N-glycosylation as a posttranslational modification of glycoproteins. Recent advances in the glycoengineering in plant allow human-like glycomodification and optimization of desired glycan structures for enhancing safety and functionality of recombinant pharmaceutical glycoproteins. In this review, the current plant-derived VLP approaches are focused, and N-glycosylation and its in planta modifications are discussed.
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27
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Dugdale B, Mortimer CL, Kato M, James TA, Harding RM, Dale JL. Design and construction of an in-plant activation cassette for transgene expression and recombinant protein production in plants. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1010-27. [PMID: 24705598 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virus-based transgene expression systems have become particularly valuable for recombinant protein production in plants. The dual-module in-plant activation (INPACT) expression platform consists of a uniquely designed split-gene cassette incorporating the cis replication elements of Tobacco yellow dwarf geminivirus (TYDV) and an ethanol-inducible activation cassette encoding the TYDV Rep and RepA replication-associated proteins. The INPACT system is essentially tailored for recombinant protein production in stably transformed plants and provides both inducible and high-level transient transgene expression with the potential to be adapted to diverse crop species. The construction of a novel split-gene cassette, the inducible nature of the system and the ability to amplify transgene expression via rolling-circle replication differentiates this system from other DNA- and RNA-based virus vector systems used for stable or transient recombinant protein production in plants. Here we provide a detailed protocol describing the design and construction of a split-gene INPACT cassette, and we highlight factors that may influence optimal activation and amplification of gene expression in transgenic plants. By using Nicotiana tabacum, the protocol takes 6-9 months to complete, and recombinant proteins expressed using INPACT can accumulate to up to 10% of the leaf total soluble protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dugdale
- 1] Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2]
| | - Cara L Mortimer
- 1] Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2]
| | - Maiko Kato
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tess A James
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert M Harding
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James L Dale
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Thanavala Y, Huang Z, Mason HS. Plant–derived vaccines: a look back at the highlights and a view to the challenges on the road ahead. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:249-60. [PMID: 16608424 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The sobering reality is that each year, 33 million children remain unvaccinated for vaccine-preventable diseases. Universal childhood vaccination would have profound effects on leveling the health inequities in many parts of the world. As an alternative to administration of vaccines by needle and syringe, oral vaccines offer significant logistical advantages, as the polio eradication campaign has demonstrated. Over the past decade, the expression of subunit vaccine antigens in plants has emerged as a convenient, safe and potentially economical platform technology, with the potential to provide a novel biotechnological solution to vaccine production and delivery. As this technology has come of age, many improvements have been made on several fronts, as a growing number of research groups worldwide have extensively investigated plants as factories for vaccine production. This review attempts to highlight some of the achievements over the past 15 years, identify some of the potential problems and discuss the promises that this technology could fulfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Thanavala
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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29
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Baltes NJ, Gil-Humanes J, Cermak T, Atkins PA, Voytas DF. DNA replicons for plant genome engineering. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:151-63. [PMID: 24443519 PMCID: PMC3963565 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.119792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sequence-specific nucleases enable facile editing of higher eukaryotic genomic DNA; however, targeted modification of plant genomes remains challenging due to ineffective methods for delivering reagents for genome engineering to plant cells. Here, we use geminivirus-based replicons for transient expression of sequence-specific nucleases (zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat/Cas system) and delivery of DNA repair templates. In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), replicons based on the bean yellow dwarf virus enhanced gene targeting frequencies one to two orders of magnitude over conventional Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA. In addition to the nuclease-mediated DNA double-strand breaks, gene targeting was promoted by replication of the repair template and pleiotropic activity of the geminivirus replication initiator proteins. We demonstrate the feasibility of using geminivirus replicons to generate plants with a desired DNA sequence modification. By adopting a general plant transformation method, plantlets with a desired DNA change were regenerated in <6 weeks. These results, in addition to the large host range of geminiviruses, advocate the use of replicons for plant genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Baltes
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Javier Gil-Humanes
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Tomas Cermak
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Paul A. Atkins
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Daniel F. Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Skarjinskaia M, Ruby K, Araujo A, Taylor K, Gopalasamy-Raju V, Musiychuk K, Chichester JA, Palmer GA, de la Rosa P, Mett V, Ugulava N, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Hairy Roots as a Vaccine Production and Delivery System. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF HAIRY ROOT SYSTEMS 2013; 134:115-34. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gleba YY, Tusé D, Giritch A. Plant viral vectors for delivery by Agrobacterium. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 375:155-92. [PMID: 23949286 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral vectors delivered by Agrobacterium are the basis of several manufacturing processes that are currently in use for producing a wide range of proteins for multiple applications, including vaccine antigens, antibodies, protein nanoparticles such as virus-like particles (VLPs), and other protein and protein-RNA scaffolds. Viral vectors delivered by agrobacterial T-DNA transfer (magnifection) have also become important tools in research. In recent years, essential advances have been made both in the development of second-generation vectors designed using the 'deconstructed virus' approach, as well as in the development of upstream manufacturing processes that are robust and fully scalable. The strategy relies on Agrobacterium as a vector to deliver DNA copies of one or more viral RNA/DNA replicons; the bacteria are delivered into leaves by vacuum infiltration, and the viral machinery takes over from the point of T-DNA transfer to the plant cell nucleus, driving massive RNA and protein production and, if required, cell-to-cell spread of the replicons. Among the most often used viral backbones are those of the RNA viruses Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Potato virus X (PVX) and Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), and the DNA geminivirus Bean yellow dwarf virus. Prototypes of industrial processes that provide for high yield, rapid scale up and fast manufacturing cycles have been designed, and several GMP-compliant and GMP-certified manufacturing facilities are in place. These efforts have been successful as evidenced by the fact that several antibodies and vaccine antigens produced by magnifection are currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Y Gleba
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, Halle (Saale), Germany,
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Werner S, Breus O, Symonenko Y, Marillonnet S, Gleba Y. High-level recombinant protein expression in transgenic plants by using a double-inducible viral vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14061-6. [PMID: 21825158 PMCID: PMC3161547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102928108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here a unique ethanol-inducible process for expression of recombinant proteins in transgenic plants. The process is based on inducible release of viral RNA replicons from stably integrated DNA proreplicons. A simple treatment with ethanol releases the replicon leading to RNA amplification and high-level protein production. To achieve tight control of replicon activation and spread in the uninduced state, the viral vector has been deconstructed, and its two components, the replicon and the cell-to-cell movement protein, have each been placed separately under the control of an inducible promoter. Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants incorporating this double-inducible system demonstrate negligible background expression, high (over 0.5 × 10(4)-fold) induction multiples, and high absolute levels of protein expression upon induction (up to 4.3 mg/g fresh biomass). The process can be easily scaled up, supports expression of practically important recombinant proteins, and thus can be directly used for industrial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Werner
- Icon Genetics GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Oksana Breus
- Icon Genetics GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Yuri Symonenko
- Icon Genetics GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | - Yuri Gleba
- Icon Genetics GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Xu J, Ge X, Dolan MC. Towards high-yield production of pharmaceutical proteins with plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:278-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chen Q, He J, Phoolcharoen W, Mason HS. Geminiviral vectors based on bean yellow dwarf virus for production of vaccine antigens and monoclonal antibodies in plants. HUMAN VACCINES 2011; 7:331-8. [PMID: 21358270 PMCID: PMC3166492 DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.3.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant vaccine antigens and monoclonal antibodies using plant viral vectors has developed extensively during the past several years. The approach benefits from high yields of recombinant protein obtained within days after transient delivery of viral vectors to leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, a tobacco relative. Modified viral genomes of both RNA and DNA viruses have been created. Geminiviruses such as bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV) have a small, single stranded DNA genome that replicates in the nucleus of an infected plant cell, using the cellular DNA synthesis apparatus and a virus-encoded replication initiator protein (Rep). BeYDV-derived expression vectors contain deletions of the viral genes encoding coat and movement proteins and insertion of an expression cassette for a protein of interest. Delivery of the geminiviral vector to leaf cells via Agrobacterium-mediated delivery produces very high levels of recombinant DNA that can act as a transcription template, yielding high levels of mRNA for the protein of interest. Several vaccine antigens, including Norwalk virus capsid protein and hepatitis B core antigen, were expressed using the BeYDV vector at levels up to 1 mg per g of leaf mass. BeYDV replicons can be stacked in the same vector molecule by linking them in tandem, which enables production of multi-subunit proteins like monoclonal antibody (mAb) heavy and light chains. The protective mAb 6D8 against Ebola virus was produced at 0.5 mg per g of leaf mass. Multi-replicon vectors could be conveniently used to produce protein complexes, e.g. virus-like particles that require two or more subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Rybicki EP, Martin DP. Virus-derived ssDNA vectors for the expression of foreign proteins in plants. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 375:19-45. [PMID: 22038412 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses with ssRNA genomes provide a unique opportunity for generating expression vehicles for biopharming in plants, as constructs containing only the replication origin, with the replication-associated protein (Rep) gene provided in cis or in trans, can be replicationally amplified in vivo by several orders of magnitude, with significant accompanying increases in transcription and expression of gene(s) of interest. Appropriate replicating vectors or replicons may be derived from several different generic geminiviruses (family Geminiviridae) or nanoviruses (family Nanoviridae), for potential expression of a wide range of single or even multiple products in a wide range of plant families. The use of vacuum or other infiltration of whole plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens suspensions has allowed the development of a set of expression vectors that rival the deconstructed RNA virus vectors in their yield and application, with some potential advantages over the latter that still need to be explored. Several modern applications of ssDNA plant vectors and their future potential will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa,
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36
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Liu Z, Kearney CM. An efficient Foxtail mosaic virus vector system with reduced environmental risk. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:88. [PMID: 21162736 PMCID: PMC3022558 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant viral vectors offer high-yield expression of pharmaceutical and commercially important proteins with a minimum of cost and preparation time. The use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been introduced to deliver the viral vector as a transgene to each plant cell via a simple, nonsterile infiltration technique called "agroinoculation". With agroinoculation, a full length, systemically moving virus is no longer necessary for excellent protein yield, since the viral transgene is transcribed and replicates in every infiltrated cell. Viral genes may therefore be deleted to decrease the potential for accidental spread and persistence of the viral vector in the environment. RESULTS In this study, both the coat protein (CP) and triple gene block (TGB) genetic segments were eliminated from Foxtail mosaic virus to create the "FECT" vector series, comprising a deletion of 29% of the genome. This viral vector is highly crippled and expresses little or no marker gene within the inoculated leaf. However, when co-agroinoculated with a silencing suppressor (p19 or HcPro), FECT expressed GFP at 40% total soluble protein in the tobacco host, Nicotiana benthamiana. The modified FoMV vector retained the full-length replicase ORF, the TGB1 subgenomic RNA leader sequence and either 0, 22 or 40 bases of TGB1 ORF (in vectors FECT0, FECT22 and FECT40, respectively). As well as N. benthamiana, infection of legumes was demonstrated. Despite many attempts, expression of GFP via syringe agroinoculation of various grass species was very low, reflecting the low Agrobacterium-mediated transformation rate of monocots. CONCLUSIONS The FECT/40 vector expresses foreign genes at a very high level, and yet has a greatly reduced biohazard potential. It can form no virions and can effectively replicate only in a plant with suppressed silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun Liu
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #7388, Waco, TX, 76798 USA
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA
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37
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Huang TK, Plesha MA, McDonald KA. Semicontinuous bioreactor production of a recombinant human therapeutic protein using a chemically inducible viral amplicon expression system in transgenic plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:408-21. [PMID: 20198659 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell culture is an alternative for the production of recombinant human therapeutic proteins because of improved product safety, lower production cost, and capability for eukaryotic post-translational modification. In this study, bioreactor production of recombinant human alpha-1-antitrypsin (rAAT) glycoprotein using a chemically inducible Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) viral amplicon expression system in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana cell culture is presented. Optimization of a chemically inducible plant cell culture requires evaluation of effects of timing of induction (TOI) and concentration of inducer (COI) on protein productivity and protein quality (biological functionality). To determine the optimal TOI, the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of the plant cell culture was chosen as a physiological indicator for inducing maximum rAAT expression. Effects of COI on rAAT production were investigated using a semicontinuous culture, which enables the distinction between effects of growth rate and effects of inducer concentration. An optimized semicontinuous bioreactor operation was further proposed to maximize the recombinant protein production. The results demonstrated that the transgenic plant cells, transformed with the inducible viral amplicon expression system, maintain higher OUR and exhibit lower extracellular protease activity and lower total phenolics concentration in the optimized semicontinuous bioreactor process than in a traditional batch bioreactor operation, resulting in a 25-fold increase in extracellular functional rAAT (603 microg/L) and a higher ratio of functional rAAT to total rAAT (85-90%). Surprisingly, sustained rAAT production and steady state, long-term bioreactor operation is possible following chemical induction and establishment of the viral amplicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Kuo Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, 95616, USA
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38
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Regnard GL, Halley-Stott RP, Tanzer FL, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. High level protein expression in plants through the use of a novel autonomously replicating geminivirus shuttle vector. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:38-46. [PMID: 19929900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a novel autonomously replicating gene expression shuttle vector, with the aim of developing a system for transiently expressing proteins at levels useful for commercial production of vaccines and other proteins in plants. The vector, pRIC, is based on the mild strain of the geminivirus Bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV-m) and is replicationally released into plant cells from a recombinant Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid. pRIC differs from most other geminivirus-based vectors in that the BeYDV replication-associated elements were included in cis rather than from a co-transfected plasmid, while the BeYDV capsid protein (CP) and movement protein (MP) genes were replaced by an antigen encoding transgene expression cassette derived from the non-replicating A. tumefaciens vector, pTRAc. We tested vector efficacy in Nicotiana benthamiana by comparing transient cytoplasmic expression between pRIC and pTRAc constructs encoding either enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or the subunit vaccine antigens, human papillomavirus subtype 16 (HPV-16) major CP L1 and human immunodeficiency virus subtype C p24 antigen. The pRIC constructs were amplified in planta by up to two orders of magnitude by replication, while 50% more HPV-16 L1 and three- to seven-fold more EGFP and HIV-1 p24 were expressed from pRIC than from pTRAc. Vector replication was shown to be correlated with increased protein expression. We anticipate that this new high-yielding plant expression vector will contribute towards the development of a viable plant production platform for vaccine candidates and other pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy L Regnard
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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39
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Daniell H, Singh ND, Mason H, Streatfield SJ. Plant-made vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:669-79. [PMID: 19836291 PMCID: PMC2787751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are ideal bioreactors for the production and oral delivery of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals, eliminating the need for expensive fermentation, purification, cold storage, transportation and sterile delivery. Plant-made vaccines have been developed for two decades but none has advanced beyond Phase I. However, two plant-made biopharmaceuticals are now advancing through Phase II and Phase III human clinical trials. In this review, we evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different plant expression systems (stable nuclear and chloroplast or transient viral) and their current limitations or challenges. We provide suggestions for advancing this valuable concept for clinical applications and conclude that greater research emphasis is needed on large-scale production, purification, functional characterization, oral delivery and preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, College of Medicine, 336 Biomolecular Science Building, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA.
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40
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Huang TK, McDonald KA. Bioreactor engineering for recombinant protein production in plant cell suspension cultures. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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41
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Huang Z, Chen Q, Hjelm B, Arntzen C, Mason H. A DNA replicon system for rapid high-level production of virus-like particles in plants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:706-14. [PMID: 19309755 PMCID: PMC2704498 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) represent a safe and effective vaccine strategy. We previously described a stable transgenic plant system for inexpensive production and oral delivery of VLP vaccines. However, the relatively low-level antigen accumulation and long-time frame to produce transgenic plants are the two major roadblocks in the practical development of plant-based VLP production. In this article, we describe the optimization of geminivirus-derived DNA replicon vectors for rapid, high-yield plant-based production of VLPs. Co-delivery of bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV)-derived vector and Rep/RepA-supplying vector by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in efficient replicon amplification and robust protein production within 5 days. Co-expression of the P19 protein of tomato bush stunt virus, a gene silencing inhibitor, further enhanced VLP accumulation by stabilizing the mRNA. With this system, hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) and Norwalk virus capsid protein (NVCP) were produced at 0.80 and 0.34 mg/g leaf fresh weight, respectively. Sedimentation analysis and electron microscopy of transiently expressed antigens verified the efficient assembly of VLPs. Furthermore, a single replicon vector containing a built-in Rep/RepA cassette without P19 drove protein expression at similar levels as the three-component system. These results demonstrate the advantages of fast and high-level production of VLP-based vaccines using the BeYDV-derived DNA replicon system for transient expression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Huang
- Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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42
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Plesha MA, Huang TK, Dandekar AM, Falk BW, McDonald KA. Optimization of the bioprocessing conditions for scale-up of transient production of a heterologous protein in plants using a chemically inducible viral amplicon expression system. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:722-34. [PMID: 19504593 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Use of transient expression for the rapid, large-scale production of recombinant proteins in plants requires optimization of existing methods to facilitate scale-up of the process. We have demonstrated that the techniques used for agroinfiltration and induction greatly impact transient production levels of heterologous protein. A Cucumber mosaic virus inducible viral amplicon (CMViva) expression system was used to transiently produce recombinant alpha-1-antitrypsin (rAAT) by co-infiltrating harvested Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with two Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, one containing the CMViva expression cassette carrying the AAT gene and the other containing a binary vector carrying the gene silencing suppressor p19. Harvested leaves were both infiltrated and induced by either pressure or vacuum infiltration. Using the vacuum technique for both processes, maximum levels of functional and total rAAT were elevated by (190 +/- 8.7)% and (290 +/- 7.5)%, respectively, over levels achieved when using the pressure technique for both processes. The bioprocessing conditions for vacuum infiltration and induction were optimized and resulted in maximum rAAT production when using an A. tumefaciens concentration at OD(600) of 0.5 and a 0.25-min vacuum infiltration, and multiple 1-min vacuum inductions further increased production 25% and resulted in maximum levels of functional and total rAAT at (2.6 +/- 0.09)% and (4.1 +/- 0.29)% of the total soluble protein, respectively, or (90 +/- 1.7) and (140 +/- 10) mg per kg fresh weight leaf tissue at 6 days post-induction. Use of harvested plant tissue with vacuum infiltration and induction demonstrates a bioprocessing route that is fully amenable to scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Plesha
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
This review examines the challenges of segregating biopharmed crops expressing pharmaceutical or veterinary agents from mainstream crops, particularly those destined for food or feed use. The strategy of using major food crops as production vehicles for the expression of pharmaceutical or veterinary agents is critically analysed in the light of several recent episodes of contamination of the human food chain by non-approved crop varieties. Commercially viable strategies to limit or avoid biopharming intrusion into the human food chain require the more rigorous segregation of food and non-food varieties of the same crop species via a range of either physical or biological methods. Even more secure segregation is possible by the use of non-food crops, non-crop plants or in vitro plant cultures as production platforms for biopharming. Such platforms already under development range from outdoor-grown Nicotiana spp. to glasshouse-grown Arabidopsis, lotus and moss. Amongst the more effective methods for biocontainment are the plastid expression of transgenes, inducible and transient expression systems, and physical containment of plants or cell cultures. In the current atmosphere of heightened concerns over food safety and biosecurity, the future of biopharming may be largely determined by the extent to which the sector is able to maintain public confidence via a more considered approach to containment and security of its plant production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Murphy
- Biotechnology Unit, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Treforest, CF37 1DL, UK.
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44
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Collens JI, Mason HS, Curtis WR. Agrobacterium-mediated viral vector-amplified transient gene expression in Nicotiana glutinosa plant tissue culture. Biotechnol Prog 2007; 23:570-6. [PMID: 17425328 DOI: 10.1021/bp060342u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A viral vector based on the bean yellow dwarf virus was investigated for its potential to increase transient gene expression. An intron-containing GUS reporter gene and the cis-acting viral regulatory elements were incorporated in the viral vector and could be complemented by the viral replication-associated proteins provided on a secondary vector. All vectors were delivered to Nicotiana glutinosa plant cell suspension or hairy root cultures via auxotrophic Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Cell culture generated greater yield of reporter gene expression than did root culture, as a result of the limitation imposed on roots to express the protein only in surface tissue containing actively dividing cells. Reporter gene expression increased for cell culture when the reporter gene construct was co-delivered with the construct supplying both viral replication associated proteins (REP and REPA); gene expression decreased when the construct supplying only the viral REP protein was co-delivered. Reporter protein expression increased from 0.091% for the reporter construct alone to 0.22% total soluble protein (% TSP) when the viral Rep-supplying vector was co-delivered with the reporter gene construct. Reporter protein was generated 3 days after the initiation of bacterial co-culture, providing for rapid generation of heterologous protein in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Collens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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45
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Gleba Y, Klimyuk V, Marillonnet S. Viral vectors for the expression of proteins in plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:134-41. [PMID: 17368018 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant viral vectors for the transient expression of heterologous proteins offers a useful tool for the large-scale production of proteins of industrial importance, such as antibodies and vaccine antigens. In recent years, advances have been made both in the development of first-generation vectors (that employ the 'full virus') and second-generation ('deconstructed virus') vectors. For example, vectors based around the 'full virus' strategy can now be used to express long polypeptides (at least 140 amino acids long) as fusions to the coat protein. In addition, a new generation of vectors was engineered to have a reactogenic amino acid exposed on the surface of the virus, allowing easy chemical conjugation of (separately produced) proteins to the viral surface. This approach is being used to develop new vaccines in the form of antigens coupled to a plant viral surface. Prototypes of industrial processes that require high-yield production, rapid scale-up, and fast manufacturing have been recently developed using the 'deconstructed virus' approach (magnifection). This process, which relies on Agrobacterium as a vector to deliver DNA copies of one or more viral RNA replicons to plant cells, has been shown to work with numerous proteins, including full immunoglobulin G antibodies. Other advances in this area have looked at the development of inducible viral systems and the use of viral vectors to produce nanoscale materials for modular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Gleba
- Biozentrum Halle, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Molecular farming for antigen (vaccine) production in plants. IMPROVEMENT OF CROP PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL END USES 2007. [PMCID: PMC7120765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5486-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and proteomic approaches to the study of fundamental cell mechanisms are rapidly contributing to broaden our knowledge on metabolic pathways for the optimal exploitation of the cell as a factory. In the last few years this knowledge has led to important advances in the large scale production of diagnostic and therapeutic proteins in heterologous hosts (bacteria, yeasts, mammalian and insect cells or transgenic animals and plants), allowing the comparison of the most efficient methods in terms of costs, product quality and safety.
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Sudarshana MR, Plesha MA, Uratsu SL, Falk BW, Dandekar AM, Huang TK, McDonald KA. A chemically inducible cucumber mosaic virus amplicon system for expression of heterologous proteins in plant tissues. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:551-9. [PMID: 17309729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel cucumber mosaic virus inducible viral amplicon (CMViva) expression system has been developed that allows for tightly regulated chemically inducible expression of heterologous genes in plant hosts. Transient production of recombinant alpha(1)-antitrypsin (rAAT), a human blood protein, was demonstrated in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The highest production levels were obtained by co-infiltrating leaves with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells containing CMViva carrying the AAT gene and A. tumefaciens cells carrying a binary vector constitutively expressing the gene silencing suppressor p19. Accumulation of up to thirty-fold more rAAT was observed in leaves (24 mg per 100 g leaf tissue) when compared with the expression levels observed using the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Significantly, 70% of the rAAT produced using the CMViva expression system was found to be biologically active, a 170-fold increase in functional protein compared with the CaMV 35S expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysore R Sudarshana
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Mayo KJ, Gonzales BJ, Mason HS. Genetic transformation of tobacco NT1 cells with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nat Protoc 2006; 1:1105-11. [PMID: 17406390 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This protocol is used to produce stably transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) NT1 cell lines, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated DNA delivery of a binary vector containing a gene encoding hepatitis B surface antigen and a gene encoding the kanamycin selection marker. The NT1 cultures, at the appropriate stage of growth, are inoculated with A. tumefaciens containing the binary vector. A 3-day cocultivation period follows, after which the cultures are rinsed and placed on solid selective medium. Transformed colonies ('calli') appear in approximately 4 weeks; they are subcultured until adequate material is obtained for analysis of antigen production. 'Elite' lines are selected based on antigen expression and growth characteristics. The time required for the procedure from preparation of the plant cell materials to callus development is approximately 5 weeks. Growth of selected calli to sufficient quantities for antigen screening may require 4-6 weeks beyond the initial selection. Creation of the plasmid constructs, transformation of the A. tumefaciens line, and ELISA and Bradford assays to assess protein production require additional time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Mayo
- Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5401, USA
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