1
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Li Z, Du X, Wang YMC. A survey of FDA Approved Monoclonal Antibodies and Fc-fusion Proteins for Manufacturing Changes and Comparability Assessment. Pharm Res 2024; 41:13-27. [PMID: 37910341 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Manufacturing changes occur commonly throughout stages of biologics development and may result in product quality attribute changes. As changes in critical quality attributes have the potential to affect clinical safety and efficacy of products, it is imperative to ensure the quality and clinical performance before introducing the after-change products. Thus, we embarked on this project to understand what data have supported the manufacturing changes for licensed products with pre- and post-approval changes. METHODS We surveyed the manufacturing changes of 85 monoclonal antibodies and 10 Fc fusion proteins approved by the Food and Drug Administration as of December 25, 2021. After collecting the type and timing of changes for these products, we investigated the approaches that provided supporting data for the changes. The source documents included reports submitted by applicants and FDA's regulatory reviews. RESULTS Analytical comparability was assessed to support all identified manufacturing changes. Supporting clinical data were available in 92% of these manufacturing changes; including data from pharmacokinetic comparability studies alone (3%), other studies on efficacy or safety (70%) and a combination of both (19%). Clinical pharmacokinetic comparability data contributed to supporting substantial changes, such as host cell type or master cell bank changes, concentration or formulation changes, and changes from pre-filled syringes to autoinjectors, especially when introduced after completing pivotal studies. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive retrospective analysis provides an understanding of the regulatory experience and industry practice, which could facilitate developing appropriate comparability approaches to support manufacturing changes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (OCP/CDER/FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Xiulian Du
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (OCP/CDER/FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yow-Ming C Wang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (OCP/CDER/FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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2
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Schwarz H, Mäkinen ME, Castan A, Chotteau V. Monitoring of Amino Acids and Antibody N-Glycosylation in High Cell Density Perfusion Culture based on Raman Spectroscopy. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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3
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Screening of CHO-K1 endogenous promoters for expressing recombinant proteins in mammalian cell cultures. Plasmid 2022; 119-120:102620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2022.102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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mAb Production Modeling and Design Space Evaluation Including Glycosylation Process. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to high demand, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production needs to be efficient, as well as maintaining a high product quality. Quality by design (QbD) via predictive process modeling greatly facilitates process understanding and can be used to adjust process parameters to further improve the unit operations. In this work, mechanistic and dynamic kriging models are developed to capture the protein productivity and glycan fractions under different temperatures and pH levels. The design of experiments is used to generate input and output data for model training. The dynamic kriging model shows good performance in capturing the dynamic profiles of cell cultures and glycosylation using only limited input data. The developed model is further used for feasibility analysis, and successfully identifies the operating design space, maintaining high productivity and guaranteed product quality.
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5
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Abstract
Glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of therapeutic proteins. The glycosylation pattern is dependent on many parameters such as the host cell line or the culture conditions. N- and O-linked glycans usually play a great role on the stability, safety, and efficacy of the drug. For this reason, glycosylation is considered as a critical quality attribute of therapeutic glycoproteins, and a thorough characterization should be performed, as well as a systematic control for each batch produced. This chapter gives a short presentation of the structure of glycans commonly found on recombinant therapeutic proteins, and their role on the properties of the drug, in terms of stability, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. Lastly, the use of mass spectrometry for the analysis of glycoproteins is briefly described.
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6
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Das TK, Narhi LO, Sreedhara A, Menzen T, Grapentin C, Chou DK, Antochshuk V, Filipe V. Stress Factors in mAb Drug Substance Production Processes: Critical Assessment of Impact on Product Quality and Control Strategy. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Schneider A, Gorr IH, Larraillet V, Frensing T, Popp O. Reduction of IL-2 fragmentation during manufacturing of a novel immunocytokine by DoE process optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2503-2513. [PMID: 31180133 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent molecule in cancer therapy. Clinical application, however, is limited due to its strong side effects during the treatment. We developed an IL-2 variant (IL-2v) immunocytokine to circumvent the drawbacks of the current IL-2 therapy. During the production of the IL-2v immunocytokine in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, molecules with fragmented IL-2v and therefore reduced cytokine activity can be observed. To control product fragmentation different production process conditions were investigated. By shifting temperature or pH after the cell growth phase to lower values, fragmented species can be reduced from 10% to 12% to about 4%. However, with the adopted process conditions, the effective titer is decreased concomitantly. Moreover, fermentation length and inoculation cell density are parameters to adjust fragmentation and effective titer. A suitable method for efficient process optimization is the design of experiment approach. With this procedure, novel optimal values for temperature, pH value, harvest day, and inoculation cell densities were proposed and tested subsequently. In comparison to the former process, the improved process reduces fragmentation by 66% while keeping the effective titer comparable. In summary, these findings will help to control fragmentation in CHO production processes of different IL-2v or IL-2 containing therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Schneider
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo H Gorr
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany.,Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Vincent Larraillet
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Biochemical and Analytical Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Frensing
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Cell Culture Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Munich, Germany
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8
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Ghorbani Aghdam A, Moradhaseli S, Jafari F, Motahari P, Samavat S, Mahboudi R, Maleknia S. Therapeutic Fc fusion protein misfolding: A three-phasic cultivation experimental design. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210712. [PMID: 30650123 PMCID: PMC6334962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture process optimization is a critical solution to most of the challenges faced by the pharmaceutical manufacturing. One of the major problems encountered in large-scale production of therapeutic proteins is misfolded protein production. The accumulation of misfolded therapeutic proteins is an immunogenic signal and a risk factor for immunogenicity of the final product. The aim of this study was the statistical optimization of three-phasic temperature shift and timing for enhanced production of correctly folded Fc-fusion protein. The effect of culture temperatures were investigated using the biphasic culture system. Box-Behnken design was then used to compute temperature and time of shifting optimum. Response surface methodology revealed that maximum production with low level of misfolded protein was achieved at two-step temperature shift from 37°C to 30°C during the late logarithmic phase and 30°C to 28°C in the mid-stationary phase. The optimized condition gave the best results of 1860 mg L-1 protein titer with 24.5% misfolding level. The validation experiments were carried out under optimal conditions with three replicates and the protein misfolding level was decreased by two times while productivity increased by ~ 1.3-fold. Large-scale production in 250 L bioreactor under the optimum conditions was also verified the effectiveness and the accuracy of the model. The results showed that by utilizing two-step temperature shift, productivity and the quality of target protein have been improved simultaneously. This model could be successfully applied to other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ghorbani Aghdam
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Moradhaseli
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farnoush Jafari
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Paria Motahari
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sepideh Samavat
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mahboudi
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shayan Maleknia
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
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9
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Xu J, Tang P, Yongky A, Drew B, Borys MC, Liu S, Li ZJ. Systematic development of temperature shift strategies for Chinese hamster ovary cells based on short duration cultures and kinetic modeling. MAbs 2019; 11:191-204. [PMID: 30230966 PMCID: PMC6343780 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1525262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature shift (TS) to a hypothermic condition has been widely used during protein production processes that use Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The effect of temperature on cell growth, metabolites, protein titer and quality depends on cell line, product, and other bioreactor conditions. Due to the large numbers of experiments, which typically last 2-3 weeks each, limited systematic TS studies have been reported with multiple shift temperatures and steps at different times. Here, we systematically studied the effect of temperature on cell culture performance for the production of two monoclonal antibodies by industrial GS and DG44 CHO cell lines. Three 2-8 day short-duration methods were developed and validated for researching the effect of many different temperatures on CHO cell culture and quality attributes. We found that minor temperature differences (1-1.5 °C) affected cell culture performance. The kinetic parameters extracted from the short duration data were subsequently used to compute and predict cell culture performance in extended duration of 10-14 days with multiple TS conditions for both CHO cell lines. These short-duration culture methods with kinetic modeling tools may be used for effective TS optimization to achieve the best profiles for cell growth, metabolites, titer and quality attributes. Although only three short-duration methods were developed with two CHO cell lines, similar short-duration methods with kinetic modeling may be applied for different hosts, including both microbial and other mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Peifeng Tang
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Yongky
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Barry Drew
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Michael C. Borys
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, USA
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10
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Yamano N, Omasa T. EGCG improves recombinant protein productivity in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures via cell proliferation control. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1697-1706. [PMID: 30069612 PMCID: PMC6269352 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cell lines are good manufacturing practice-certified host cells and are widely used in the field of biotechnology to produce therapeutic antibodies. Recombinant protein productivity in cells is strongly associated with cell growth. To control cell proliferation, many approaches have previously been tested including: genetic engineering, chemical additives such as cell cycle inhibitors, and temperature shift of the culture. To be widely adopted in the biopharmaceutical industry, the culture methods should be simple, uniform and safe. To this end, we examined the use a natural compound to improve the production capacity. In this study, we focused on the antioxidants, catechin polyphenols, which are found in green tea, for cell proliferation control strategies. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin that induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, was investigated for its effect on recombinant protein production. Adding EGCG to the cell culture media resulted in slower cellular growth and longer cell longevity, which improved the specific productivity and total yield of recombinant IgG1 in batch cultures by almost 50% for an extra 2 or 3 days of culture. A lower L-glutamine consumption rate was observed in cells cultured in EGCG-containing media, which may be suggesting that there was less stress in the culture environment. Additionally, EGCG did not affect the N-glycan quality of IgG1. Our results indicated that adding EGCG only on the first day of the culture enhanced the specific productivity and total amount of recombinant protein production in batch cultures. This approach may prove to be useful for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yamano
- Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, 7-1-49, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Tossolini I, López-Díaz FJ, Kratje R, Prieto CC. Characterization of cellular states of CHO-K1 suspension cell culture through cell cycle and RNA-sequencing profiling. J Biotechnol 2018; 286:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Chen X, Liu J, Liu X, Fan L, Zhao L, Tan WS. Characterization and minimization of sialic acid degradation in an Fc-fusion protein-producing CHO cell bioprocess. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Bausch M, Schultheiss C, Sieck JB. Recommendations for Comparison of Productivity Between Fed‐Batch and Perfusion Processes. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1700721. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Paul AJ, Handrick R, Ebert S, Hesse F. Identification of process conditions influencing protein aggregation in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1173-1185. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J. Paul
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Biberach Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Biberach Germany
| | - Sybille Ebert
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Biberach Germany
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology; Biberach University of Applied Sciences; Biberach Germany
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15
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Goey CH, Tsang JMH, Bell D, Kontoravdi C. Cascading effect in bioprocessing-The impact of mild hypothermia on CHO cell behavior and host cell protein composition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2771-2781. [PMID: 28843000 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in downstream purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is the removal of host cell proteins (HCPs). Previous studies have shown that cell culture conditions significantly impact the HCP content at harvest. However, it is currently unclear how process conditions affect physiological changes in the host cell population, and how these changes, in turn, cascade down to change the HCP profile. We examined how temperature downshift (TDS) to mild hypothermia affects key upstream performance indicators, that is antibody titre, HCP concentration and HCP species, across the cell culture decline phase and at harvest through the lens of changes in cellular behavior. Mild hypothermic conditions introduced on day 5 of fed-batch Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell bioreactors resulted in a lower cell proliferation rate but larger percentages of healthier cells across the cell culture decline phase compared to bioreactors maintained at standard physiological temperature. Moreover, the onset of apoptosis was less evident in mild hypothermic cultures. Consequently, mild hypothermic cultures took an extra 5 days to reach an integral viable cell concentration (IVCC) and antibody yield similar to that of the control at standard physiological temperature. When cell viability dropped below 80%, mild hypothermic cell cultures had a reduced variety of HCP species by 36%, including approximately 44% and 27% lower proteases and chaperones, respectively, despite having similar HCP concentration. This study suggests that TDS may be a good strategy to provide cleaner downstream feedstocks by reducing the variety of HCPs and to maintain product integrity by reducing the number of proteases and chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher H Goey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | | | - David Bell
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K
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16
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Lee JH, Reier J, Heffner KM, Barton C, Spencer D, Schmelzer AE, Venkat R. Production and characterization of active recombinant human factor II with consistent sialylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1991-2000. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong H. Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Development; MedImmune; 1 MedImmune Way Gaithersburg 20878 Maryland
| | - Jason Reier
- Biopharmaceutical Development; MedImmune; 1 MedImmune Way Gaithersburg 20878 Maryland
| | - Kelley M. Heffner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | | | - David Spencer
- Ipsen Biopharm Limited; Wrexham Industrial Estate, Wrexham United Kingdom
| | - Albert E. Schmelzer
- Biopharmaceutical Development; MedImmune; 1 MedImmune Way Gaithersburg 20878 Maryland
| | - Raghavan Venkat
- Biopharmaceutical Development; MedImmune; 1 MedImmune Way Gaithersburg 20878 Maryland
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17
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Cell culture media supplementation of infrequently used sugars for the targeted shifting of protein glycosylation profiles. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:511-522. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Shirsat N, Avesh M, English NJ, Glennon B, Al-Rubeai M. Verhulst and stochastic models for comparing mechanisms of MAb productivity in six CHO cell lines. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:1499-511. [PMID: 26307674 PMCID: PMC4960197 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study validates previously published methodologies-stochastic and Verhulst-for modelling the growth and MAb productivity of six CHO cell lines grown in batch cultures. Cytometric and biochemical data were used to model growth and productivity. The stochastic explanatory models were developed to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of growth and productivity, whereas the Verhulst mechanistic models were developed for their predictability. The parameters of the two sets of models were compared for their biological significance. The stochastic models, based on the cytometric data, indicated that the productivity mechanism is cell specific. However, as shown before, the modelling results indicated that G2 + ER indicate high productivity, while G1 + ER indicate low productivity, where G1 and G2 are the cell cycle phases and ER is Endoplasmic Reticulum. In all cell lines, growth proved to be inversely proportional to the cumulative G1 time (CG1T) for the G1 phase, whereas productivity was directly proportional to ER. Verhulst's rule, "the lower the intrinsic growth factor (r), the higher the growth (K)," did not hold for growth across all cell lines but held good for the cell lines with the same growth mechanism-i.e., r is cell specific. However, the Verhulst productivity rule, that productivity is inversely proportional to the intrinsic productivity factor (r x ), held well across all cell lines in spite of differences in their mechanisms for productivity-that is, r x is not cell specific. The productivity profile, as described by Verhulst's logistic model, is very similar to the Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetic equation, suggesting that productivity is more likely enzymatic in nature. Comparison of the stochastic and Verhulst models indicated that CG1T in the cytometric data has the same significance as r, the intrinsic growth factor in the Verhulst models. The stochastic explanatory and the Verhulst logistic models can explain the differences in the productivity of the six clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant Shirsat
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mohd Avesh
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Niall J English
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Brian Glennon
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Al-Rubeai
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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19
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Kaisermayer C, Reinhart D, Gili A, Chang M, Aberg PM, Castan A, Kunert R. Biphasic cultivation strategy to avoid Epo-Fc aggregation and optimize protein expression. J Biotechnol 2016; 227:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Aich U, Lakbub J, Liu A. State-of-the-art technologies for rapid and high-throughput sample preparation and analysis ofN-glycans from antibodies. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1468-88. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udayanath Aich
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline; King of Prussia PA USA
| | - Jude Lakbub
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline; King of Prussia PA USA
| | - Aston Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Analytical Sciences; Biopharmaceutical Development, GlaxoSmithKline; King of Prussia PA USA
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21
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A signature of 12 microRNAs is robustly associated with growth rate in a variety of CHO cell lines. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:150-61. [PMID: 26993211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are the cell line of choice for the production of human-like recombinant proteins, there is interest in genetic optimization of host cell lines to overcome certain limitations in their growth rate and protein secretion. At the same time, a detailed understanding of these processes could be used to advantage by identification of marker transcripts that characterize states of performance. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs) that exhibit a robust correlation to the growth rate of CHO cells were determined by analyzing miRNA expression profiles in a comprehensive collection of 46 samples including CHO-K1, CHO-S and CHO-DUKXB11, which were adapted to various culture conditions, and analyzed in different growth stages using microarrays. By applying Spearman or Pearson correlation coefficient criteria of>|0.6|, miRNAs with high correlation to the overall growth, or growth rates observed in exponential, serum-free, and serum-free exponential phase were identified. An overlap of twelve miRNAs common for all sample sets was revealed, with nine positively and three negatively correlating miRNAs. The here identified panel of miRNAs can help to understand growth regulation in CHO cells and contains putative engineering targets as well as biomarkers for cell lines with advantageous growth characteristics.
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22
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Kunert R, Reinhart D. Advances in recombinant antibody manufacturing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3451-61. [PMID: 26936774 PMCID: PMC4803805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the first use of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for recombinant protein expression, production processes have steadily improved through numerous advances. In this review, we have highlighted several key milestones that have contributed to the success of CHO cells from the beginning of their use for monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression until today. The main factors influencing the yield of a production process are the time to accumulate a desired amount of biomass, the process duration, and the specific productivity. By comparing maximum cell densities and specific growth rates of various expression systems, we have emphasized the limiting parameters of different cellular systems and comprehensively described scientific approaches and techniques to improve host cell lines. Besides the quantitative evaluation of current systems, the quality-determining properties of a host cell line, namely post-translational modifications, were analyzed and compared to naturally occurring polyclonal immunoglobulin fractions from human plasma. In summary, numerous different expression systems for mAbs are available and also under scientific investigation. However, CHO cells are the most frequently investigated cell lines and remain the workhorse for mAb production until today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kunert
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Reinhart
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Fischer S, Mathias S, Schaz S, Emmerling VV, Buck T, Kleemann M, Hackl M, Grillari J, Aschrafi A, Handrick R, Otte K. Enhanced protein production by microRNA-30 family in CHO cells is mediated by the modulation of the ubiquitin pathway. J Biotechnol 2015; 212:32-43. [PMID: 26256096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics represent a valuable approach to improve culture performance of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines for biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Recent advances in applied microRNA (miRNAs) research suggest that these small non-coding RNAs are critical for the regulation of cell phenotypes in CHO cells. However, the notion that individual miRNAs usually control the expression of hundreds of different genes makes miRNA target identification highly complex. We have recently reported that the entire miR-30 family enhances recombinant protein production in CHO cells. To better understand the pro-productive effects of this miRNA family, we set out to identify their downstream target genes in CHO cells. Computational target prediction combined with a comprehensive functional validation enabled the discovery of a set of twenty putative target genes for all productivity enhancing miR-30 family members. We demonstrate that all miR-30 isoforms contribute to the regulation of the ubiquitin pathway in CHO cells by directly targeting the ubiquitin E3 ligase S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2). Finally, we provide several lines of evidence that miR-30-mediated modulation of the ubiquitin pathway may enhance recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. In summary, this study supports the importance of non-coding RNAs, especially of miRNAs, in the context of cell line engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fischer
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; University of Ulm, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Sven Mathias
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; University of Ulm, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Simone Schaz
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; University of Ulm, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Verena Vanessa Emmerling
- University of Ulm, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471 Laupheim, Germany.
| | - Theresa Buck
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Michael Kleemann
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | | | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Evercyte GmbH, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain Function, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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Kishishita S, Nishikawa T, Shinoda Y, Nagashima H, Okamoto H, Takuma S, Aoyagi H. Effect of temperature shift on levels of acidic charge variants in IgG monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:700-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Lin CY, Huang Z, Wen W, Wu A, Wang C, Niu L. Enhancing Protein Expression in HEK-293 Cells by Lowering Culture Temperature. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123562. [PMID: 25893827 PMCID: PMC4404257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells and cell lines, such as HEK-293 cells, are commonly cultured at 37°C. These cells are often used to express recombinant proteins. Having a higher expression level or a higher protein yield is generally desirable. As we demonstrate in this study, dropping culture temperature to 33°C, but not lower, 24 hours after transient transfection in HEK-293S cells will give rise to ~1.5-fold higher expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. By following the time course of the GFP-expressing cells growing at 37°C and 33°C from 24 hours after transfection (including 19 hours recovery at 37°C in the normal growth medium), we found that a mild hypothermia (i.e., 33°C) reduces the growth rate of HEK-293S cells, while increasing cellular productivity of recombinant proteins. As a result, green cells remain undivided in a longer period of time. Not surprisingly, the property of a recombinant protein expressed in the cells grown at 33°C is unaffected, as shown by the use of AMPA receptors. We further demonstrate with the use of PC12 cells that this method may be especially useful when a recombinant protein is difficult to express using a chemical-based, transient transfection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, 12222, United States of America
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, 12222, United States of America
| | - Wei Wen
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, 12222, United States of America
| | - Andrew Wu
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, 12222, United States of America
| | - Congzhou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, 12222, United States of America
| | - Li Niu
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, 12222, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Du Z, Treiber D, McCarter JD, Fomina-Yadlin D, Saleem RA, McCoy RE, Zhang Y, Tharmalingam T, Leith M, Follstad BD, Dell B, Grisim B, Zupke C, Heath C, Morris AE, Reddy P. Use of a small molecule cell cycle inhibitor to control cell growth and improve specific productivity and product quality of recombinant proteins in CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:141-55. [PMID: 25042542 PMCID: PMC4282109 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The continued need to improve therapeutic recombinant protein productivity has led to ongoing assessment of appropriate strategies in the biopharmaceutical industry to establish robust processes with optimized critical variables, that is, viable cell density (VCD) and specific productivity (product per cell, qP). Even though high VCD is a positive factor for titer, uncontrolled proliferation beyond a certain cell mass is also undesirable. To enable efficient process development to achieve consistent and predictable growth arrest while maintaining VCD, as well as improving qP, without negative impacts on product quality from clone to clone, we identified an approach that directly targets the cell cycle G1-checkpoint by selectively inhibiting the function of cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 with a small molecule compound. Results from studies on multiple recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines demonstrate that the selective inhibitor can mediate a complete and sustained G0/G1 arrest without impacting G2/M phase. Cell proliferation is consistently and rapidly controlled in all recombinant cell lines at one concentration of this inhibitor throughout the production processes with specific productivities increased up to 110 pg/cell/day. Additionally, the product quality attributes of the mAb, with regard to high molecular weight (HMW) and glycan profile, are not negatively impacted. In fact, high mannose is decreased after treatment, which is in contrast to other established growth control methods such as reducing culture temperature. Microarray analysis showed major differences in expression of regulatory genes of the glycosylation and cell cycle signaling pathways between these different growth control methods. Overall, our observations showed that cell cycle arrest by directly targeting CDK4/6 using selective inhibitor compound can be utilized consistently and rapidly to optimize process parameters, such as cell growth, qP, and glycosylation profile in recombinant antibody production cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Du
- Cell Sciences and Technology, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington.
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27
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Schneider JD, Marillonnet S, Castilho A, Gruber C, Werner S, Mach L, Klimyuk V, Mor TS, Steinkellner H. Oligomerization status influences subcellular deposition and glycosylation of recombinant butyrylcholinesterase in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:832-9. [PMID: 24618259 PMCID: PMC4265266 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a proven track record for the expression of biopharmaceutically interesting proteins. Importantly, plants and mammals share a highly conserved secretory pathway that allows similar folding, assembly and posttranslational modifications of proteins. Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a highly sialylated, tetrameric serum protein, investigated as a bioscavenger for organophosphorous nerve agents. Expression of recombinant BChE (rBChE) in Nicotiana benthamiana results in accumulation of both monomers as well as assembled oligomers. In particular, we show here that co-expression of BChE with a novel gene-stacking vector, carrying six mammalian genes necessary for in planta protein sialylation, resulted in the generation of rBChE decorated with sialylated N-glycans. The N-glycosylation profile of monomeric rBChE secreted to the apoplast largely resembles the plasma-derived orthologue. In contrast, rBChE purified from total soluble protein extracts was decorated with a significant portion of ER-typical oligomannosidic structures. Biochemical analyses and live-cell imaging experiments indicated that impaired N-glycan processing is due to aberrant deposition of rBChE oligomers in the endoplasmic reticulum or endoplasmic-reticulum-derived compartments. In summary, we show the assembly of rBChE multimers, however, also points to the need for in-depth studies to explain the unexpected subcellular targeting of oligomeric BChE in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine D Schneider
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | | | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
| | | | - Tsafrir S Mor
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria
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28
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Klanert G, Jadhav V, Chanoumidou K, Grillari J, Borth N, Hackl M. Endogenous microRNA clusters outperform chimeric sequence clusters in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:538-44. [PMID: 24323929 PMCID: PMC4282078 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides) which regulate gene expression by silencing mRNA translation. MiRNAs are transcribed as long primary transcripts, which are enzymatically processed by Drosha/Dgcr8, in the nucleus, and by Dicer in the cytoplasm, into mature miRNAs. The importance of miRNAs for coordinated gene expression is commonly accepted. Consequentially, there is a growing interest in the application of miRNAs to improve phenotypes of mammalian cell factories such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Few studies have reported the targeted over-expression of miRNAs in CHO cells using vector-based systems. These approaches were hampered by limited sequence availability, and required the design of "chimeric" miRNA genes, consisting of the mature CHO miRNA sequence encompassed by murine flanking and loop sequences. Here we show that the substitution of chimeric sequences with CHO-specific sequences for expression of miRNA clusters yields significantly higher expression levels of the mature miRNA in the case of miR-221/222 and miR-15b/16. Our data suggest that the Drosha/Dgcr8-mediated excision from primary transcripts is reduced for chimeric miRNA sequences compared to the endogenous sequence. Overall, this study provides important guidelines for the targeted over-expression of clustered miRNAs in CHO cells. See accompanying commentary by Baik and Lee DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Klanert
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Vaibhav Jadhav
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Nicole Borth
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Matthias Hackl
- Department of BiotechnologyBoku University Vienna, Austria
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29
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Yang WC, Lu J, Kwiatkowski C, Yuan H, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T, Huang YM. Perfusion seed cultures improve biopharmaceutical fed-batch production capacity and product quality. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:616-25. [PMID: 24574326 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric productivity and product quality are two key performance indicators for any biopharmaceutical cell culture process. In this work, we showed proof-of-concept for improving both through the use of alternating tangential flow perfusion seed cultures coupled with high-seed fed-batch production cultures. First, we optimized the perfusion N-1 stage, the seed train bioreactor stage immediately prior to the production bioreactor stage, to minimize the consumption of perfusion media for one CHO cell line and then successfully applied the optimized perfusion process to a different CHO cell line. Exponential growth was observed throughout the N-1 duration, reaching >40 × 10(6) vc/mL at the end of the perfusion N-1 stage. The cultures were subsequently split into high-seed (10 × 10(6) vc/mL) fed-batch production cultures. This strategy significantly shortened the culture duration. The high-seed fed-batch production processes for cell lines A and B reached 5 g/L titer in 12 days, while their respective low-seed processes reached the same titer in 17 days. The shortened production culture duration potentially generates a 30% increase in manufacturing capacity while yielding comparable product quality. When perfusion N-1 and high-seed fed-batch production were applied to cell line C, higher levels of the active protein were obtained, compared to the low-seed process. This, combined with correspondingly lower levels of the inactive species, can enhance the overall process yield for the active species. Using three different CHO cell lines, we showed that perfusion seed cultures can optimize capacity utilization and improve process efficiency by increasing volumetric productivity while maintaining or improving product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Yang
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709
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30
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An automated robotic platform for rapid profiling oligosaccharide analysis of monoclonal antibodies directly from cell culture. Anal Biochem 2013; 442:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Sheikholeslami Z, Jolicoeur M, Henry O. The impact of the timing of induction on the metabolism and productivity of CHO cells in culture. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Costa AR, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Azeredo J. Glycosylation: impact, control and improvement during therapeutic protein production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:281-99. [PMID: 23919242 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.793649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the biopharmaceutical industry represented a major revolution for modern medicine, through the development of recombinant therapeutic proteins that brought new hope for many patients with previously untreatable diseases. There is a ever-growing demand for these therapeutics that forces a constant technological evolution to increase product yields while simultaneously reducing costs. However, the process changes made for this purpose may also affect the quality of the product, a factor that was initially overlooked but which is now a major focus of concern. Of the many properties determining product quality, glycosylation is regarded as one of the most important, influencing, for example, the biological activity, serum half-life and immunogenicity of the protein. Consequently, monitoring and control of glycosylation is now critical in biopharmaceutical manufacturing and a requirement of regulatory agencies. A rapid evolution is being observed in this context, concerning the influence of glycosylation in the efficacy of different therapeutic proteins, the impact on glycosylation of a diversity of parameters/processes involved in therapeutic protein production, the analytical methodologies employed for glycosylation monitoring and control, as well as strategies that are being explored to use this property to improve therapeutic protein efficacy (glycoengineering). This work reviews the main findings on these subjects, providing an up-to-date source of information to support further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Costa
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal
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33
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Costa AR, Withers J, Rodrigues ME, McLoughlin N, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Rudd PM, Azeredo J. The impact of cell adaptation to serum-free conditions on the glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:563-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Spadiut O, Rittmann S, Dietzsch C, Herwig C. Dynamic process conditions in bioprocess development. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Spadiut
- Vienna University of Technology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna; Austria
| | - Simon Rittmann
- Vienna University of Technology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna; Austria
| | - Christian Dietzsch
- Vienna University of Technology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna; Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Vienna University of Technology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna; Austria
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35
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Lee JS, Ha TK, Lee SJ, Lee GM. Current state and perspectives on erythropoietin production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1405-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Tep S, Hincapie M, Hancock WS. The characterization and quantitation of glycomic changes in CHO cells during a bioreactor campaign. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:3007-17. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Botezatu L, Sievers S, Gama-Norton L, Schucht R, Hauser H, Wirth D. Genetic aspects of cell line development from a synthetic biology perspective. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 127:251-284. [PMID: 22068842 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal cells can be regarded as factories for the production of relevant proteins. The advances described in this chapter towards the development of cell lines with higher productivity capacities, certain metabolic and proliferation properties, reduced apoptosis and other features must be regarded in an integrative perspective. The systematic application of systems biology approaches in combination with a synthetic arsenal for targeted modification of endogenous networks are proposed to lead towards the achievement of a predictable and technologically advanced cell system with high biotechnological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Botezatu
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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38
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39
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Hackl M, Jakobi T, Blom J, Doppmeier D, Brinkrolf K, Szczepanowski R, Bernhart SH, Höner Zu Siederdissen C, Bort JAH, Wieser M, Kunert R, Jeffs S, Hofacker IL, Goesmann A, Pühler A, Borth N, Grillari J. Next-generation sequencing of the Chinese hamster ovary microRNA transcriptome: Identification, annotation and profiling of microRNAs as targets for cellular engineering. J Biotechnol 2011; 153:62-75. [PMID: 21392545 PMCID: PMC3119918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the predominant cell factory for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Nevertheless, the lack in publicly available sequence information is severely limiting advances in CHO cell biology, including the exploration of microRNAs (miRNA) as tools for CHO cell characterization and engineering. In an effort to identify and annotate both conserved and novel CHO miRNAs in the absence of a Chinese hamster genome, we deep-sequenced small RNA fractions of 6 biotechnologically relevant cell lines and mapped the resulting reads to an artificial reference sequence consisting of all known miRNA hairpins. Read alignment patterns and read count ratios of 5' and 3' mature miRNAs were obtained and used for an independent classification into miR/miR* and 5p/3p miRNA pairs and discrimination of miRNAs from other non-coding RNAs, resulting in the annotation of 387 mature CHO miRNAs. The quantitative content of next-generation sequencing data was analyzed and confirmed using qPCR, to find that miRNAs are markers of cell status. Finally, cDNA sequencing of 26 validated targets of miR-17-92 suggests conserved functions for miRNAs in CHO cells, which together with the now publicly available sequence information sets the stage for developing novel RNAi tools for CHO cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hackl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 19, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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40
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Kou TC, Fan L, Zhou Y, Ye ZY, Liu XP, Zhao L, Tan WS. Detailed understanding of enhanced specific productivity in Chinese hamster ovary cells at low culture temperature. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:365-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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del Val IJ, Kontoravdi C, Nagy JM. Towards the implementation of quality by design to the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with desired glycosylation patterns. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1505-27. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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42
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Fan L, Zhao L, Ye Z, Sun Y, Kou T, Zhou Y, Tan WS. Effect of culture temperature on TNFR-Fc productivity in recombinant glutamine synthetase-chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:1239-44. [PMID: 20533076 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lowering the culture temperature is often useful to improve the production of many recombinant proteins in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Batch cultivation of GS-CHO cells expressing TNFR-Fc antibody was therefore carried out at 30, 33.5 and 37 degrees C. TNFR-Fc productivity, q(TNFR-Fc), increased as culture temperature decreased; and the maximum q(TNFR-Fc) was 20 mg/(10(9) cells.day) at 30 degrees C which was three times that at 37 degrees C. Increasing the viable cell density (VCD) to above 2.2 x 10(6) cells/ml, however, decreased the q(TNFR-Fc) at 30 degrees C, which was due to a reduction in transcription of the TNFR-Fc gene. Taken together, lowering temperature can improve q(TNFR-Fc) but the negative effect of increasing VCD compromises this effect. Further process development addressing the issue of cell density-dependent TNFR-Fc productivity is therefore needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, MeiLong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
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Gomez N, Ouyang J, Nguyen MDH, Vinson AR, Lin AA, Yuk IH. Effect of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and hydrolysate on the formation of triple light chain antibodies in cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1438-45. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Effects of hydroxyurea on monoclonal antibody production induced by anti-mIgG and LPS stimulation on murine B cell hybridomas. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:205-15. [PMID: 20490659 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical treatment with hydroxyurea (HU) has been selected as a simple and low cost strategy to generate a cell population enriched for the G1 phase. After the chemical treatment with HU, cells were stimulated with anti-mIgG to test if the positive effects of anti-mIgG on CD40 expression and specific IgG2a production rate were improved upon a cell population with a higher percentage of cells in G1 phase at the beginning of the cell culture. In addition, other treatments assayed in this work were the cell stimulation with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both before and after the HU treatment. It has been observed that the use of HU under conditions able to maintain the cells in viable state (0.1 mM for 20 h), has a negative effect on CD40 expression and specific IgG2a production rate induced by anti-mIgG. The positive effect of LPS on cell stimulation induced by anti-mIgG is reduced on cells treated with HU.
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Transcriptome and proteome analysis of Chinese hamster ovary cells under low temperature and butyrate treatment. J Biotechnol 2009; 145:143-59. [PMID: 19770009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells selected for high productivity are capable of secreting immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules at a level that rivals plasma cells in vivo. Following butyrate treatment at 33 degrees C, further increases in productivity are observed. To better understand the mechanisms by which this increased productivity is incurred, the transcriptional response of an antibody-producing cell line undergoing these treatments was investigated using oligo-DNA microarrays. Using distance calculations, more than 900 genes were identified as kinetically differentially expressed between the butyrate-treated 33 degrees C culture and the untreated culture. Furthermore, transcript levels of the heavy and light chain IgG genes increased following treatment. Using stable isotope labeling (SILAC), the secretion rate of IgG was investigated by tracking the decay of the isotope label upon switching to unlabeled medium. Both treated and untreated cultures exhibited very similar IgG secretion kinetics. In contrast, the intracellular IgG content was found to be elevated following treatment. This result suggests that increased productivity under treatment is attributable to elevated cellular secretory capacity, rather than shorter holding times in the secretory pathway. This hypothesis is further supported by the results of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), which revealed that elements of the secretory pathway, including Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton protein binding and small GTPase-mediated signal transduction are enriched and thus may play a role in the increased recombinant protein production observed under butyrate treatment at 33 degrees C.
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Hossler P, Khattak SF, Li ZJ. Optimal and consistent protein glycosylation in mammalian cell culture. Glycobiology 2009; 19:936-49. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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The effects of microcarrier culture on recombinant CHO cells under biphasic hypothermic culture conditions. Cytotechnology 2009; 59:81-91. [PMID: 19412658 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, producing recombinant secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) was investigated under three different culture conditions (suspension cells, cells attached to Cytodex 3 and Cytopore 1 microcarriers) in a biphasic culture mode using a temperature shift to mild hypothermic conditions (33 degrees C) in a fed-batch bioreactor. The cell viability in both the suspension and the Cytodex 3 cultures was maintained for significantly longer periods under hypothermic conditions than in the single-temperature cultures, leading to higher integrated viable cell densities. For all culture conditions, the specific productivity of SEAP increased after the temperature reduction; the specific productivities of the microcarrier cultures increased approximately threefold while the specific productivity of the suspension culture increased nearly eightfold. The glucose and glutamine consumption rates and lactate and ammonia production rates were significantly lowered after the temperature reduction, as were the yields of lactate from glucose. However, the yield of ammonia from glutamine increased in response to the temperature shift.
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Tang YJ, Zhang W, Zhong JJ. Performance analyses of a pH-shift and DOT-shift integrated fed-batch fermentation process for the production of ganoderic acid and Ganoderma polysaccharides by medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:1852-1859. [PMID: 19010665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on Ganoderma lucidum fermentation suggested that the responses of the cell growth and metabolites biosynthesis to pH and dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) were different. The ganoderic acid (GA) production of 321.6 mg/L was obtained in the pH-shift culture by combining a 4-day culture at pH 3.0 with the following 6-day culture at pH 4.5, which was higher by 45% and 300% compared with the culture at pH 3.0 and 4.5, respectively. The GA production of 487.1mg/L was achieved in the DOT-shift culture by combining a 6-day culture at 25% of DOT with a following 6-day culture at 10% of DOT, which was higher by 43% and 230% compared with the culture at 25% and 10% of DOT, respectively. A fed-batch fermentation process by combining the above-mentioned pH-shift and DOT-shift strategies resulted in a significant synergistic enhancement of GA accumulation up to 754.6 mg/L, which is the highest reported in the submerged fermentation of G. lucidum in stirred-tank bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Tang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Ahn WS, Jeon JJ, Jeong YR, Lee SJ, Yoon SK. Effect of culture temperature on erythropoietin production and glycosylation in a perfusion culture of recombinant CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1234-44. [PMID: 18980186 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of culture temperature on erythropoietin (EPO) production and glycosylation in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we cultivated CHO cells using a perfusion bioreactor. Cells were cultivated at 37 degrees C until viable cell concentration reached 1 x 10(7) cells/mL, and then culture temperature was shifted to 25 degrees C, 28 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 32 degrees C, 37 degrees C (control), respectively. Lowering culture temperature suppressed cell growth but was beneficial to maintain high cell viability for a longer period. In a control culture at 37 degrees C, cell viability gradually decreased and fell below 80% on day 18 while it remained over 90% throughout the culture at low culture temperature. The cumulative EPO production and specific EPO productivity, q(EPO), increased at low culture temperature and were the highest at 32 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively. Interestingly, the cumulative EPO production at culture temperature below 32 degrees C was not as high as the cumulative EPO production at 32 degrees C although the q(EPO) at culture temperature below 32 degrees C was comparable or even higher than the q(EPO) at 32 degrees C. This implies that the beneficial effect of lowering culture temperature below 32 degrees C on q(EPO) is outweighed by its detrimental effect on the integral of viable cells. The glycosylation of EPO was evaluated by isoelectric focusing, normal phase HPLC and anion exchange chromatography analyses. The quality of EPO at 32 degrees C in regard to acidic isoforms, antennary structures and sialylated N-linked glycans was comparable to that at 37 degrees C. However, at culture temperatures below 32 degrees C, the proportions of acidic isoforms, tetra-antennary structures and tetra-sialylated N-linked glycans were further reduced, suggesting that lowering culture temperature below 32 degrees C negatively affect the quality of EPO. Thus, taken together, cell culture at 32 degrees C turned out to be the most satisfactory since it showed the highest cumulative EPO production, and moreover, EPO quality at 32 degrees C was not deteriorated as obtained at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Suk Ahn
- Life Science R&D, LG Life Sciences, Science Town, Daejon, Korea
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The application of SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry to mammalian cell culture. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 27:177-84. [PMID: 19049820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time-of-Fight Mass Spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) is a technique by which protein profiles can be rapidly produced from a wide variety of biological samples. By employing chromatographic surfaces combined with the specificity and reproducibility of mass spectrometry it has allowed for profiles from complex biological samples to be analysed. Profiling and biomarker identification have been employed widely throughout the biological sciences. To date, however, the benefits of SELDI-TOF MS have not been realised in the area of mammalian cell culture. The advantages in identifying markers for cell stresses, apoptosis and other culture parameters mean that these tools could help greatly to enhance monitoring and control of bioreaction process and improve the production of therapeutics. Better characterisation of culture systems through proteome analysis will allow for improved productivity and better yields.
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