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Improving Protein Quantity and Quality—The Next Level of Plant Molecular Farming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031326. [PMID: 35163249 PMCID: PMC8836236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants offer several unique advantages in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals for humans and animals. Although numerous recombinant proteins have been expressed in plants, only a small fraction have been successfully put into use. The hugely distinct expression systems between plant and animal cells frequently cause insufficient yield of the recombinant proteins with poor or undesired activity. To overcome the issues that greatly constrain the development of plant-produced pharmaceuticals, great efforts have been made to improve expression systems and develop alternative strategies to increase both the quantity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Recent technological revolutions, such as targeted genome editing, deconstructed vectors, virus-like particles, and humanized glycosylation, have led to great advances in plant molecular farming to meet the industrial manufacturing and clinical application standards. In this review, we discuss the technological advances made in various plant expression platforms, with special focus on the upstream designs and milestone achievements in improving the yield and glycosylation of the plant-produced pharmaceutical proteins.
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Song K, Moon DB, Kim NY, Shin YK. Glycosylation Heterogeneity of Hyperglycosylated Recombinant Human Interferon-β (rhIFN-β). ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6619-6627. [PMID: 32258897 PMCID: PMC7114697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously developed a biobetter version of rhIFN-β (R27T) that possesses an additional glycosylation site compared with rhIFN-β 1a. Herein, we characterized N-glycosylation heterogeneity of R27T, which includes both N-glycan site occupancy heterogeneity (macro-heterogeneity) and complexity of carbohydrate moieties (micro-heterogeneity). N-glycan site occupancy manifested as distinct differences in size and isoelectric point. The analysis of complex carbohydrate moieties of R27T involved the common biopharmaceutical glycosylation critical quality attributes such as core fucosylation, antennary composition, sialylation, N-acetyllactosamine extensions, linkages, and overall glycan profiles using weak anion-exchange and hydrophilic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography with 2-aminobenzoic acid-labeled N-glycans. The double-glycosylated form accounted for approx. 94% R27T, while the single-glycosylated form accounted for 6% R27T. N-glycans consisted of a mixture of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary glycans, some with N-acetyllactosamine extensions, but neither outer arm fucose nor α-galactose was detected. Sialic acid major variants, N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, were more abundant in R27T than in Rebif. The major N-glycan, accounting for ∼42% of total N-glycans, had a di-sialylated, core-fucosylated bi-antennary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Song
- LOGONE
Bio Convergence Research Foundation, Center
for Companion Diagnostics, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- . Phone: +82-2-880-9187
| | - Dae Bong Moon
- IFEZ
Bio Analysis Center, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- ABION
Inc., R&D Center, Guro, Seoul 13488, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Molecular
Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence
Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- . Phone: +82-2-880-9187
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Smargiasso N, Nader J, Rioux S, Mazzucchelli G, Boutry M, De Pauw E, Chaumont F, Navarre C. Exploring the N-Glycosylation Profile of Glycoprotein B from Human Cytomegalovirus Expressed in CHO and Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3741. [PMID: 31370181 PMCID: PMC6696289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to control the glycosylation pattern of recombinant viral glycoproteins represents a major prerequisite before their use as vaccines. The aim of this study consisted of expressing the large soluble ectodomain of glycoprotein B (gB) from Human Cytomegalovirus (HMCV) in Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) suspension cells and of comparing its glycosylation profile with that of gB produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. gB was secreted in the BY-2 culture medium at a concentration of 20 mg/L and directly purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography. We then measured the relative abundance of N-glycans present on 15 (BY-2) and 17 (CHO) out of the 18 N-sites by multienzymatic proteolysis and mass spectrometry. The glycosylation profile differed at each N-site, some sites being occupied exclusively by oligomannosidic type N-glycans and others by complex N-glycans processed in some cases with additional Lewis A structures (BY-2) or with beta-1,4-galactose and sialic acid (CHO). The profiles were strikingly comparable between BY-2- and CHO-produced gB. These results suggest a similar gB conformation when glycoproteins are expressed in plant cells as site accessibility influences the glycosylation profile at each site. These data thus strengthen the BY-2 suspension cultures as an alternative expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Smargiasso
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory-MolSys, GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Joseph Nader
- Louvain Institute for Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory-MolSys, GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Boutry
- Louvain Institute for Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory-MolSys, GIGA Proteomics Facility, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - François Chaumont
- Louvain Institute for Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Catherine Navarre
- Louvain Institute for Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Xiong Y, Li Q, Kailemia MJ, Lebrilla CB, Nandi S, McDonald KA. Glycoform Modification of Secreted Recombinant Glycoproteins through Kifunensine Addition during Transient Vacuum Agroinfiltration. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E890. [PMID: 29562594 PMCID: PMC5877751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kifunensine, a potent and selective inhibitor of class I α-mannosidases, prevents α-mannosidases I from trimming mannose residues on glycoproteins, thus resulting in oligomannose-type glycans. We report for the first time that through one-time vacuum infiltration of kifunensine in plant tissue, N-linked glycosylation of a recombinant protein transiently produced in whole-plants shifted completely from complex-type to oligomannose-type. Fc-fused capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2-Fc) containing one N-glycosylation site on the Fc domain, produced in Nicotiana benthamiana whole plants, served as a model protein. The CMG2-Fc fusion protein was produced transiently through vacuum agroinfiltration, with and without kifunensine at a concentration of 5.4 µM in the agroinfiltration suspension. The CMG2-Fc N-glycan profile was determined using LC-MS/MS with a targeted dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method. The CMG2-Fc expression level in the infiltrated plant tissue and the percentage of oligomannose-type N-glycans for kifunensine treated plants was 874 mg/kg leaf fresh weight (FW) and 98.2%, respectively, compared to 717 mg/kg leaf FW and 2.3% for untreated plants. Oligomannose glycans are amenable to in vitro enzymatic modification to produce more human-like N-glycan structures that are preferred for the production of HIV-1 viral vaccine and certain monoclonal antibodies. This method allows glycan modifications using a bioprocessing approach without compromising protein yield or modification of the primary sequence, and could be expanded to other small molecule inhibitors of glycan-processing enzymes. For recombinant protein targeted for secretion, kifunensine treatment allows collection of glycoform-modified target protein from apoplast wash fluid (AWF) with minimal plant-specific complex N-glycan at higher starting purity and concentration than in whole-leaf extract, thus simplifying the downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongao Xiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Qiongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Muchena J Kailemia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Global HealthShare, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Karen A McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Global HealthShare, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kang SH, Jung HS, Lee SJ, Park CI, Lim SM, Park H, Kim BS, Na KH, Han GJ, Bae JW, Park HJ, Bang KC, Park BT, Hwang HS, Jung IS, Kim JI, Oh DB, Kim DI, Yagi H, Kato K, Kim DK, Kim HH. Glycan structure and serum half-life of recombinant CTLA4Ig, an immunosuppressive agent, expressed in suspension-cultured rice cells with coexpression of human β1,4-galactosyltransferase and human CTLA4Ig. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:161-72. [PMID: 25971702 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (hCTLA4Ig) is an immunosuppressive therapeutic, and recently produced rice cell-derived hCTLA4Ig (hCTLA4Ig(P)) reportedly exhibits in vitro immunosuppressive activities equivalent to those of Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived hCTLA4Ig (hCTLA4Ig(M)). However, limitations of hCTLA4Ig(P) include shortened in vivo half-life as well as the presence of nonhuman N-glycans containing (β1-2)-xylose and α1,3-fucose, which cause immunogenic reactions in humans. In the present study, human β1,4-galactose-extended hCTLA4Ig(P) (hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal) was expressed through the coexpression of human β1,4-galactosyltransferase (hGalT) and hCTLA4Ig in an attempt to overcome these unfavorable effects. The results indicated that both encoding hGalT and hCTLA4Ig were successfully coexpressed, and the analysis of N-glycan and its relative abundance in purified hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal indicated that not only were the two glycans containing (β1-4)-galactose newly extended, but also glycans containing both β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose were markedly reduced and high-mannose-type glycans were increased compared to those of hCTLA4Ig(P), respectively. Unlike hCTLA4Ig(P), hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal was effective as an acceptor via (β1-4)-galactose for in vitro sialylation. Additionally, the serum half-life of intravenously injected hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal in Sprague-Dawley rats was 1.9 times longer than that of hCTLA4Ig(P), and the clearance pattern of hCTLA4Ig(P)-Gal was close to that for hCTLA4Ig(M). These results indicate that the coexpression with hGalT and hCTLA4Ig(P) is useful for both reducing glycan immunogens and increasing in vivo stability. This is the first report of hCTLA4Ig as an effective therapeutics candidate in glycoengineered rice cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Kang
- Boryung Central Research Institute, Boryung Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1122-3, Shingil-dong, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Kyungki-do, 425-839, Republic of Korea
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Shin YJ, Chong YJ, Yang MS, Kwon TH. Production of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in rice cell suspension culture with a human-like N-glycan structure. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:1109-19. [PMID: 21801300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rice α-amylase 3D promoter system, which is activated under sucrose-starved conditions, has emerged as a useful system for producing recombinant proteins. However, using rice as the production system for therapeutic proteins requires modifications of the N-glycosylation pattern because of the potential immunogenicity of plant-specific sugar residues. In this study, glyco-engineered rice were generated as a production host for therapeutic glycoproteins, using RNA interference (RNAi) technology to down-regulate the endogenous α-1,3-fucosyltransferase (α-1,3-FucT) and β-1,2-xylosyltransferase (β-1,2-XylT) genes. N-linked glycans from the RNAi lines were identified, and their structures were compared with those isolated from a wild-type cell suspension. The inverted-repeat chimeric RNA silencing construct of α-1,3-fucosyltransferase and β-1,2-xylosyltransferase (Δ3FT/XT)-9 glyco-engineered line with significantly reduced core α-1,3-fucosylated and/or β-1,2-xylosylated glycan structures was established. Moreover, levels of plant-specific α-1,3-fucose and/or β-1,2-xylose residues incorporated into recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) produced from the N44 + Δ3FT/XT-4 glyco-engineered line co-expressing ihpRNA of Δ3FT/XT and hGM-CSF were significantly decreased compared with those in the previously reported N44-08 transgenic line expressing hGM-CSF. None of the glyco-engineered lines differed from the wild type with respect to cell division, proliferation or ability to secrete proteins into the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ji Shin
- Jeonju Biomaterials Institute, Jang-dong, Jeonju, South Korea
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Xu J, Ge X, Dolan MC. Towards high-yield production of pharmaceutical proteins with plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:278-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shin YJ, Chong YJ, Han KB, Yang MS, Kwon TH. N-linked glycan analysis of glycoproteins secreted from rice cell suspension cultures under sugar starvation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tremblay R, Wang D, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. Tobacco, a highly efficient green bioreactor for production of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:214-21. [PMID: 19961918 PMCID: PMC7132750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular farming of pharmaceuticals in plants has the potential to provide almost unlimited amounts of recombinant proteins for use in disease diagnosis, prevention or treatment. Tobacco has been and will continue to be a major crop for molecular farming and offers several practical advantages over other crops. It produces significant leaf biomass, has high soluble protein content and is a non-food crop, minimizing the risk of food-chain contamination. This, combined with its flexibility and highly-efficient genetic transformation/regeneration, has made tobacco particularly well suited for plant-based production of biopharmaceutical products. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the use of tobacco for molecular farming of biopharmaceuticals as well the technologies developed to enhance protein production/purification/efficacy. We show that tobacco is a robust biological reactor with a multitude of applications and may hold the key to success in plant molecular farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynald Tremblay
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Anthony M. Jevnikar
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
| | - Shengwu Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5
- Plantigen Inc., 700 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 4X8
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Karg SR, Kallio PT. The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant systems. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:879-894. [PMID: 19647060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals present the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry, with an ever widening scope of applications. Whole plants as well as contained plant cell culture systems are being explored for their potential as cheap, safe, and scalable production hosts. The first plant-derived biopharmaceuticals have now reached the clinic. Many biopharmaceuticals are glycoproteins; as the Golgi N-glycosylation machinery of plants differs from the mammalian machinery, the N-glycoforms introduced on plant-produced proteins need to be taken into consideration. Potent systems have been developed to change the plant N-glycoforms to a desired or even superior form compared to the native mammalian N-glycoforms. This review describes the current status of biopharmaceutical production in plants for industrial applications. The recent advances and tools which have been utilized to generate glycoengineered plants are also summarized and compared with the relevant mammalian systems whenever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R Karg
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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