1
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Lee Z, Wan J, Shen A, Barnard G. Gene copy number, gene configuration and LC/HC mRNA ratio impact on antibody productivity and product quality in targeted integration CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3433. [PMID: 38321634 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The augmentation of transgene copy numbers is a prevalent approach presumed to enhance transcriptional activity and product yield. CHO cell lines engineered via targeted integration (TI) offer an advantageous platform for investigating the interplay between gene copy number, mRNA abundance, product yield, and product quality. Our investigation revealed that incrementally elevating the gene copy numbers of both IgG heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) concurrently resulted in the attainment of plateaus in mRNA levels and product titers, notably occurring beyond four to five gene copies integrated at the same TI site. Furthermore, maintaining a fixed gene copy number while varying the position of genes within the vector influenced the LC/HC mRNA ratio, which subsequently exerted a substantial impact on product titer. Moreover, manipulation of the LC/HC gene ratio through the introduction of surplus LC gene copies led to heightened LC mRNA expression and a reduction in the levels of high molecular weight species. It is noteworthy that the effects of excess LC on product titer were dependent on the specific molecule under consideration. The strategic utilization of PCR tags enabled precise quantification of transcription from each expression slot within the vector, facilitating the identification of highly expressive and less expressive slots. Collectively, these findings significantly enhance our understanding of stable antibody production in TI CHO cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zion Lee
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Shen
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gavin Barnard
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Szkodny AC, Lee KH. A systemic approach to identifying sequence frameworks that decrease mAb production in a transient Chinese hamster ovary cell expression system. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3466. [PMID: 38607316 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often engineered at the sequence level for improved clinical performance yet are rarely evaluated prior to candidate selection for their "developability" characteristics, namely expression, which can necessitate additional resource investments to improve the manufacturing processes for problematic mAbs. A strong relationship between primary sequence and expression has emerged, with slight differences in amino acid sequence resulting in titers differing by up to an order of magnitude. Previous work on these "difficult-to-express" (DTE) mAbs has shown that these phenotypes are driven by post-translational bottlenecks in antibody folding, assembly, and secretion processes. However, it has been difficult to translate these findings across cell lines and products. This work presents a systematic approach to study the impact of sequence variation on mAb expression at a larger scale and under more industrially relevant conditions. The analysis found 91 mutations that decreased transient expression of an IgG1κ in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and revealed that mutations at inaccessible residues, especially those leading to decreases in residue hydrophobicity, are not favorable for high expression. This workflow can be used to better understand sequence determinants of mAb expression to improve candidate selection procedures and reduce process development timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Szkodny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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3
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Xu T, Zhang J, Wang T, Wang X. Recombinant antibodies aggregation and overcoming strategies in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3913-3922. [PMID: 35608667 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell lines are frequently used as the preferred host cells for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) having post-translational modified modifications similar to those observed in proteins produced by human cells. Nowadays, most RTPs approved for marketing are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies (RTAs) are among the most important and promising RTPs for biomedical applications. A major limitation associated with the use of RTAs is their aggregation, which can be caused by a variety of factors; this results in a reduction of quality. RTA aggregations are especially concerning as they can trigger human immune responses in humans and may be fatal. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying RTA aggregation and measures for avoiding aggregation are interesting topics in RTAs research. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of RTAs aggregation, with a focus on factors that cause aggregation during RTA production and the development of strategies for overcoming RTA aggregation. KEY POINTS: • The recombinant antibody aggregation in mammalian cell systems is reviewed. • Intracellular environment and extracellular parameters influence recombinant antibody aggregation. • Reducing the aggregations can improve the quality of recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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4
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Senga Y, Doi M, Onitsuka M, Honda S. Live-cell imaging to analyze intracellular aggregation of recombinant IgG in CHO cells. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:120-132.e4. [PMID: 34739851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) aggregates are formed during their production. However, the process underlying intracellular/extracellular aggregation in cell culture conditions is not well understood, and no effective method exists to assess IgG aggregates. Here, we establish an approach to detect intracellular aggregates using AF.2A1, a small artificial protein that binds to non-native IgG conformers and aggregates. Fluorescent-labeled AF.2A1 is prepared via conjugation and transfected into antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Micrographic images show intracellular IgG aggregates in CHO cells. The relative amount of intracellular aggregates (versus total intracellular IgG) differed depending on the type of additives used during cell culture. Interestingly, the relative amount of intracellular aggregates moderately correlates with that of in vitro extracellular IgG aggregates, suggesting they are secreted. This method will allow the investigation of antibody aggregation in cells, and may guide the production of therapeutic antibodies with high yield/quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Senga
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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5
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Hussain H, Patel T, Ozanne AMS, Vito D, Ellis M, Hinchliffe M, Humphreys DP, Stephens PE, Sweeney B, White J, Dickson AJ, Smales CM. A comparative analysis of recombinant Fab and full-length antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4815-4828. [PMID: 34585737 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are the leading class of biopharmaceuticals in terms of numbers approved for therapeutic purposes. Antigen-binding fragments (Fab) are also used as biotherapeutics and used widely in research applications. The dominant expression systems for full-length antibodies are mammalian cell-based, whereas for Fab molecules the preference has been an expression in bacterial systems. However, advances in CHO and downstream technologies make mammalian systems an equally viable option for small- and large-scale Fab production. Using a panel of full-length IgG antibodies and their corresponding Fab pair with different antigen specificities, we investigated the impact of the IgG and Fab molecule format on production from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and assessed the cellular capability to process and produce these formats. The full-length antibody format resulted in the recovery of fewer mini-pools posttransfection when compared to the corresponding Fab fragment format that could be interpreted as indicative of a greater overall burden on cells. Antibody-producing cell pools that did recover were subsequently able to achieve higher volumetric protein yields (mg/L) and specific productivity than the corresponding Fab pools. Importantly, when the actual molecules produced per cell of a given format was considered (as opposed to mass), CHO cells produced a greater number of Fab molecules per cell than obtained with the corresponding IgG, suggesting that cells were more efficient at making the smaller Fab molecule. Analysis of cell pools showed that gene copy number was not correlated to the subsequent protein production. The amount of mRNA correlated with secreted Fab production but not IgG, whereby posttranscriptional processes act to limit antibody production. In summary, we provide the first comparative description of how full-length IgG and Fab antibody formats impact on the outcomes of a cell line construction process and identify potential limitations in their production that could be targeted for engineering increases in the efficiency in the manufacture of these recombinant antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirra Hussain
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,CPI, Central Park, Darlington, UK
| | - Tulshi Patel
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Horizon Discovery Biosciences Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angelica M S Ozanne
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Davide Vito
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Mestag Therapeutics Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Ellis
- Protein Sciences, UCB Pharma, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bernie Sweeney
- Protein Sciences, UCB Pharma, Berkshire, UK.,Lonza Biologics, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Alan J Dickson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher M Smales
- Division of Natural Sciences, Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Co Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Lao-Gonzalez T, Bueno-Soler A, Duran-Hernandez A, Sosa-Aguiar K, Hinojosa-Puerta LE, Hernandez-Garcia T, de la Luz-Hernandez KR, Palacios-Oliva J, Boggiano-Ayo T. Screening and selection strategy for the establishment of biosimilar to trastuzumab-expressing CHO-K1 cell lines. AMB Express 2021; 11:1. [PMID: 33389203 PMCID: PMC7778674 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prices of biopharmaceuticals or biologics used in the treatment of many diseases limit the access of patients to these novel therapies. One example is the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, successfully used for breast cancer treatment. An economic alternative is the generation of biosimilars to these expensive biopharmaceuticals. Since antibody therapies may require large doses over a long period of time, robust platforms and strategies for cell line development are essential for the generation of recombinant cell lines with higher levels of expression. Here, we obtained trastuzumab-expressing CHO-K1 cells through a screening and selection strategy that combined the use of host cells pre-adapted to protein-free media and suspension culture and lentiviral vectors. The results demonstrated that the early screening strategy obtained recombinant CHO-K1 cell populations with higher enrichment of IgG-expressing cells. Moreover, the measurement of intracellular heavy chain polypeptide by flow cytometry was a useful metric to characterize the homogeneity of cell population, and our results suggest this could be used to predict the expression levels of monoclonal antibodies in early stages of cell line development. Additionally, we propose an approach using 25 cm2 T-flasks in suspension and shaking culture conditions as a screening tool to identify high producing cell lines. Finally, trastuzumab-expressing CHO-K1 clones were generated and characterized by batch culture, and preliminary results related to HER2-recognition capacity were successful. Further optimization of elements such as gene optimization, vector selection, type of amplification/selection system, cell culture media composition, in combination with this strategy will allow obtaining high producing clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thailin Lao-Gonzalez
- Process Development Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, 11600 Cuba
- Animal Biotechnology Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, 10600 Cuba
| | - Alexi Bueno-Soler
- Process Development Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, 11600 Cuba
| | | | - Katya Sosa-Aguiar
- Immunotherapy Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Playa, 11600 Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis Eduardo Hinojosa-Puerta
- Process Development Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, 11600 Cuba
- CIMAB S. A, Playa, 11600 Havana, Cuba
| | - Tays Hernandez-Garcia
- Process Development Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, 11600 Cuba
| | | | - Julio Palacios-Oliva
- Process Development Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, 11600 Cuba
| | - Tammy Boggiano-Ayo
- Process Development Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Playa, Havana, 11600 Cuba
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7
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Carver J, Ng D, Zhou M, Ko P, Zhan D, Yim M, Shaw D, Snedecor B, Laird MW, Lang S, Shen A, Hu Z. Maximizing antibody production in a targeted integration host by optimization of subunit gene dosage and position. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2967. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Carver
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Domingos Ng
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Michelle Zhou
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Peggy Ko
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Dejin Zhan
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Mandy Yim
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - David Shaw
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Michael W. Laird
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Steven Lang
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Amy Shen
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
| | - Zhilan Hu
- Department of Cell CultureGenentech, Inc. South San Francisco California USA
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8
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Gupta K, Parasnis M, Jain R, Dandekar P. Vector-related stratagems for enhanced monoclonal antibody production in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Talbot NE, Mead EJ, Davies SA, Uddin S, Smales CM. Application of ER Stress Biomarkers to Predict Formulated Monoclonal Antibody Stability. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900024. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Talbot
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Emma J. Mead
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Stephanie A. Davies
- Dosage Form Design & DevelopmentMedImmune Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH UK
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Dosage Form Design & DevelopmentMedImmune Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH UK
| | - C. Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
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10
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Ong EC, Smidt P, McGrew JT. Limiting the metabolic burden of recombinant protein expression during selection yields pools with higher expression levels. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2839. [PMID: 31090257 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to avoid the metabolic burden of protein expression during cell growth, and to avoid potential toxicity of recombinant proteins, microbial expression systems typically utilize regulated expression vectors. In contrast, constitutive expression vectors have usually been utilized for isolation of protein expressing mammalian cell lines. In mammalian systems, inducible expression vectors are typically utilized for only those proteins that are toxic when overexpressed. We developed a tetracycline regulated expression system in CHO cells, and show that cell pools selected in the uninduced state recover faster than those selected in the induced state even though the proteins showed no apparent toxicity or expression instability. Furthermore, cell pools selected in the uninduced state had higher expression levels when protein expression was turned on only in production cultures compared to pools that were selected and maintained in the induced state through production. We show a titer improvement of greater than twofold for an Fc-fusion protein and greater than 50% improvement for a recombinant antibody. The improvement is primarily due to an increase in specific productivity. Recombinant protein mRNA levels correlate strongly with protein expression levels and are highest in those cultures selected in the uninduced state and only induced during production. These data are consistent with a model where CHO cell lines with constitutive expression select for subclones with lower expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Ching Ong
- Process Design, Just Biotherapeutics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pauline Smidt
- Process Design, Just Biotherapeutics, Seattle, Washington
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11
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Gomez N, Wieczorek A, Lu F, Bruno R, Diaz L, Agrawal NJ, Daris K. Culture temperature modulates half antibody and aggregate formation in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line expressing a bispecific antibody. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2930-2940. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gomez
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Technology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
| | | | - Fang Lu
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Technology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
| | - Richele Bruno
- Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
| | - Luis Diaz
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Technology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
| | | | - Kristi Daris
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Technology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
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12
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Reinhart D, Damjanovic L, Kaisermayer C, Sommeregger W, Gili A, Gasselhuber B, Castan A, Mayrhofer P, Grünwald-Gruber C, Kunert R. Bioprocessing of Recombinant CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, and CHO-S: CHO Expression Hosts Favor Either mAb Production or Biomass Synthesis. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1700686. [PMID: 29701329 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells comprise a variety of lineages including CHO-DXB11, CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, and CHO-S. Despite all CHO cell lines sharing a common ancestor, extensive mutagenesis, and clonal selection has resulted in substantial genetic heterogeneity among them. Data from sequencing show that different genes are missing in individual CHO cell lines and each cell line harbors a unique set of mutations with relevance to the bioprocess. However, not much literature is available about the influence of genetic differences of CHO on the performance of bioprocess operations. In this study, the host cell-specific differences among three widely used CHO cell lines (CHO-K1, CHO-S, and CHO-DG44) and recombinantly expressed the same monoclonal antibody (mAb) in an isogenic format by using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) as transfer vector in all cell lines is examined. Cell-specific growth and product formation are studied in batch, fed-batch, and semi-continuous perfusion cultures. Further, two different cell culture media are used to investigate their effects. The authors find CHO cell line-specific preferences for mAb production or biomass synthesis that are determined by the host cell line. Additionally, quality attributes of the expressed mAb are influenced by the host cell line and media.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reinhart
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Damjanovic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Sommeregger
- Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Urstein Nord 31, 5412 Puch bei Hallein, Austria
| | - Andreas Gili
- Polymun Scientific Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH, Donaustraße 99, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gasselhuber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Castan
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences AB, Björkgatan 30, 75184 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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13
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An IRES-Mediated Tricistronic Vector for Efficient Generation of Stable, High-Level Monoclonal Antibody Producing CHO DG44 Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1827:335-349. [PMID: 30196505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8648-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The generation of stable, high-level monoclonal antibody (mAb) producing cell lines remains a major challenge in biopharmaceutical industry. The commonly used plasmid vectors for mAb expression, which express light chain (LC), heavy chain (HC), and selection marker genes on separate vectors or via multiple promoters on a single vector, are not able to accurately control the ratio of LC over HC expression and tend to result in non-expressing clones. To overcome these issues, we have developed a tricistronic vector using two internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) to express the LC, HC, and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) selection marker genes in one transcript. In this tricistronic vector, the three genes are under the control of a hapten-modified human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) promoter containing a core CpG island element (IE) to enhance the production stability. The LC gene is arranged as the first cistron followed by a wild-type IRES to control the HC expression. Such design expresses excess LC polypeptides which enhance mAb expression level and reduce aggregate. A mutated IRES with attenuated strength is applied on DHFR to reduce its expression for enhancing the stringency of selection for high producers. This vector allows easy generation of stable, high mAb producing CHO DG44 pools and clones for antibody development and manufacturing.
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14
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Sequential screening by ClonePix FL and intracellular staining facilitate isolation of high producer cell lines for monoclonal antibody manufacturing. J Immunol Methods 2017; 451:100-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Zou W, Edros R, Al-Rubeai M. The relationship of metabolic burden to productivity levels in CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:173-180. [PMID: 28681393 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for recombinant therapeutics has driven biotechnologists to develop new production strategies. One such strategy for increasing the expression of heterologous proteins has focused on enhancing cell-specific productivity through environmental perturbations. In this work, the effects of hypothermia, hyperosmolarity, high shear stress, and sodium butyrate treatment on growth and productivity were studied using three (low, medium, and high producing) CHO cell lines that differed in their specific productivities of monoclonal antibody. In all three cell lines, the inhibitory effect of these parameters on proliferation was demonstrated. Additionally, compared to the control, specific productivity was enhanced under all conditions and exhibited a consistent cell line specific pattern, with maximum increases (50-290%) in the low producer, and minimum increases (7-20%) in the high producer. Thus, the high-producing cell line was less responsive to environmental perturbations than the low-producing cell line. We hypothesize that this difference is most likely due to the bottleneck associated with a higher metabolic burden caused by higher antibody expression. Increased recombinant mRNA levels and pyruvate carboxylase activities due to low temperature and hyperosmotic stress were found to be positively associated with the metabolic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zou
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raihana Edros
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Al-Rubeai
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Lin J, Neo SH, Ho SCL, Yeo JHM, Wang T, Zhang W, Bi X, Chao SH, Yang Y. Impact of Signal Peptides on Furin-2A Mediated Monoclonal Antibody Secretion in CHO Cells. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian'er Lin
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
| | - Shu Hui Neo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
| | - Steven C. L. Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
| | - Jessna H. M. Yeo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
| | - Tianhua Wang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
| | - Sheng-Hao Chao
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
- Department of Microbiology; National University of Singapore; Block MD4, 5 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117597 Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros Singapore 138668 Singapore
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17
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Gupta SK, Shukla P. Sophisticated Cloning, Fermentation, and Purification Technologies for an Enhanced Therapeutic Protein Production: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:419. [PMID: 28725194 PMCID: PMC5495827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein productions strategies are crucial towards the development of application based research and elucidating the novel purification strategies for industrial production. Currently, there are few innovative avenues are studies for cloning, upstream, and purification through efficient bioprocess development. Such strategies are beneficial for industries as well as proven to be vital for effectual therapeutic protein development. Though, these techniques are well documented, but, there is scope of addition to current knowledge with novel and new approaches and it will pave new avenues in production of recombinant microbial and non-microbial proteins including secondary metabolites. In this review, we have focussed on the recent development in clone selection, various modern fermentation and purification technologies and future directions in these emerging areas. Moreover, we have also highlighted notable perspectives and challenges involved in the bioengineering of such proteins, including quality by design, gene editing and pioneering ideas. The biopharmaceutical industries continue to shift towards more flexible, automated platforms and economical product development, which in turn can help in developing the cost effective processes and affordable drug development for a large community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Gupta
- Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Ltd.,Mumbai, India.,Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
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18
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Ahmadi M, Mahboudi F, Ahmadi S, Ebadat S, Nematpour F, Akbari Eidgahi MR, Davami F. PhiC31 integrase can improve the efficiency of different construct designs for monoclonal antibody expression in CHO cells. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 134:89-95. [PMID: 28400295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several types of expression vectors have been used for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) which usually result in variable and unstable levels of expression. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we have compared the mAb0014 expression level of single ORF/IRES vector and dual ORF vector in the presence and absence of phiC31 integrase targeting system. Both expression vectors contain an elongation factor 1α (EF1α) promoter upstream of LC and harboring an attB site. CHO-S cells were co-transfected with single ORF/IRES or dual ORF vectors along with a phiC31 integrase expression vector which can catalyze recombination between attB site and pseudo-attP sites presented in the mammalian genome. Our results demonstrated that dual ORF vector in the presence of phiC31 integrase expression vectors (+FC31 2P) generated more recombinant antibody in comparison to its negative control (-FC31 2P). Moreover, both of +FC31 2P and -FC31 2P cell pools yield higher recombinant protein in comparison to single ORF/IRES vector (FC31 IRES) cell pools. Stability of expression in phiC31 co-transfected cell pools (+FC31 2P and +FC31 IRES) had no considerable changes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the dual ORF vector using integrase can support the generation of cell lines with stable transgene expression at an elevated mAb relative to single ORF/IRES vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmadi
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Samira Ahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ebadat
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nematpour
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Davami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Nematpour F, Mahboudi F, Vaziri B, Khalaj V, Ahmadi S, Ahmadi M, Ebadat S, Davami F. Evaluating the expression profile and stability of different UCOE containing vector combinations in mAb-producing CHO cells. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:18. [PMID: 28228095 PMCID: PMC5322649 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the demand for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) increases, more efficient expression methods are required for their manufacturing process. Transcriptional gene silencing is a common phenomenon in recombinant cell lines which leads to expression reduction and instability. There are reports on improved antibody expression in ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) containing both heavy and light chain gene constructs. Here we investigate the impact of having these elements as part of the light chain, heavy chain or both genes during cell line development. In this regard, non-UCOE and UCOE vectors were constructed and stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell pools were generated by different vector combinations. Results Expression analysis revealed that all UCOE cell pools had higher antibody yields compared to non-UCOE cells, Moreover the most optimal expression was obtained by cells containing just the UCOE on heavy chain. In terms of stability, it was shown that the high level of expression was kept consistence for more than four months in these cells whereas the expression titers were reduced in the other UCOE pools. Conclusions In conclusion, UCOE significantly enhanced the level and stability of antibody expression and the use of this element with heavy chain provided more stable cell lines with higher production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nematpour
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Mahboudi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Vahid Khalaj
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Samira Ahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.,Departments of Medical Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 3519899951, Iran
| | - Saedeh Ebadat
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Davami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
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20
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Tsuruta LR, Lopes dos Santos M, Yeda FP, Okamoto OK, Moro AM. Genetic analyses of Per.C6 cell clones producing a therapeutic monoclonal antibody regarding productivity and long-term stability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10031-10041. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Voronina EV, Seregin YA, Litvinova NA, Shvets VI, Shukurov RR. Design of a stable cell line producing a recombinant monoclonal anti-TNFα antibody based on a CHO cell line. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1584. [PMID: 27652157 PMCID: PMC5025404 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against tumor necrosis factor alpha are widely used in the biopharmaceutical therapy of autoimmune diseases. Currently, a large number of drugs based on these antibodies are available. Accordingly, the development of these products for the Russian market is an important goal. The aim of the current study is to describe the development of one such technology. CHO-DG44-derived cell lines producing mAb were developed using two strategies, one based on individual clones and the other based on cell pools. To obtain recombinant cell lines with highly amplified genes of interest, the clones underwent dihydrofolate reductase-mediated gene amplification. Using the best strategy for the selection and amplification of mAb-producing clones, we achieved the production of more than 1 g/L in small scale, non-optimized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Voronina
- PHARMAPARK LLC, Bldg. 1, 8 Nauchny proezd, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Y A Seregin
- PHARMAPARK LLC, Bldg. 1, 8 Nauchny proezd, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - N A Litvinova
- PHARMAPARK LLC, Bldg. 1, 8 Nauchny proezd, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V I Shvets
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - R R Shukurov
- PHARMAPARK LLC, Bldg. 1, 8 Nauchny proezd, Moscow, Russian Federation
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22
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Gerster A, Wodarczyk C, Reichenbächer B, Köhler J, Schulze A, Krause F, Müller D. A simple method to determine IgG light chain to heavy chain polypeptide ratios expressed by CHO cells. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:2043-2049. [PMID: 27613153 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish a high-throughput method for determination of antibodies intra- and extracellular light chain (LC) to heavy chain (HC) polypeptide ratio as screening parameter during cell line development. RESULTS Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) TurboCell pools containing different designed vectors supposed to result in different LC:HC polypeptide ratios were generated by targeted integration. Cell culture supernatants and cell lysates of a fed batch experiment were purified by combined Protein A and anti-kappa affinity batch purification in 96-well format. Capture of all antibodies and their fragments allowed the determination of the intra- and extracellular LC:HC peptide ratios by reduced SDS capillary electrophoresis. Results demonstrate that the method is suitable to show the significant impact of the vector design on the intra- and extracellular LC:HC polypeptide ratios. CONCLUSION Determination of LC:HC polypeptide ratios can give important information in vector design optimization leading to CHO cell lines with optimized antibody assembly and preferred product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Gerster
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany.
| | - Claas Wodarczyk
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Britta Reichenbächer
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Janet Köhler
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Felix Krause
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Dethardt Müller
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Straße 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany
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23
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Chen L, Yang X, Luo D, Yu W. Efficient Production of a Bioactive Bevacizumab Monoclonal Antibody Using the 2A Self-cleavage Peptide in Transgenic Rice Callus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1156. [PMID: 27555853 PMCID: PMC4977302 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of multiple cancers. Bevacizumab was mostly produced by the mammalian cell expression system. We here reported the first plant-derived Bevacizumab by using transgenic rice callus as an alternative gene expression system. Codon-optimized Bevacizumab light chain (BLC) and Bevacizumab heavy chain (BHC) genes were designed, synthesized as a polyprotein with a 2A self-cleavage linker peptide from the Foot-and-mouth disease virus, cloned into a plant binary vector under a constitutive maize ubiquitin promoter, and transformed into rice nuclear genome through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Southern blot and western blot analyses confirmed the integration and expression of BLC and BHC genes in transgenic rice callus. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis indicated that the rice-derived Bevacizumab mAb was biologically active and the recombinant mAb was expressed at high levels (160.7-242.8 mg/Kg) in transgenic rice callus. The mAb was purified by using protein A affinity chromatography and the purified antibody was tested for its binding affinity with its target human VEGF (hVEGF) antigen by ELISA. Rice callus produced Bevacizumab and a commercial Bevacizumab (Avastin) were shown to have similar binding affinity to hVEGF. These results indicated that rice callus produced Bevacizumab could have similar biological activity and might potentially be used as a cost-effective biosimilar molecule in future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Da Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Weichang Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Weichang Yu,
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24
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Chng J, Wang T, Nian R, Lau A, Hoi KM, Ho SCL, Gagnon P, Bi X, Yang Y. Cleavage efficient 2A peptides for high level monoclonal antibody expression in CHO cells. MAbs 2015; 7:403-12. [PMID: 25621616 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1008351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking the heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) genes required for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) production on a single cassette using 2A peptides allows control of LC and HC ratio and reduces non-expressing cells. Four 2A peptides derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (F2A), equine rhinitis A virus (E2A), porcine teschovirus-1 (P2A) and Thosea asigna virus (T2A), respectively, were compared for expression of 3 biosimilar IgG1 mAbs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. HC and LC were linked by different 2A peptides both in the absence and presence of GSG linkers. Insertion of a furin recognition site upstream of 2A allowed removal of 2A residues that would otherwise be attached to the HC. Different 2A peptides exhibited different cleavage efficiencies that correlated to the mAb expression level. The relative cleavage efficiency of each 2A peptide remains similar for expression of different IgG1 mAbs in different CHO cells. While complete cleavage was not observed for any of the 2A peptides, GSG linkers did enhance the cleavage efficiency and thus the mAb expression level. T2A with the GSG linker (GT2A) exhibited the highest cleavage efficiency and mAb expression level. Stably amplified CHO DG44 pools generated using GT2A had titers 357, 416 and 600 mg/L for the 3 mAbs in shake flask batch cultures. Incomplete cleavage likely resulted in incorrectly processed mAb species and aggregates, which were removed with a chromatin-directed clarification method and protein A purification. The vector and methods presented provide an easy process beneficial for both mAb development and manufacturing.
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Key Words
- 2A peptide
- CHO
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- E2A, 2A peptide derived from the equine rhinitis virus
- F2A, 2A peptide derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus
- G, glycine
- GE2A, E2A with the GSG linker
- GF2A, F2A with the GSG linker
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GP2A, P2A with the GSG linker
- GSG linker
- GT2A, T2A with the GSG linker
- HC, heavy chain
- HT, hypoxanthine and thymine
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- K, lysine
- LC, light chain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTX, methotrexate
- P, proline
- P2A, 2A peptide derived from the porcine teschovirus-1
- PFM, protein-free medium
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- T2A, 2A peptide derived from the Thosea asigna virus
- cleavage efficiency
- furin
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Chng
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute; Agency for Science , Technology and Research (A*STAR) ; Singapore
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25
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Ishii Y, Tsukahara M, Wakamatsu K. A rapid method for simultaneous evaluation of free light chain content and aggregate content in culture media of Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing monoclonal antibodies for cell line screening. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:464-70. [PMID: 26467692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of developing a monoclonal antibody (mAb) production process is high productivity and high quality. Because the productivity and quality of mAbs depend on cell line properties, the selection of cell lines suitable for large-scale production is an important stage in process development for mAb production. The light chain (LC) is important for antibody folding and assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum; cell lines that secrete a large amount of LCs in the medium secrete high-quality antibodies with high productivity. LC contents in culture media have been estimated by western blotting, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, these analyses require fine tuning of experimental conditions for each antibody analyzed. Here we report a rapid and simple high-sensitivity size-exclusion chromatography (HS-SEC) method to evaluate the contents of low-molecular weight species (LMWS, mainly consisting of LC monomers and dimers) and high-molecular weight species (HMWS, aggregates) in the media for cell line screening. Because LMWS and HMWS are important indicators of productivity and quality, respectively, for cell line screening, HS-SEC will be useful in the first step of cell line selection needed for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ishii
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Tsukahara
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Ohte-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
| | - Kaori Wakamatsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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26
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Fomina-Yadlin D, Mujacic M, Maggiora K, Quesnell G, Saleem R, McGrew JT. Transcriptome analysis of a CHO cell line expressing a recombinant therapeutic protein treated with inducers of protein expression. J Biotechnol 2015; 212:106-15. [PMID: 26325199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for specific productivity (qP) determinants in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been the focus of the biopharmaceutical cell line engineering efforts aimed at creating "super-producer" cell lines. In this study, we evaluated the impact of small-molecule inducers and temperature shift on recombinant protein production, and used transcriptomic analysis to define gene-phenotype correlations for qP in our biological system. Next-generation RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed that each individual inducer (caffeine, hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) and sodium butyrate (NaBu)) or a combination treatment had a distinct impact on the gene expression program of the RANK-Fc cell line. Temperature shift to 31 °C impacted inducer action with respect to transcriptional changes and phenotypic cell line parameters. We showed that inducer treatment was able to increase expression level of the Fc- fusion mRNA and the selectable marker mRNA from 16% up to 45% of total mRNA in the cell. We further demonstrated that qP exhibited a strong positive linear correlation to transcript levels of both the RANK-Fc fusion protein and the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) selectable marker. In fact, these were 2 out of 7 transcripts with significant positive correlation to qP at both temperatures. Many more transcripts were anti- correlated to qP, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that those were involved in cell cycle progression, transcription, mRNA processing, translation and protein folding. Therefore, we postulate that the transcript level of the recombinant protein is a major qP determinant in our biological system, while downregulation of routine activity within the cell is necessary to divert cellular resources towards recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Fomina-Yadlin
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Mirna Mujacic
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Kathy Maggiora
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Garrett Quesnell
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Ramsey Saleem
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
| | - Jeffrey T McGrew
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States.
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27
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The present state of the art in expression, production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies. Mol Divers 2015; 20:255-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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Understanding the intracellular effects of yeast extract on the enhancement of Fc-fusion protein production in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8429-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Ley D, Seresht AK, Engmark M, Magdenoska O, Nielsen KF, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Multi-omic profiling -of EPO-producing Chinese hamster ovary cell panel reveals metabolic adaptation to heterologous protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2373-87. [PMID: 25995028 PMCID: PMC5034845 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the preferred production host for many therapeutic proteins. The production of heterologous proteins in CHO cells imposes a burden on the host cell metabolism and impact cellular physiology on a global scale. In this work, a multi‐omics approach was applied to study the production of erythropoietin (EPO) in a panel of CHO‐K1 cells under growth‐limited and unlimited conditions in batch and chemostat cultures. Physiological characterization of the EPO‐producing cells included global transcriptome analysis, targeted metabolome analysis, including intracellular pools of glycolytic intermediates, NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+, adenine nucleotide phosphates (ANP), and extracellular concentrations of sugars, organic acids, and amino acids. Potential impact of EPO expression on the protein secretory pathway was assessed at multiple stages using quantitative PCR (qPCR), reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR), Western blots (WB), and global gene expression analysis to assess EPO gene copy numbers, EPO gene expression, intracellular EPO retention, and differentially expressed genes functionally related to secretory protein processing, respectively. We found no evidence supporting the existence of production bottlenecks in energy metabolism (i.e., glycolytic metabolites, NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ and ANPs) in batch culture or in the secretory protein production pathway (i.e., gene dosage, transcription and post‐translational processing of EPO) in chemostat culture at specific productivities up to 5 pg/cell/day. Time‐course analysis of high‐ and low‐producing clones in chemostat culture revealed rapid adaptation of transcription levels of amino acid catabolic genes in favor of EPO production within nine generations. Interestingly, the adaptation was followed by an increase in specific EPO productivity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2373–2387. © 2015 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ley
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Cell Culture Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Ali Kazemi Seresht
- Cell Culture Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Mikael Engmark
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Cell Culture Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Olivera Magdenoska
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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30
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Ho SCL, Wang T, Song Z, Yang Y. IgG Aggregation Mechanism for CHO Cell Lines Expressing Excess Heavy Chains. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:625-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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31
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Ishii Y, Imamoto Y, Yamamoto R, Tsukahara M, Wakamatsu K. Comparison of Antibody Molecules Produced from Two Cell Lines with Contrasting Productivities and Aggregate Contents. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:306-16. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ishii
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | - Yasufumi Imamoto
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | - Rie Yamamoto
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
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32
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Gronemeyer P, Ditz R, Strube J. Trends in Upstream and Downstream Process Development for Antibody Manufacturing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2014; 1:188-212. [PMID: 28955024 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering1040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A steady increase of product titers and the corresponding change in impurity composition represent a challenge for development and optimization of antibody production processes. Additionally, increasing demands on product quality result in higher complexity of processes and analytics, thereby increasing the costs for product work-up. Concentration and composition of impurities are critical for efficient process development. These impurities can show significant variations, which primarily depend on culture conditions. They have a major impact on the work-up strategy and costs. The resulting "bottleneck" in downstream processing requires new optimization, technology and development approaches. These include the optimization and adaptation of existing unit operations respective to the new separation task, the assessment of alternative separation technologies and the search for new methods in process development. This review presents an overview of existing methods for process optimization and integration and indicates new approaches for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Gronemeyer
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 15, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Ditz
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 15, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Jochen Strube
- Institute for Separation and Process Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 15, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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33
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Ishii Y, Murakami J, Sasaki K, Tsukahara M, Wakamatsu K. Efficient folding/assembly in Chinese hamster ovary cells is critical for high quality (low aggregate content) of secreted trastuzumab as well as for high production: stepwise multivariate regression analyses. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:223-30. [PMID: 24635945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
When developing cell culture processes for therapeutic antibodies, the low content of aggregated proteins is the most critical because administering aggregated antibody molecules might result in adverse effects such as immunogenicity. To characterize cells with high productivity and quality, we determined factors that are closely related to antibody titer, which is a productivity indicator, and the area percentage of high molecular weight species in cultivated media, which is equivalent to aggregate content and is used as a quality indicator. We examined the factors influencing antibody titer and aggregate content using various data from 28 cell lines throughout their culture periods from growth to death phases. Our study using correlation analysis revealed that statistically significant correlations between factors and indicators changes with sampling points, hence we thought that various factors would influence each indicator simultaneously. To understand the relationship between these factors and titer/aggregates contents, we performed stepwise multiple linear regression analyses and deduced a multiple linear model for each indicator. The titer was found to positively associate with specific growth rate and specific production rate and negatively with intracellular heavy chain content. The aggregate content was found to positively associate with protein disulfide isomerase mRNA level and negatively with light chain secreted into culture media, specific production rate, intracellular light chain content, and specific growth rate. Our observations suggest that correct and efficient assembling and/or folding of an antibody molecule in an endoplasmic reticulum are important for high titer and low aggregates contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ishii
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Junko Murakami
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Kazue Sasaki
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tsukahara
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Ohte-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
| | - Kaori Wakamatsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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34
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Genetic engineering of cell lines using lentiviral vectors to achieve antibody secretion following encapsulated implantation. Biomaterials 2014; 35:792-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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An internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mutant library for tuning expression level of multiple genes in mammalian cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82100. [PMID: 24349195 PMCID: PMC3857217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of mutated Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements with varying strengths is generated by mutating the translation initiation codons of 10th, 11th, and 12th AUG to non-AUG triplets. They are able to control the relative expression of multiple genes over a wide range in mammalian cells in both transient and stable transfections. The relative strength of each IRES mutant remains similar in different mammalian cell lines and is not gene specific. The expressed proteins have correct molecular weights. Optimization of light chain over heavy chain expression by these IRES mutants enhances monoclonal antibody expression level and quality in stable transfections. Uses of this set of IRES mutants can be extended to other applications such as synthetic biology, investigating interactions between proteins and its complexes, cell engineering, multi-subunit protein production, gene therapy, and reprogramming of somatic cells into stem cells.
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36
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Pybus LP, James DC, Dean G, Slidel T, Hardman C, Smith A, Daramola O, Field R. Predicting the expression of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cells based on sequence features of the CDR3 domain. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:188-97. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon P. Pybus
- ChELSI Institute; Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD U.K
| | - David C. James
- ChELSI Institute; Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD U.K
| | - Greg Dean
- MedImmune Ltd.; Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | - Tim Slidel
- MedImmune Ltd.; Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | | | - Andrew Smith
- MedImmune Ltd.; Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
| | | | - Ray Field
- MedImmune Ltd.; Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH U.K
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37
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The use of glutamine synthetase as a selection marker: recent advances in Chinese hamster ovary cell line generation processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Kang S, Ren D, Xiao G, Daris K, Buck L, Enyenihi AA, Zubarev R, Bondarenko PV, Deshpande R. Cell line profiling to improve monoclonal antibody production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:748-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohye Kang
- Product Attribute Sciences; Amgen, Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Da Ren
- Product Attribute Sciences; Amgen, Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Gang Xiao
- Product Attribute Sciences; Amgen, Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Kristi Daris
- Drug Substance Development; Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks California
| | - Lynette Buck
- Drug Substance Development; Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks California
| | - Atim A. Enyenihi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Roman Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
- SciLifeLab; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Pavel V. Bondarenko
- Product Attribute Sciences; Amgen, Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Rohini Deshpande
- Drug Substance Development; Amgen, Inc.; Thousand Oaks California
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39
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Pybus LP, Dean G, West NR, Smith A, Daramola O, Field R, Wilkinson SJ, James DC. Model-directed engineering of “difficult-to-express” monoclonal antibody production by Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:372-85. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leon P. Pybus
- ChELSI Institute; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Greg Dean
- Cell Sciences; BioPharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Granta Park; Cambridge UK
| | - Nathan R. West
- ChELSI Institute; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Andrew Smith
- Cell Sciences; BioPharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Granta Park; Cambridge UK
| | - Olalekan Daramola
- Cell Sciences; BioPharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Granta Park; Cambridge UK
| | - Ray Field
- Cell Sciences; BioPharmaceutical Development, MedImmune, Granta Park; Cambridge UK
| | - Stephen J. Wilkinson
- ChELSI Institute; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - David C. James
- ChELSI Institute; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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40
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Edros RZ, McDonnell S, Al-Rubeai M. Using molecular markers to characterize productivity in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75935. [PMID: 24146795 PMCID: PMC3798306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of high producing cell lines to produce maximum product concentration is a challenging and time consuming task for the biopharmaceutical industry. The identification of early markers to predict high productivity will significantly reduce the time required for new cell line development. This study identifies candidate determinants of high productivity by profiling the molecular and morphological characteristics of a panel of six Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) stable cell lines with varying recombinant monoclonal antibody productivity levels ranging between 2 and 50 pg/cell/day. We examined the correlation between molecular parameters and specific productivity (qp) throughout the growth phase of batch cultures. Results were statistically analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Our study revealed that, overall, heavy chain (HC) mRNA had the strongest association with qp followed by light chain (LC) mRNA, HC intracellular polypeptides, and intracellular antibodies. A significant correlation was also obtained between qp and the following molecular markers: growth rate, biomass, endoplasmic reticulum, and LC polypeptides. However, in these cases, the correlation was not observed at all-time points throughout the growth phase. The repeated sampling throughout culture duration had enabled more accurate predictions of productivity in comparison to performing a single-point measurement. Since the correlation varied from day to day during batch cultivation, single-point measurement was of limited use in making a reliable prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihana Z. Edros
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan McDonnell
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Al-Rubeai
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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41
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Bhoskar P, Belongia B, Smith R, Yoon S, Carter T, Xu J. Free light chain content in culture media reflects recombinant monoclonal antibody productivity and quality. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1131-9. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bhoskar
- Dept. of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Lowell; Lowell MA
| | - Brett Belongia
- Bioreactor Process Development; EMD Millipore; Bedford MA
| | - Robert Smith
- Process Analytical Technologies; EMD Millipore; Bedford MA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Massachusetts Lowell; Lowell MA
| | - Tyler Carter
- Dept. of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Lowell; Lowell MA
| | - Jin Xu
- Dept. of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Lowell; Lowell MA
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42
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Control of IgG LC:HC ratio in stably transfected CHO cells and study of the impact on expression, aggregation, glycosylation and conformational stability. J Biotechnol 2013; 165:157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Comparison of internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and Furin-2A (F2A) for monoclonal antibody expression level and quality in CHO cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63247. [PMID: 23704898 PMCID: PMC3660568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four versions of tricistronic vectors expressing IgG1 light chain (LC), IgG1 heavy chain (HC), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in one transcript were designed to compare internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and furin-2A (F2A) for their influence on monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression level and quality in CHO DG44 cells. LC and HC genes are arranged as either the first or the second cistron. When using mAb quantification methods based on the detection antibodies against HC Fc region, F2A-mediated tricistronic vectors appeared to express mAb at higher levels than the IRES-mediated tricistronic vectors in both transient and stable transfections. Further analysis revealed that more than 40% of products detected in stably transfected pools generated using the two F2A-mediated tricistronic vectors were aggregates. LC and HC from the F2A stably transfected pools were not properly processed, giving rise to LC+F2A+HC or HC+F2A+LC fusion proteins, LC and HC polypeptides with F2A remnants, and incorrectly cleaved signal peptides. Both IRES-mediated tricistronic vectors express mAb with correct sizes and signal peptide cleavage. Arrangement of LC as the first cistron in the IRES-mediated tricistronic vectors exhibits increased mAb expression level, better growth, and minimized product aggregation, while arrangement of HC as first cistron results in low expression, slower growth, and high aggregation. The results obtained will be beneficial for designing vectors that enhance mAb expression level and quality in mammalian cells.
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44
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45
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Gramer MJ. Product Quality Considerations for Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development and Manufacturing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 139:123-66. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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van Beers MMC, Bardor M. Minimizing immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals by controlling critical quality attributes of proteins. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1473-84. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Mason M, Sweeney B, Cain K, Stephens P, Sharfstein ST. Identifying bottlenecks in transient and stable production of recombinant monoclonal-antibody sequence variants in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:846-55. [PMID: 22467228 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for antibody-based therapeutics has emphasized the need for technologies to improve recombinant antibody titers from mammalian cell lines. Moreover, as antibody therapeutics address an increasing spectrum of indications, interest has increased in antibody engineering to improve affinity and biological activity. However, the cellular mechanisms that dictate expression and the relationships between antibody sequence and expression level remain poorly understood. Fundamental understanding of how mammalian cells handle high levels of transgene expression and of the relationship between sequence and expression are vital to the development of new antibodies and for increasing recombinant antibody titers. In this work, we analyzed a pair of mutants that vary by a single amino acid at Kabat position 49 (heavy-chain framework), resulting in differential transient and stable titers with no apparent loss of antigen affinity. Through analysis of mRNA, gene copy number, intracellular antibody content, and secreted antibody, we found that while translational/post-translational mechanisms are limiting in transient systems, it appears that the amount of available transgenic mRNA becomes the limiting event on stable integration of the recombinant genes. We also show that amino acid substitution at residue 49 results in production of a non-secreted HC variant and postulate that stable antibody expression is maintained at a level which prevents toxic accumulation of this HC-related protein. This study highlights the need for proper sequence engineering strategies when developing therapeutic antibodies and alludes to the early analysis of transient expression systems to identify the potential for aberrant stable expression behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Mason
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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48
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Understanding the mechanistic roles of 30Kc6 gene in apoptosis and specific productivity in antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1243-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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IRES-mediated Tricistronic vectors for enhancing generation of high monoclonal antibody expressing CHO cell lines. J Biotechnol 2012; 157:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Gomez N, Subramanian J, Ouyang J, Nguyen MD, Hutchinson M, Sharma VK, Lin AA, Yuk IH. Culture temperature modulates aggregation of recombinant antibody in cho cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:125-36. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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