1
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Ito T, Lutz H, Tan L, Wang B, Tan J, Patel M, Chen L, Tsunakawa Y, Park B, Banerjee S. Host cell proteins in monoclonal antibody processing: Control, detection, and removal. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3448. [PMID: 38477405 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities in a therapeutic protein expressed using cell culture technology. This review presents biopharmaceutical industry trends in terms of both HCPs in the bioprocessing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the capabilities for HCP clearance by downstream unit operations. A comprehensive assessment of currently implemented and emerging technologies in the manufacturing processes with extensive references was performed. Meta-analyses of published downstream data were conducted to identify trends. Improved analytical methods and understanding of "high-risk" HCPs lead to more robust manufacturing processes and higher-quality therapeutics. The trend of higher cell density cultures leads to both higher mAb expression and higher HCP levels. However, HCP levels can be significantly reduced with improvements in operations, resulting in similar concentrations of approx. 10 ppm HCPs. There are no differences in the performance of HCP clearance between recent enhanced downstream operations and traditional batch processing. This review includes best practices for developing improved processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ito
- Life Science, Process Solutions, Merck Ltd. (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Herb Lutz
- Independent Consultant, Sudbury, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lihan Tan
- Life Science Services, Sigma-Aldrich Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin Wang
- Life Science, Process Solutions, Merck Chemicals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA Darmstadt, Germany), Shanghai, China
| | - Janice Tan
- Life Science, Process Solutions, Merck Pte Ltd. (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Singapore
| | - Masum Patel
- Life Science, Process Solutions, Merck Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Bangalore, India
| | - Lance Chen
- Life Science, Process Solutions, Merck Pte Ltd. (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Singapore
| | - Yuki Tsunakawa
- Life Science, Process Solutions, Merck Ltd. (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Byunghyun Park
- Life Science, Process Solutions, Merck Ltd. (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Life Science, Process Solutions, Merck Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. (An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Bangalore, India
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2
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Fluidized bed centrifugation of precipitated and flocculated cell cultures: An intensified clarification approach for monoclonal antibodies. J Biotechnol 2022; 352:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Parau M, Johnson TF, Pullen J, Bracewell DG. Analysis of fouling and breakthrough of process related impurities during depth filtration using confocal microscopy. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3233. [PMID: 35037432 PMCID: PMC9286597 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Titer improvement has driven process intensification in mAb manufacture. However, this has come with the drawback of high cell densities and associated process related impurities such as cell debris, host cell protein (HCP), and DNA. This affects the capacity of depth filters and can lead to carryover of impurities to protein A chromatography leading to early resin fouling. New depth filter materials provide the opportunity to remove more process related impurities at this early stage in the process. Hence, there is a need to understand the mechanism of impurity removal within these filters. In this work, the secondary depth filter Millistak+ X0HC (cellulose and diatomaceous earth) is compared with the X0SP (synthetic), by examining the breakthrough of DNA and HCP. Additionally, a novel method was developed to image the location of key impurities within the depth filter structure under a confocal microscope. Flux, tested at 75, 100, and 250 LMH was found to affect the maximal throughput based on the max pressure of 30 psi, but no significant changes were seen in the HCP and DNA breakthrough. However, a drop in cell culture viability, from 87% to 37%, lead to the DNA breakthrough at 10% decreasing from 81 to 55 L/m2 for X0HC and from 105 to 47 L/m2 for X0SP. The HCP breakthrough was not affected by cell culture viability or filter type. The X0SP filter has a 30%-50% higher max throughput depending on viability, which can be explained by the confocal imaging where the debris and DNA are distributed differently in the layers of the filter pods, with more of the second tighter layer being utilized in the X0SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Parau
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas F. Johnson
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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4
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González-Domínguez I, Lorenzo E, Bernier A, Cervera L, Gòdia F, Kamen A. A Four-Step Purification Process for Gag VLPs: From Culture Supernatant to High-Purity Lyophilized Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101154. [PMID: 34696262 PMCID: PMC8539588 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gag-based virus-like particles (VLPs) have high potential as scaffolds for the development of chimeric vaccines and delivery strategies. The production of purified preparations that can be preserved independently from cold chains is highly desirable to facilitate distribution and access worldwide. In this work, a nimble purification has been developed, facilitating the production of Gag VLPs. Suspension-adapted HEK 293 cells cultured in chemically defined cell culture media were used to produce the VLPs. A four-step downstream process (DSP) consisting of membrane filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, polishing, and lyophilization was developed. The purification of VLPs from other contaminants such as host cell proteins (HCP), double-stranded DNA, or extracellular vesicles (EVs) was confirmed after their DSP. A concentration of 2.2 ± 0.8 × 109 VLPs/mL in the lyophilized samples was obtained after its storage at room temperature for two months. Morphology and structural integrity of purified VLPs was assessed by cryo-TEM and NTA. Likewise, the purification methodologies proposed here could be easily scaled up and applied to purify similar enveloped viruses and vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene González-Domínguez
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (L.C.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elianet Lorenzo
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (L.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Alice Bernier
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Laura Cervera
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (L.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.L.); (L.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada; (A.B.); (A.K.)
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Kruse T, Kampmann M, Greller G. Aqueous Two‐Phase Extraction of Monoclonal Antibodies from High Cell Density Cell Culture. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kruse
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, BioProcessing August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Germany
| | - Markus Kampmann
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, BioProcessing August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Germany
| | - Gerhard Greller
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, BioProcessing August-Spindler-Straße 11 37079 Göttingen Germany
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Nadar S, Shooter G, Somasundaram B, Shave E, Baker K, Lua LHL. Intensified Downstream Processing of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Membrane Technology. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000309. [PMID: 33006254 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The need to intensify downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies to complement the advances in upstream productivity has led to increased attention toward implementing membrane technologies. With the industry moving toward continuous operations and single use processes, membrane technologies show promise in fulfilling the industry needs due to their operational flexibility and ease of implementation. Recently, the applicability of membrane-based unit operations in integrating the downstream process has been explored. In this article, the major developments in the application of membrane-based technologies in the bioprocessing of monoclonal antibodies are reviewed. The recent progress toward developing intensified end-to-end bioprocesses and the critical role membrane technology will play in achieving this goal are focused upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Nadar
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Gary Shooter
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Balaji Somasundaram
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Pharma services group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Pharma services group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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7
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Liu W, Zhou D, Sun Y, Yu J, Chen Q, Bao Z, Fan X, Liang Y, Peng X, Xian M, Nian R. Reduction of chromatin heteroaggregates by acid precipitation of mammalian cell culture and ramification in protein A chromatography for recombinant immunoglobulin G purification. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Andrade C, Arnold L, Motabar D, Aspelund M, Tang A, Hunter A, Chung WK. An Integrated Approach to Aggregate Control for Therapeutic Bispecific Antibodies Using an Improved Three Column Mab Platform-Like Purification Process. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2720. [PMID: 30298991 PMCID: PMC6667909 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Single chain variable fragment‐IgGs (scFv‐IgG) are a class of bispecific antibodies consisting of two single chain variable fragments (scFv) that are fused to an intact IgG molecule. A common trend observed for expression of scFv‐IgGs in mammalian cell culture is a higher level of aggregates (10%–30%) compared to mAbs, which results in lower purification yields in order to meet product quality targets. Furthermore, the high aggregate levels also pose robustness risks to a conventional mAb three column platform purification process which uses only the polishing steps (e.g., cation exchange chromatography [CEX]) for aggregate removal. Protein A chromatography with pH gradient elution, high performance tangential flow filtration (HP‐TFF) and calcium phosphate precipitation were evaluated at the bench scale as means of introducing orthogonal aggregate removal capabilities into other aspects of the purification process. The two most promising process variants, namely Protein A pH gradient elution followed by calcium phosphate precipitation were evaluated at pilot scale, demonstrating comparable performance. Implementing Protein A chromatography with gradient elution and/or calcium phosphate precipitation removed a sufficient portion of the aggregate burden prior to the CEX polishing step, enabling CEX to be operated robustly under conditions favoring higher monomer yield. From starting aggregate levels ranging from 15% to 23% in the condition media, levels were reduced to between 2% and 3% at the end of the CEX step. The overall yield for the optimal process was 71%. Results of this work suggest an improved three‐column mAb platform‐like purification process for purification of high aggregate scFv‐IgG bispecific antibodies is feasible. © 2018 The Authors. Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2720, 2019
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Andrade
- Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878
| | - Lindsay Arnold
- Process Development Engineering, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878
| | - Dana Motabar
- Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878
| | - Matthew Aspelund
- Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878
| | - Alison Tang
- Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune LLC, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alan Hunter
- Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878
| | - Wai Keen Chung
- Purification Process Sciences, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878
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9
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Goey CH, Alhuthali S, Kontoravdi C. Host cell protein removal from biopharmaceutical preparations: Towards the implementation of quality by design. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1223-1237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Burgstaller D, Krepper W, Haas J, Maszelin M, Mohoric J, Pajnic K, Jungbauer A, Satzer P. Continuous cell flocculation for recombinant antibody harvesting. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2018; 93:1881-1890. [PMID: 30008503 PMCID: PMC6033189 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated continuous production technology is of great interest in biopharmaceutical industry. Efficient, flexible and cost effective methods for continuous cell removal have to be developed, before a fully continuous and integrated product train can be realized. The paper describes the development and testing of such an integrated continuous and disposable set-up for cell separation by flocculation combined with depth filtration. RESULTS Screening of multiple flocculation agents, depth filters, and conditions demonstrated that the best performance was obtained with 0.0375% polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (pDADMAC; a polycationic flocculation agent) in combination with Clarisolve® depth filters. Using this set-up, a 4-fold decrease of filtration area was achieved relative to standard filtration without flocculation, with yields of ≥97% and DNA depletion of up to 99%. Continuous operation was accomplished using a simple tubular reactor design with parallelization of the filtration. The reactor length was selected to allow a 13.2-min residence time, which was sufficient to complete flocculation in batch experiments. Continuous flocculation performance was monitored on-line using focused beam reflectance measurement. Filter switch cycles based on upstream pressure were controlled by in-line pressure sensors, and were stable from one filter to the next. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that stable and efficient continuous flocculation associated with depth filtration can be easily accomplished using tubular reactors and parallelization. Continuous cell separation is essential for the development of fully continuous integrated process trains. This cost-efficient disposable design run in continuous mode significantly reduces facility foot print, process costs and enables great flexbility. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Burgstaller
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Walpurga Krepper
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | | | | | | | | | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)ViennaAustria
| | - Peter Satzer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
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11
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Brinkmann A, Elouafiq S, Pieracci J, Westoby M. Leveraging single-pass tangential flow filtration to enable decoupling of upstream and downstream monoclonal antibody processing. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:405-411. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Brinkmann
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Biogen; Research Triangle Park NC 27709
| | - Sanaa Elouafiq
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Biogen; Research Triangle Park NC 27709
| | - John Pieracci
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Biogen; Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Matthew Westoby
- Biopharmaceutical Development, Biogen; Research Triangle Park NC 27709
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12
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Joseph A, Goldrick S, Mollet M, Turner R, Bender J, Gruber D, Farid SS, Titchener-Hooker N. An automated laboratory-scale methodology for the generation of sheared mammalian cell culture samples. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Joseph
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering; Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; London UK
| | - Stephen Goldrick
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering; Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; London UK
| | - Michael Mollet
- MedImmune; Gaithersburg Headquarters; Gaithersburg MD USA
| | | | - Jean Bender
- MedImmune; Gaithersburg Headquarters; Gaithersburg MD USA
| | - David Gruber
- MedImmune; Milstein Building, Granta Park; Cambridge UK
| | - Suzanne S. Farid
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering; Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; London UK
| | - Nigel Titchener-Hooker
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering; Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; London UK
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13
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Chen G, Su Z, Li F, Liu HF. Application of calcium phosphate flocculation in high-density cell culture fluid with high product titer of monoclonal antibody. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 40:703-714. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Conley L, Tao Y, Henry A, Koepf E, Cecchini D, Pieracci J, Ghose S. Evaluation of eco-friendly zwitterionic detergents for enveloped virus inactivation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:813-820. [PMID: 27800626 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion of a detergent in protein biotherapeutic purification processes is a simple and very robust method for inactivating enveloped viruses. The detergent Triton X-100 has been used for many years and is part of the production process of several commercial therapeutic proteins. However, recent ecological studies have suggested that Triton X-100 and its break-down products can potentially behave as endocrine disrupters in aquatic organisms, raising concerns from an environmental impact perspective. As such, discharge of Triton X-100 into the waste water treatment plants is regulated in some jurisdictions, and alternative detergents for viral inactivation are required. In this work, we report on the identification and evaluation of more eco-friendly detergents as viable replacements for Triton X-100. Five detergent candidates with low to moderate environmental impact were initially identified and evaluated with respect to protein stability, followed by proof-of-concept virus inactivation studies using a model enveloped virus. From the set of candidates lauryldimethylamine N-oxide (LDAO) was identified as the most promising detergent due to its low ecotoxicity, robust anti-viral activity (LRV >4 at validation set-point conditions with X-MuLX), and absence of any negative impact on protein function. This detergent exhibited effective and robust virus inactivation in a broad range of protein concentrations, solution conductivities, pHs, and in several different cell culture fluid matrices. The only process parameter which correlated with reduced virus inactivation potency was LDAO concentration, and then only when the concentration was reduced to below the detergent's critical micelle concentration (CMC). Additionally, this work also demonstrated that LDAO was cleared to below detectable levels after Protein A affinity chromatography, making it suitable for use in a platform process that utilizes this chromatographic mode for protein capture. All these findings suggest that LDAO may be a practical alternative to Triton X-100 for use in protein therapeutic production processes for inactivating enveloped viruses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 813-820. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Conley
- Process Biochemistry, Biogen, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park 27709, North Carolina
| | - Yinying Tao
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alexis Henry
- Process Biochemistry, Biogen, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park 27709, North Carolina
| | - Edward Koepf
- Process Biochemistry, Biogen, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park 27709, North Carolina
| | | | - John Pieracci
- Process Biochemistry, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Process Biochemistry, Biogen, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park 27709, North Carolina
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15
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Ultra scale-down approaches to enhance the creation of bioprocesses at scale: impacts of process shear stress and early recovery stages. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Popova D, Stonier A, Pain D, Titchener-Hooker NJ, Farid SS. Integrated economic and experimental framework for screening of primary recovery technologies for high cell density CHO cultures. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:899-909. [PMID: 27067803 PMCID: PMC4999028 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increases in mammalian cell culture titres and densities have placed significant demands on primary recovery operation performance. This article presents a methodology which aims to screen rapidly and evaluate primary recovery technologies for their scope for technically feasible and cost‐effective operation in the context of high cell density mammalian cell cultures. It was applied to assess the performance of current (centrifugation and depth filtration options) and alternative (tangential flow filtration (TFF)) primary recovery strategies. Cell culture test materials (CCTM) were generated to simulate the most demanding cell culture conditions selected as a screening challenge for the technologies. The performance of these technology options was assessed using lab scale and ultra scale‐down (USD) mimics requiring 25–110mL volumes for centrifugation and depth filtration and TFF screening experiments respectively. A centrifugation and depth filtration combination as well as both of the alternative technologies met the performance selection criteria. A detailed process economics evaluation was carried out at three scales of manufacturing (2,000L, 10,000L, 20,000L), where alternative primary recovery options were shown to potentially provide a more cost‐effective primary recovery process in the future. This assessment process and the study results can aid technology selection to identify the most effective option for a specific scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Popova
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - David Pain
- Lonza Biologics plc, Slough, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Suzanne S Farid
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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17
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Voulgaris I, Chatel A, Hoare M, Finka G, Uden M. Evaluation of options for harvest of a recombinant E. Coli fermentation producing a domain antibody using ultra scale-down techniques and pilot-scale verification. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:382-92. [PMID: 26698375 PMCID: PMC4991298 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultra scale‐down (USD) methods operating at the millilitre scale were used to characterise full‐scale processing of E. coli fermentation broths autolysed to different extents for release of a domain antibody. The focus was on the primary clarification stages involving continuous centrifugation followed by depth filtration. The performance of this sequence was predicted by USD studies to decrease significantly with increased extents of cell lysis. The use of polyethyleneimine reagent was studied to treat the lysed cell broth by precipitation of soluble contaminants such as DNA and flocculation of cell debris material. The USD studies were used to predict the impact of this treatment on the performance and here it was found that the fermentation could be run to maximum productivity using an acceptable clarification process (e.g., a centrifugation stage operating at 0.11 L/m2 equivalent gravity settling area per hour followed by a resultant required depth filter area of 0.07 m2/L supernatant). A range of USD predictions was verified at the pilot scale for centrifugation followed by depth filtration. © 2016 The Authors Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:382–392, 2016
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Voulgaris
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, UCL, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT.,Biopharm Process Research, BioPharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY
| | - Alex Chatel
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, UCL, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT
| | - Mike Hoare
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, UCL, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT
| | - Gary Finka
- Biopharm Process Research, BioPharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY
| | - Mark Uden
- Biopharm Process Research, BioPharm R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, R&D, Stevenage, SG1 2NY
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18
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Lutz H, Chefer K, Felo M, Cacace B, Hove S, Wang B, Blanchard M, Oulundsen G, Piper R, Zhao X. Robust depth filter sizing for centrate clarification. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1542-50. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herb Lutz
- EMD Millipore Corporation; Bedford MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Wang
- EMD Millipore Corporation; Bedford MA
| | | | | | - Rob Piper
- Purification Process Development; Amgen Inc; Seattle WA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Purification Process Development; Amgen Inc; Thousand Oaks CA
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19
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Singh N, Arunkumar A, Chollangi S, Tan ZG, Borys M, Li ZJ. Clarification technologies for monoclonal antibody manufacturing processes: Current state and future perspectives. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:698-716. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nripen Singh
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Abhiram Arunkumar
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Srinivas Chollangi
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Zhijun George Tan
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
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20
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Senczuk A, Petty K, Thomas A, McNerney T, Moscariello J, Yigzaw Y. Evaluation of predictive tools for cell culture clarification performance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:568-75. [PMID: 26332572 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the productivity of industrial mammalian cell culture processes have resulted in part in increased cell density. This increase and the associated increase in cellular debris are known to challenge harvest operations, however this understanding is limited and largely qualitative. Part of the issue arises from the heterogeneous size and composition of cellular debris, which makes harvest feed stream extremely difficult to characterize. Improved characterization methods would facilitate the development of clarification approaches that are consistent and scalable. This work describes how both particle size and cholesterol analysis can be used to characterize the feed stream. Particle size analysis by focused beam reflectance and dynamic light scattering are shown to be predictive of centrate filterability under certain harvest conditions. Because of the particle size range limitations of each detector, their applicability is limited to a particular stage or method of clarification. The measurement of cholesterol present in the cell culture supernatant or centrate was successfully used in providing relative amount of lysed cellular debris and enabled us to predict clarification performance of acid precipitated harvest regardless of particle size distribution profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Senczuk
- Process Development, Takeda Vaccines Inc., Bozeman.
| | - Krista Petty
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Anne Thomas
- Drug Substance Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Yinges Yigzaw
- Purification Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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21
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Popova D, Stonier A, Pain D, Titchener-Hooker NJ, Farid SS. Representative mammalian cell culture test materials for assessment of primary recovery technologies: a rapid method with industrial applicability. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:162-70. [PMID: 25377169 PMCID: PMC4674960 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell culture material is often difficult to produce accurately and reproducibly for downstream studies. This article presents a methodology for the creation of a set of cell culture test materials where key variables including cell density, cell viability, product, and the host cell protein (HCP) load can be manipulated individually. The methodology was developed using a glutamine synthetase Chinese hamster ovary cell line cultured at 5-L and 70-L scales. Cell concentration post-cell growth was manipulated using tangential flow filtration to generate a range of target cell densities of up to 100 × 106 cells/mL. A method to prepare an apoptotic cell stock to achieve target viabilities of 40–90% is also described. In addition, a range of IgG1 and HCP concentrations was achieved. The results illustrate that the proposed methodology is able to mimic different cell culture profiles by decoupling the control of the key variables. The cell culture test materials were shown to be representative of typical cell culture feed material in terms of particle size distribution and HCP population. This provides a rapid method to create the required feeds for assessing the feasibility of primary recovery technologies designed to cope with higher cell density cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Popova
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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22
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Industrial application of impurity flocculation to streamline antibody purification processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.15.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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What can cell culture flocculation offer for antibody purification processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Espuny Garcia Del Real G, Davies J, Bracewell DG. Scale-down characterization of post-centrifuge flocculation processes for high-throughput process development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2486-98. [PMID: 24942244 PMCID: PMC4232874 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flocculation unit operations are being revisited as a strategy to ease the burden posed on clarification and purification operations by the increasingly high cell density cultures used in the biopharmaceutical industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the key process parameters impacting flocculation scale-up and use this understanding to develop an automated ultra-scale down (USD) method for the rapid characterization of flocculation at the microliter scale. The conditions under which flocculation performance of a non-geometrically similar vessel three orders of magnitude larger can be mimicked by the USD platform are reported. Saccharomyces cerevisiae clarified homogenate was flocculated with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) to remove the residual solids remaining in the centrate. Flocculant addition time modulated flocculation performance depending on the predominant mixing time scale (i.e. macro-, meso- or micromixing). Particle growth and breakage was mimicked at the two flocculation scales by the average turbulent energy dissipation (εavg) and impeller tip speed (vtip) scale-up bases. The results obtained were used to develop an USD method. The USD method proposed uses constant εavg as the scale-up basis under a micromixing controlled regime. These conditions mimicked the STR flocculation performance within a ±5% error margin. Operation in the mesomixing regime led to particle size deviations between the flocculation scales of ≤50 %. These results, in addition to the microscopic observations made, demonstrate the USD system presented in this work can produce process-relevant flocculated material at the microliter scale under the correct operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Espuny Garcia Del Real
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK; Lonza Biologics plc, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4DX, UK
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25
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Buyel JF, Fischer R. Flocculation increases the efficacy of depth filtration during the downstream processing of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins produced in tobacco. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:240-52. [PMID: 24165151 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flocculation is a cost-effective method that is used to improve the efficiency of clarification by causing dispersed particles to clump together, allowing their removal by sedimentation, centrifugation or filtration. The efficacy of flocculation for any given process depends on the nature and concentration of the particulates in the feed stream, the concentration, charge density and length of the flocculant polymer, the shear rate, the properties of the feed stream (e.g. pH and ionic strength) and the properties of the target products. We tested a range of flocculants and process conditions using a design of experiments approach to identify the most suitable polymers for the clarification step during the production of a HIV-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (2G12) and a fluorescent marker protein (DsRed) expressed in transgenic tobacco leaves. Among the 23 different flocculants we tested, the greatest reduction in turbidity was achieved with Polymin P, a branched, cationic polyethylenimine with a charge density of 13.0 meq/g. This flocculant reduced turbidity by more than 90% under a wide range of process conditions. We developed a model that predicted its performance under different process conditions, and this enabled us to increase the depth filter capacity three-sevenfold depending on the process scale, depth filter type and plant species. The costs of filter consumables were reduced by more than 50% compared with a process without flocculant, and there was no loss of recovery for either 2G12 or DsRed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Buyel
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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26
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Felo M, Christensen B, Higgins J. Process cost and facility considerations in the selection of primary cell culture clarification technology. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1239-45. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Felo
- Biomanufacturing Sciences Network, EMD Millipore Corp.900 Middlesex TurnpikeBillerica MA01821
| | | | - John Higgins
- Process Development, Novavax9920 Belward Campus DriveRockville MD20850
- Previously employed with MedImmune
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27
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Singh N, Pizzelli K, Romero JK, Chrostowski J, Evangelist G, Hamzik J, Soice N, Cheng K. Clarification of recombinant proteins from high cell density mammalian cell culture systems using new improved depth filters. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1964-72. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Tarrant RDR, Velez-Suberbie ML, Tait AS, Smales CM, Bracewell DG. Host cell protein adsorption characteristics during protein A chromatography. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1037-44. [PMID: 22736545 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein A chromatography is a critical and 'gold-standard' step in the purification of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products. Its ability to remove >98% of impurities in a single step alleviates the burden on subsequent process steps and facilitates the implementation of platform processes, with a minimal number of chromatographic steps. Here, we have evaluated four commercially available protein A chromatography matrices in terms of their ability to remove host cell proteins (HCPs), a complex group of process related impurities that must be removed to minimal levels. SELDI-TOF MS was used as a screening tool to generate an impurity profile fingerprint for each resin and indicated a number of residual impurities present following protein A chromatography, agreeing with HCP ELISA. Although many of these were observed for all matrices there was a significantly elevated level of impurity binding associated with the resin based on controlled pore glass under standard conditions. Use of null cell line supernatant with and without spiked purified mAb demonstrated the interaction of HCPs to be not only with the resin back-bone but also with the bound mAb. A null cell line column overload and sample enrichment method before 2D-PAGE was then used to determine individual components associated with resin back-bone adsorption. The methods shown allow for a critical analysis of HCP removal during protein A chromatography. Taken together they provide the necessary process understanding to allow process engineers to identify rational approaches for the removal of prominent HCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D R Tarrant
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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