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Park SY, Song J, Choi DH, Park U, Cho H, Hong BH, Silberberg YR, Lee DY. Exploring metabolic effects of dipeptide feed media on CHO cell cultures by in silico model-guided flux analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:123. [PMID: 38229404 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in perfusion or continuous processes to achieve higher productivity of biopharmaceuticals in mammalian cell culture, specifically Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, towards advanced biomanufacturing. These intensified bioprocesses highly require concentrated feed media in order to counteract their dilution effects. However, designing such condensed media formulation poses several challenges, particularly regarding the stability and solubility of specific amino acids. To address the difficulty and complexity in relevant media development, the biopharmaceutical industry has recently suggested forming dipeptides by combining one from problematic amino acids with selected pairs to compensate for limitations. In this study, we combined one of the lead amino acids, L-tyrosine, which is known for its poor solubility in water due to its aromatic ring and hydroxyl group, with glycine as the partner, thus forming glycyl-L-tyrosine (GY) dipeptide. Subsequently, we investigated the utilization of GY dipeptide during fed-batch cultures of IgG-producing CHO cells, by changing its concentrations (0.125 × , 0.25 × , 0.5 × , 1.0 × , and 2.0 ×). Multivariate statistical analysis of culture profiles was then conducted to identify and correlate the most significant nutrients with the production, followed by in silico model-guided analysis to systematically evaluate their effects on the culture performance, and elucidate metabolic states and cellular behaviors. As such, it allowed us to explain how the cells can more efficiently utilize GY dipeptide with respect to the balance of cofactor regeneration and energy distribution for the required biomass and protein synthesis. For example, our analysis results uncovered specific amino acids (Asn and Gln) and the 0.5 × GY dipeptide in the feed medium synergistically alleviated the metabolic bottleneck, resulting in enhanced IgG titer and productivity. In the validation experiments, we tested and observed that lower levels of Asn and Gln led to decreased secretion of toxic metabolites, enhanced longevity, and elevated specific cell growth and titer. KEY POINTS: • Explored the optimal Tyr dipeptide for the enhanced CHO cell culture performance • Systematically analyzed effects of dipeptide media by model-guided approach • Uncovered synergistic metabolic utilization of amino acids with dipeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jinsung Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Uiseon Park
- Ajinomoto CELLiST Korea Co., Inc., 70 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeran Cho
- Ajinomoto CELLiST Korea Co., Inc., 70 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bee Hak Hong
- Ajinomoto CELLiST Korea Co., Inc., 70 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yaron R Silberberg
- Ajinomoto CELLiST Korea Co., Inc., 70 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, South Korea.
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2
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Li H, Rose P, Rowicki P, Cutler C, McPhee JT, Frey C, Lemieux L, Pelette G, Ang JK, Liu R, Richardson DD. Advancing multiproduct resin reuse for development and clinical manufacturing of an antibody-based therapeutic. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3434. [PMID: 38334252 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Chromatography resins used for purifying biopharmaceuticals are generally dedicated to a single product. For clinical manufacturing, this can result in resin being used only for a fraction of its potential lifetime. Extending the use of resins to multiple products can significantly reduce resin waste and cost. It can also improve manufacturing flexibility in case of raw material shortage during times such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The work presented herein describes an overarching multiproduct resin reuse (MRR) strategy, which includes a risk assessment, strategic planning, small-scale feasibility runs, and the successful execution of the MRR strategy to support Good manufacturing practice (GMP) clinical manufacturing of an antibody-based therapeutic. Specifically, an anion exchange (AEX) and cation exchange (CEX) MRR strategy is described. Clearance of carryover biological product is demonstrated by first cleaning the AEX and CEX manufacturing columns with sodium hydroxide to ensure inactivation and degradation of the carryover protein and followed by a blank buffer elution that is tested using various analytical methodologies to ensure reduction of the carryover protein to an acceptable level. To our knowledge, this is the first time an MRR approach has been successfully implemented and submitted to health authorities to support biologic GMP clinical manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Global CMC Project Management, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Rose
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Patricia Rowicki
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Collette Cutler
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jeffrey T McPhee
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Claudia Frey
- CMC Regulatory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Linda Lemieux
- CMC Regulatory, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gerald Pelette
- Global Development Quality, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joo Kok Ang
- Global Development Quality, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ren Liu
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Poltash ML, Srzentić K, Beil E, Gorre E, Damoc E, Mahan AD, Nanda H, Chowdhury P. Elucidating the Mechanism of Multispecific Antibody Aggregation through Subunit Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2654-2661. [PMID: 37922506 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Multispecific antibody constructs are quickly becoming more common constructs in biopharmaceuticals to improve specificity and efficacy. While the advent of this technology has led to improved therapeutics, its development has challenged the analytical tools through which these therapeutics are characterized. Moreover, new critical quality attributes, such as aggregation, have challenged the approaches to characterization even further. Herein, we describe a novel native subunit analysis using IdeS and IgdE analyzed by native size exclusion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to interrogate the mechanism of aggregation in a multispecific antibody. Digestion by IdeS and IdgE allows for the retention and detection of noncovalent interactions thereafter. Aggregation was localized to single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) wherein a domain swapping mechanism between VH1/VL2 and VH2/VL1 occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Poltash
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Eric Beil
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Elsa Gorre
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eugen Damoc
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrew D Mahan
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Partha Chowdhury
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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4
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Mullins DR, Galosy SS. Development of a novel capillary electrophoresis method for quantitative measurements of intracellular recombinant protein titer. J Biotechnol 2023; 365:54-61. [PMID: 36780953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of volumetric titer is an integral step in the assessment and selection of a production cell line and cell culture process. The production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a major class of therapeutic proteins, in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines is challenging due to the clone-to-clone variations in the intrinsic capability to secrete a biologically complex protein. The measurement of intracellular mAb concentration could be a valuable tool to determine the ratio of intracellular to secreted product and be part of the evaluation of potential mAb productive cell lines. High throughput automation is a valuable tool that is used in bioprocess development to reduce work intensive steps. When coupled with the Simple Western (Wes) platform, automated capillary electrophoresis is an efficient method to measure recombinant protein concentration. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of using the automated Wes to rapidly measure intracellular titer and then compare the intracellular titer, volumetric titer and specific productivity between high and low production CHO clones expressing a model human IgG1 mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mullins
- Global Investigative Safety, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA, USA.
| | - Sybille S Galosy
- Biopharm Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), King of Prussia, PA, USA
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5
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Doyle K, Tsopanoglou A, Fejér A, Glennon B, del Val IJ. Automated assembly of hybrid dynamic models for CHO cell culture processes. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Improved Titer in Late-Stage Mammalian Cell Culture Manufacturing by Re-Cloning. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040173. [PMID: 35447733 PMCID: PMC9030702 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving productivity to reduce the cost of biologics manufacturing and ensure that therapeutics can reach more patients remains a major challenge faced by the biopharmaceutical industry. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are commonly prepared for biomanufacturing by single cell cloning post-transfection and recovery, followed by lead clone screening, generation of a research cell bank (RCB), cell culture process development, and manufacturing of a master cell bank (MCB) to be used in early phase clinical manufacturing. In this study, it was found that an additional round of cloning and clone selection from an established monoclonal RCB or MCB (i.e., re-cloning) significantly improved titer for multiple late phase monoclonal antibody upstream processes. Quality attributes remained comparable between the processes using the parental clones and the re-clones. For two CHO cells expressing different antibodies, the re-clone performance was successfully scaled up at 500-L or at 2000-L bioreactor scales, demonstrating for the first time that the re-clone is suitable for late phase and commercial manufacturing processes for improvement of titer while maintaining comparable product quality to the early phase process.
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7
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Schellenberg J, Nagraik T, Wohlenberg OJ, Ruhl S, Bahnemann J, Scheper T, Solle D. Stress‐induced increase of monoclonal antibody production in CHO cells. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:427-436. [PMID: 35573136 PMCID: PMC9077828 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are of great interest to the biopharmaceutical industry due to their widely used application as human therapeutic and diagnostic agents. As such, mAb require to exhibit human‐like glycolization patterns. Therefore, recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the favored production organisms; many relevant biopharmaceuticals are already produced by this cell type. To optimize the mAb yield in CHO DG44 cells a corelation between stress‐induced cell size expansion and increased specific productivity was investigated. CO2 and macronutrient supply of the cells during a 12‐day fed‐batch cultivation process were tested as stress factors. Shake flasks (500 mL) and a small‐scale bioreactor system (15 mL) were used for the cultivation experiments and compared in terms of their effect on cell diameter, integral viable cell concentration (IVCC), and cell‐specific productivity. The achieved stress‐induced increase in cell‐specific productivity of up to 94.94.9%–134.4% correlates to a cell diameter shift of up to 7.34 μm. The highest final product titer of 4 g/L was reached by glucose oversupply during the batch phase of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schellenberg
- Institut für Technische Chemie Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Tamanna Nagraik
- Institut für Technische Chemie Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Ruhl
- Field Application Specialist – Cell Culture Technologies Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH Göttingen Germany
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institut für Technische Chemie Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institut für Technische Chemie Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institut für Technische Chemie Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover Germany
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8
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Masuda K, Watanabe K, Ueno T, Nakazawa Y, Tanabe Y, Ushiki-Kaku Y, Ogawa-Goto K, Ehara Y, Saeki H, Okumura T, Nonaka K, Kamihira M. Novel cell line development strategy for monoclonal antibody manufacturing using translational enhancing technology. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:273-280. [PMID: 34930670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for constructing expression systems to produce therapeutic proteins. However, the establishment of high-producer clones remains a laborious and time-consuming process, despite various progresses having been made in cell line development. We previously developed a new strategy for screening high monoclonal antibody (mAb)-producing cells using flow cytometry (FCM). We also reported that p180 and SF3b4 play key roles in active translation on the endoplasmic reticulum, and that the productivity of secreted alkaline phosphatase was enhanced by the overexpression of p180 and SF3b4. Here, we attempted to apply the translational enhancing technology to high mAb-producing cells obtained after high-producer cell sorting. A high mAb-producing CHO clone, L003, which showed an mAb production level of >3 g/L in fed-batch culture, was established from a high mAb-producing cell pool fractionated by FCM. Clones generated by the overexpression of p180 and SF3b4 in L003 cells were evaluated by fed-batch culture. The specific productivity of clones overexpressing these two factors was ∼3.1-fold higher than that of parental L003 cells in the early phase of the culture period. Furthermore, the final mAb concentration was increased to 9.5 g/L during 17 days of fed-batch culture after optimizing the medium and culture process. These results indicate that the overexpression of p180 and SF3b4 would be promising for establishing high-producer cell lines applicable to industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Masuda
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Watanabe
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ueno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11, Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakazawa
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yumiko Tanabe
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Yuko Ushiki-Kaku
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11, Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Ogawa-Goto
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11, Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan; Japan Institute of Leather Research, 1-1-1 Senju Midori-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8601, Japan
| | - Yukikazu Ehara
- FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 3-17-15 Niizo-Minami, Toda, Saitama 335-0026, Japan
| | - Hisashi Saeki
- FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, 3-17-15 Niizo-Minami, Toda, Saitama 335-0026, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okumura
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biologics Division, Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Akaiwa, Chiyoda-machi, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Masamichi Kamihira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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9
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Zhang W, Liu X, Tang H, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Fan L, Wang H, Tan WS, Zhao L. Investigation into the impact of tyrosine on the product formation and quality attributes of mAbs in rCHO cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6953-6966. [PMID: 32577803 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr) is crucial to the maintenance of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) titers and quality attributes in fed-batch cultures of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells. However, the relation between tyrosine and these aspects is not yet fully defined. In order to further elucidate such a relation, two groups of fed-batch experiments with high tyrosine (H-T) or low tyrosine (L-T) additions producing an IgG1 monoclonal antibody against CD20 were implemented to investigate the intracellular and extracellular effects of tyrosine on the culture performance. It was found that the scarcity of tyrosine led to the distinctive reduction in both viable cell density and antibody specific production rate, hence the sharply reduced titer, possibly related to the impaired translation efficiency caused by the substrate limitation of tyrosine. In addition, alterations to the critical quality attributes were detected in the L-T group, compared to those in the H-T condition. Notable decrease in the contents of intact antibody was found under the L-T condition because of the elevated reductive level in the supernatant. Moreover, the aggregate content in the L-T condition was also reduced, probably resulting from the accumulation of extracellular cystine. In particular, the lysine variant content noticeably increased with tyrosine limitation owing to the downregulation of two carboxypeptidases, i.e., CpB and CpH. Overall, understanding the role of tyrosine in these aspects is fundamental to the increase of product titers and control of critical quality attributes in the monoclonal antibody production of rCHO cell fed-batch cultures. KEY POINTS: • Tyrosine is essential in the maintenance of product titers and the control of product qualities in high cell density cultivations in rCHO cell. • This study revealed the bottleneck of decreased qmAbupon the deficiency of tyrosine. • The impact of tyrosine on the critical product qualities and the underlying mechanisms were also thoroughly assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuping Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hongping Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Li Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fuyang, Hangzhou, 311404, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P. O. Box 309#, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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10
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Yilmaz D, Parulekar SJ, Cinar A. A dynamic EFM-based model for antibody producing cell lines and model based evaluation of fed-batch processes. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Early integration of Design of Experiment (DOE) and multivariate statistics identifies feeding regimens suitable for CHO cell line development and screening. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:1137-1153. [PMID: 31705334 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines, the establishment of the ideal fed-batch regimen promotes metabolic conditions advantageous for the bioproduction of therapeutic molecules. A tailored, cell line-specific feeding scheme is typically defined during process development (PD) activities, through the incorporation of Design of Experiment (DOE) and late stage cell culture approaches. The feeding during early stage cell line development (CLD) was a simplified "one-fits-all" design, inherited from PD lab, that didn't account for CLD needs of throughput and streamlined workflow. The "one-fits-all" efficiency was not routinely verified when novel technologies were incorporated in CLD and sub-optimal feeding carried the risk of not selecting the most desirable cell lines amenable to late stage PD. In our work we developed the DOE-feed method; a streamlined, three-stages framework for identifying efficient feeding schemes as the CLD technologies evolved. We combined early stage cell culture input data with late-stage techniques, such as statistical modelling, principal component analysis (PCA), DOE and Prediction Profiler. Novel in our DOE-feed work, we deliberately anticipated the application of statistics and approached the method development as an early-stage, continuously updated process, by building iterative datasets and statistically interpreting their responses. We capitalized on the statistical models defined by the DOE-feed methodology to study the influence of feeds on daily productivity and growth and to extrapolate feeding-schemes that improved the cell line screening. The DOE-feed became a methodology suited for CLD needs at AbbVie, and optimized the early stage screening, reduced the operational hands-on time and improved the overall workstream efficiency.
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12
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Traustason B, Cheeks M, Dikicioglu D. Computer-Aided Strategies for Determining the Amino Acid Composition of Medium for Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell-Based Biomanufacturing Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5464. [PMID: 31684012 PMCID: PMC6862603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used for the production of the majority of biopharmaceutical drugs, and thus have remained the standard industry host for the past three decades. The amino acid composition of the medium plays a key role in commercial scale biologics manufacturing, as amino acids constitute the building blocks of both endogenous and heterologous proteins, are involved in metabolic and non-metabolic pathways, and can act as main sources of nitrogen and carbon under certain conditions. As biomanufactured proteins become increasingly complex, the adoption of model-based approaches become ever more popular in complementing the challenging task of medium development. The extensively studied amino acid metabolism is exceptionally suitable for such model-driven analyses, and although still limited in practice, the development of these strategies is gaining attention, particularly in this domain. This paper provides a review of recent efforts. We first provide an overview of the widely adopted practice, and move on to describe the model-driven approaches employed for the improvement and optimization of the external amino acid supply in light of cellular amino acid demand. We conclude by proposing the likely prevalent direction the field is heading towards, providing a critical evaluation of the current state and the future challenges and considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergthor Traustason
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
| | - Matthew Cheeks
- Cell Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Duygu Dikicioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
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13
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Sun Z, Ji Q, Evans AR, Lewis MJ, Mo J, Hu P. High-throughput LC-MS quantitation of cell culture metabolites. Biologicals 2019; 61:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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14
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Krebs LE, Bowden DM, Bray CM, Shaw MM, Frye CC. Effective and efficient characterization of Chinese hamster ovary production cell lines using automated intracellular staining and statistical modeling. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 34:570-583. [PMID: 29882242 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell line development is critical to bioproduct manufacturing. Success requires selecting a line with desirable performance characteristics, including consistent expression throughout the proposed manufacturing window. Given the genetic and phenotypic flux inherent to immortalized lines such as Chinese hamster ovary cells, clonally-derived cell line characterization is vital. We describe here the development and implementation of a novel addition to our characterization approach to ensure production cell line suitability: automated intracellular staining with statistical modeling. Case studies are presented which highlight this method's sensitivity to epigenetic expression effects, closing a gap left by our historically-leveraged genetic suitability characterization. Additionally, we demonstrate how an orthogonal, complimentary assay can help identify opportunities for improvement in even a well-established methodology such as our genetic suitability assessment. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:570-583, 2018.
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15
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Tang H, Zhang X, Zhang W, Fan L, Wang H, Tan WS, Zhao L. Insight into the roles of tyrosine on rCHO cell performance in fed-batch cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6483-6494. [PMID: 31190239 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr), as one of the least soluble amino acids, is essential to monoclonal antibody (mAb) production in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell cultures since its roles on maintaining the specific productivity (qmAb) and avoiding Tyr sequence variants. To understand the effects of Tyr on cell performance and its underlying mechanisms, rCHO cell-producing mAbs were cultivated at various cumulative Tyr addition concentrations (0.6 to 5.5 mM) in fed-batch processes. Low Tyr concentrations gave a much lower peak viable cell density (VCD) during the growth phase and also induced rapid cell death and pH decrease during the production phase, resulting in a low efficient fed-batch process. Autophagy was initiated following the inhibition of mTOR under the Tyr starvation condition. Excessive autophagy subsequently induced autophagic cell death, which was found as the major type of cell death in this study. Additionally, the results obtained here demonstrate that the decrease in culture pH under the Tyr starvation condition was associated with the autophagy and such pH drop might be attributed to the lysosome acidification and cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xintao Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Li Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fuyang, Zhejiang, 311404, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Kshirsagar R, Ryll T. Innovation in Cell Banking, Expansion, and Production Culture. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:51-74. [PMID: 29637222 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based production processes enable the development and commercial supply of recombinant protein products. Such processes consist of the following elements: thaw and initiation of culture, seed expansion, and production culture. A robust cell source storage system in the form of a cell bank is developed and cells are thawed to initiate the cell culture process. Seed culture expansion generates sufficient cell mass to initiate the production culture. The production culture provides an environment where the cells can synthesize the product and is optimized to deliver the highest possible product concentration with acceptable product quality. This chapter describes the significant innovations made in these process elements and the resulting improvements in the overall efficiency, robustness, and safety of the processes and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Technical Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Technical Operations, ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
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17
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Ma F, Zhang A, Chang D, Velev OD, Wiltberger K, Kshirsagar R. Real-time monitoring and control of CHO cell apoptosis by in situ multifrequency scanning dielectric spectroscopy. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Yee JC, Rehmann MS, Yao G, Sowa SW, Aron KL, Tian J, Borys MC, Li ZJ. Advances in process control strategies for mammalian fed-batch cultures. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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20
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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21
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Geoghegan D, Arnall C, Hatton D, Noble-Longster J, Sellick C, Senussi T, James DC. Control of amino acid transport into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2908-2929. [PMID: 29987891 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) represent a key interface between the cell and its environment, critical for all cellular processes: Energy generation, redox control, and synthesis of cell and product biomass. However, very little is known about the activity of different functional classes of AATs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, how they support cell growth and productivity, and the potential for engineering their activity and/or the composition of amino acids in growth media to improve CHO cell performance in vitro. In this study, we have comparatively characterized AAT expression in untransfected and monoclonal antibody (MAb)-producing CHO cells using transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq, and mechanistically dissected AAT function using a variety of transporter-specific chemical inhibitors, comparing their effect on cell proliferation, recombinant protein production, and amino acid transport. Of a possible 56 mammalian plasma membrane AATs, 16 AAT messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were relatively abundant across all CHO cell populations. Of these, a subset of nine AAT mRNAs were more abundant in CHO cells engineered to produce a recombinant MAb. Together, upregulated AATs provide additional supply of specific amino acids overrepresented in MAb biomass compared to CHO host cell biomass, enable transport of synthetic substrates for glutathione synthesis, facilitate transport of essential amino acids to maintain active protein synthesis, and provide amino acid substrates for coordinated antiport systems to maintain supplies of proteinogenic and essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Geoghegan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire Arnall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Joanne Noble-Longster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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22
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Neutsch L, Kroll P, Brunner M, Pansy A, Kovar M, Herwig C, Klein T. Media photo-degradation in pharmaceutical biotechnology - impact of ambient light on media quality, cell physiology, and IgG production in CHO cultures. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2018; 93:2141-2151. [PMID: 30069078 PMCID: PMC6055871 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many vital components in bioprocess media are prone to photo-conversion or photo-degradation upon exposure to ambient light, with severe negative consequences for biomass yield and overall productivity. However, there is only limited awareness of light irradiation as a potential risk factor when working in transparent glass bioreactors, storage vessels or disposable bag systems. The chemical complexity of most media renders a root-cause analysis difficult. This study investigated in a novel, holistic approach how light-induced changes in media composition relate to alterations in radical burden, cell physiology, morphology, and product formation in industrial Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) bioprocesses. RESULTS Two media formulations from proprietary and commercial sources were tested in a pre-hoc light exposure scenario prior to cultivation. Using fluorescence excitation/emission (EEM) matrix spectroscopy, a photo-sensitization of riboflavin was identified as a likely cause for drastically decreased IgG titers (up to -80%) and specific growth rates (-50% to -90%). Up to three-fold higher radical levels were observed in photo-degraded medium. On the biological side, this resulted in significant changes in cell morphology and aberrations in the normal IgG biosynthesis/secretion pathway. CONCLUSION These findings clearly illustrate the underrated impact of room light after only short periods of exposure, occurring accidentally or knowingly during bioprocess development and scale- up. The detrimental effects, which may share a common mechanistic cause at the molecular level, correlate well with changes in spectroscopic properties. This offers new perspectives for online monitoring concepts, and improved detectability of such effects in future. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Neutsch
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
| | - Paul Kroll
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Matthias Brunner
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Pansy
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Michael Kovar
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Tobias Klein
- Research Division Biochemical EngineeringVienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical EngineeringViennaAustria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved BioprocessesVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
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23
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Hu D, Zhao L, Wang J, Fan L, Liu X, Wang H, Tan WS. Physiological responses of Chinese hamster ovary cells to a productivity-enhancing yeast extract. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:636-643. [PMID: 29853300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysates play important roles in enhancing the productivity of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell cultures. Lacking of detailed understanding of the mechanisms, hydrolysate is commonly regarded as an unstable factor which should be used with cautions. A yeast extract (YE) was approved to improve the Fc-fusion protein productivity in a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. To elucidate the responses of cells to hydrolysates, we further elaborate their physiological changes during the processes in the presence and absence of YE. Firstly, cell sizes and the cellular components including dry cell weight, cellular fatty acid, and total cellular protein were increased in the presence of YE. Then, by comparing the extracellular and intracellular concentrations of the main metabolites and their consumption rates, we excluded the possibility of nutrient depletion in the absence of YE and observed a distinct improvement on the net consumption rates of metabolites in the presence of YE. Furthermore, the increase on the contents of intracellular nucleotides illustrated an abundance of the nucleic acid precursors and energy charge for recombinant protein synthesis in the presence of YE. In conclusion, this study systematically elucidated YE enhanced cell mass and capacity, activated substrate and energy metabolism of cells in addition to a boost in product synthesis process. The findings provide valuable information for process optimization and cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Fuyang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311404, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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24
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Sha S, Bhatia H, Yoon S. An RNA-seq based transcriptomic investigation into the productivity and growth variants with Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biotechnol 2018; 271:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Fed-batch culture is the most commonly used upstream process in industry today for recombinant monoclonal antibody production using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Developing and optimizing this process in the lab is crucial for establishing process knowledge, which enables rapid and predictable tech-transfer to manufacturing scale. In this chapter, we describe stepwise how to carry out fed-batch CHO cell culture for lab-scale antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel Ley
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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26
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Improving Pertuzumab production by gene optimization and proper signal peptide selection. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 135:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Okagawa T, Konnai S, Nishimori A, Maekawa N, Ikebuchi R, Goto S, Nakajima C, Kohara J, Ogasawara S, Kato Y, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Anti-Bovine Programmed Death-1 Rat-Bovine Chimeric Antibody for Immunotherapy of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Cattle. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28638381 PMCID: PMC5461298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of immunoinhibitory molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1), is a promising strategy for reinvigorating exhausted T cells and preventing disease progression in a variety of chronic infections. Application of this therapeutic strategy to cattle requires bovinized chimeric antibody targeting immunoinhibitory molecules. In this study, anti-bovine PD-1 rat–bovine chimeric monoclonal antibody 5D2 (Boch5D2) was constructed with mammalian expression systems, and its biochemical function and antiviral effect were characterized in vitro and in vivo using cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Purified Boch5D2 was capable of detecting bovine PD-1 molecules expressed on cell membranes in flow cytometric analysis. In particular, Biacore analysis determined that the binding affinity of Boch5D2 to bovine PD-1 protein was similar to that of the original anti-bovine PD-1 rat monoclonal antibody 5D2. Boch5D2 was also capable of blocking PD-1/PD-L1 binding at the same level as 5D2. The immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of Boch5D2 were evaluated by in vivo administration of the antibody to a BLV-infected calf. Inoculated Boch5D2 was sustained in the serum for a longer period. Boch5D2 inoculation resulted in activation of the proliferation of BLV-specific CD4+ T cells and decrease in the proviral load of BLV in the peripheral blood. This study demonstrates that Boch5D2 retains an equivalent biochemical function to that of the original antibody 5D2 and is a candidate therapeutic agent for regulating antiviral immune response in vivo. Clinical efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade awaits further experimentation with a large number of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Asami Nishimori
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agriculture Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogasawara
- Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kent JA, Bommaraju TV, Barnicki SD, Kyung YS, Zhang GG. Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Purification. HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A central pillar of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries continues to be the development of biological drug products manufactured from engineered mammalian cell lines. Since the hugely successful launch of human tissue plasminogen activator in 1987 and erythropoietin in 1988, the biopharmaceutical market has grown immensely. In 2014, biotherapeutics made up a significant portion of global drug sales as 7 of the top 10 and 21 of top 50 selling pharmaceuticals in the world were biologics with over US$100 billion in global sales (Table 1, [1]).
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Karst DJ, Steinhoff RF, Kopp MRG, Serra E, Soos M, Zenobi R, Morbidelli M. Intracellular CHO Cell Metabolite Profiling Reveals Steady-State Dependent Metabolic Fingerprints in Perfusion Culture. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:879-890. [PMID: 27997765 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Perfusion cell culture processes allow the steady-state culture of mammalian cells at high viable cell density, which is beneficial for overall product yields and homogeneity of product quality in the manufacturing of therapeutic proteins. In this study, the extent of metabolic steady state and the change of the metabolite profile between different steady states of an industrial Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line producing a monoclonal antibody (mAb) was investigated in stirred tank perfusion bioreactors. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) of daily cell extracts revealed more than a hundred peaks, among which 76 metabolites were identified by tandem MS (MS/MS) and high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS. Nucleotide ratios (Uridine (U)-ratio, nucleotide triphosphate (NTP)-ratio and energy charge (EC)) and multivariate analysis of all features indicated a consistent metabolite profile for a stable culture performed at 40 × 106 cells/mL over 26 days of culture. Conversely, the reactor was operated continuously so as to reach three distinct steady states one after the other at 20, 60, and 40 × 106 cells/mL. In each case, a stable metabolite profile was achieved after an initial transient phase of approximately three days at constant cell density when varying between these set points. Clear clustering according to cell density was observed by principal component analysis, indicating steady-state dependent metabolite profiles. In particular, varying levels of nucleotides, nucleotide sugar, and lipid precursors explained most of the variance between the different cell density set points. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:879-890, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Karst
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert F Steinhoff
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie R G Kopp
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Serra
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Inst. for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Takagi Y, Kikuchi T, Wada R, Omasa T. The enhancement of antibody concentration and achievement of high cell density CHO cell cultivation by adding nucleoside. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:511-521. [PMID: 28251404 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, with the dramatic increase in demand for therapeutic antibodies, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture systems have made significant progress in recombinant antibody production. Over the past two decades, recombinant antibody productivity has been improved by more than 100-fold. Medium optimization has been identified as an important key approach for increasing product concentrations. In this study, we evaluated the effects of deoxyuridine addition to fed-batch cultures of antibody-expressing CHO cell lines. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of combined addition of deoxyuridine, thymidine, and deoxycytidine. Our results suggest that addition of these pyrimidine nucleosides can increase CHO cell growth, with no significant change in the specific production rate. As a result of the increased cell growth, the antibody concentration was elevated and we were able to achieve more than 9 g/L during 16 days of culture. Similar effects of nucleoside addition were observed in fed-batch cultures of a Fab fragment-expressing CHO cell line, and the final Fab fragment concentration was more than 4 g/L. This nucleoside addition strategy could be a powerful platform for efficient antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takagi
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
- Biotechnology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2698, Japan
| | - Takuya Kikuchi
- Biotechnology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2698, Japan
| | - Ryuta Wada
- Biotechnology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2698, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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31
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Pan X, Streefland M, Dalm C, Wijffels RH, Martens DE. Selection of chemically defined media for CHO cell fed-batch culture processes. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:39-56. [PMID: 27900626 PMCID: PMC5264622 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two CHO cell clones derived from the same parental CHOBC® cell line and producing the same monoclonal antibody (BC-G, a low producing clone; BC-P, a high producing clone) were tested in four basal media in all possible combinations with three feeds (=12 conditions) in fed-batch cultures. Higher amino acid feeding did not always lead to higher mAb production. The two clones showed differences in cell physiology, metabolism and optimal medium-feed combinations. During the phase transitions of all cultures, cell metabolism showed a shift represented by lower specific consumption and production rates, except for the specific glucose consumption rate in cultures fed by Actifeed A/B. The BC-P clone fed by Actifeed A/B showed a threefold cell volume increase and an increase of the specific consumption rate of glucose in the stationary phase. Since feeding was based on glucose this resulted in accumulation of amino acids for this feed, while this did not occur for the poorer feed (EFA/B). The same feed also led to an increase of cell size for the BC-G clone, but to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ciska Dalm
- Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Upstream Process Development, PO Box 7071, 6503 GN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pan X, Streefland M, Dalm C, Wijffels RH, Martens DE. Selection of chemically defined media for CHO cell fed-batch culture processes. Cytotechnology 2016. [PMID: 27900626 DOI: 10.1007/s10616‐016‐0036‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two CHO cell clones derived from the same parental CHOBC® cell line and producing the same monoclonal antibody (BC-G, a low producing clone; BC-P, a high producing clone) were tested in four basal media in all possible combinations with three feeds (=12 conditions) in fed-batch cultures. Higher amino acid feeding did not always lead to higher mAb production. The two clones showed differences in cell physiology, metabolism and optimal medium-feed combinations. During the phase transitions of all cultures, cell metabolism showed a shift represented by lower specific consumption and production rates, except for the specific glucose consumption rate in cultures fed by Actifeed A/B. The BC-P clone fed by Actifeed A/B showed a threefold cell volume increase and an increase of the specific consumption rate of glucose in the stationary phase. Since feeding was based on glucose this resulted in accumulation of amino acids for this feed, while this did not occur for the poorer feed (EFA/B). The same feed also led to an increase of cell size for the BC-G clone, but to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ciska Dalm
- Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Upstream Process Development, PO Box 7071, 6503 GN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Ben Yahia B, Gourevitch B, Malphettes L, Heinzle E. Segmented linear modeling of CHO fed-batch culture and its application to large scale production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:785-797. [PMID: 27869296 PMCID: PMC5324675 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a systematic approach to model CHO metabolism during biopharmaceutical production across a wide range of cell culture conditions. To this end, we applied the metabolic steady state concept. We analyzed and modeled the production rates of metabolites as a function of the specific growth rate. First, the total number of metabolic steady state phases and the location of the breakpoints were determined by recursive partitioning. For this, the smoothed derivative of the metabolic rates with respect to the growth rate were used followed by hierarchical clustering of the obtained partition. We then applied a piecewise regression to the metabolic rates with the previously determined number of phases. This allowed identifying the growth rates at which the cells underwent a metabolic shift. The resulting model with piecewise linear relationships between metabolic rates and the growth rate did well describe cellular metabolism in the fed‐batch cultures. Using the model structure and parameter values from a small‐scale cell culture (2 L) training dataset, it was possible to predict metabolic rates of new fed‐batch cultures just using the experimental specific growth rates. Such prediction was successful both at the laboratory scale with 2 L bioreactors but also at the production scale of 2000 L. This type of modeling provides a flexible framework to set a solid foundation for metabolic flux analysis and mechanistic type of modeling. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 785–797. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Ben Yahia
- Biochemical Engineering InstituteSaarland UniversityCampus A1.5, D‐66123 SaarbrückenGermany
- Upstream Process Sciences Biotech SciencesUCB Pharma S.A.Avenue de l'Industrie, Braine l'Alleud B‐1420Belgium
| | - Boris Gourevitch
- Institut de NeuroScience Paris‐Saclay (NeuroPSI)UMR CNRS 9197
- Université Paris‐SudOrsay Cedex 91405France
| | - Laetitia Malphettes
- Upstream Process Sciences Biotech SciencesUCB Pharma S.A.Avenue de l'Industrie, Braine l'Alleud B‐1420Belgium
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- Biochemical Engineering InstituteSaarland UniversityCampus A1.5, D‐66123 SaarbrückenGermany
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Agarabi CD, Chavez BK, Lute SC, Read EK, Rogstad S, Awotwe-Otoo D, Brown MR, Boyne MT, Brorson KA. Exploring the linkage between cell culture process parameters and downstream processing utilizing a plackett-burman design for a model monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:163-170. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus D. Agarabi
- Div. II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER; FDA; Silver Spring MD
| | - Brittany K. Chavez
- Div. II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER; FDA; Silver Spring MD
| | - Scott C. Lute
- Div. II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER; FDA; Silver Spring MD
| | - Erik K. Read
- Div. II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER; FDA; Silver Spring MD
| | - Sarah Rogstad
- Div. of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Office of Testing and Research, OPQ, CDER, FDA; Silver Spring MD
| | - David Awotwe-Otoo
- Div. of Post Marketing Activities II; OPQ, CDER, FDA; Silver Spring MD
| | - Matthew R. Brown
- Div. II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER; FDA; Silver Spring MD
| | - Michael T. Boyne
- Div. of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Office of Testing and Research, OPQ, CDER, FDA; Silver Spring MD
| | - Kurt A. Brorson
- Div. II, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER; FDA; Silver Spring MD
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35
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Salazar A, Keusgen M, von Hagen J. Amino acids in the cultivation of mammalian cells. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1161-71. [PMID: 26832172 PMCID: PMC4833841 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are crucial for the cultivation of mammalian cells. This importance of amino acids was realized soon after the development of the first cell lines, and a solution of a mixture of amino acids has been supplied to cultured cells ever since. The importance of amino acids is further pronounced in chemically defined mammalian cell culture media, making the consideration of their biological and chemical properties necessary. Amino acids concentrations have been traditionally adjusted to their cellular consumption rates. However, since changes in the metabolic equilibrium of amino acids can be caused by changes in extracellular concentrations, metabolomics in conjunction with flux balance analysis is being used in the development of culture media. The study of amino acid transporters is also gaining importance since they control the intracellular concentrations of these molecules and are influenced by conditions in cell culture media. A better understanding of the solubility, stability, dissolution kinetics, and interactions of these molecules is needed for an exploitation of these properties in the development of dry powdered chemically defined media for mammalian cells. Due to the complexity of these mixtures however, this has proven to be challenging. Studying amino acids in mammalian cell culture media will help provide a better understanding of how mammalian cells in culture interact with their environment. It would also provide insight into the chemical behavior of these molecules in solutions of complex mixtures, which is important in the understanding of the contribution of individual amino acids to protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Salazar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
- Biopharm Materials & Technologies R&D, Merck Lifescience, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg von Hagen
- Biopharm Materials & Technologies R&D, Merck Lifescience, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
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36
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Zalai D, Hevér H, Lovász K, Molnár D, Wechselberger P, Hofer A, Párta L, Putics Á, Herwig C. A control strategy to investigate the relationship between specific productivity and high-mannose glycoforms in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7011-24. [PMID: 26910040 PMCID: PMC4947490 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The integration of physiological knowledge into process control strategies is a cornerstone for the improvement of biopharmaceutical cell culture technologies. The present contribution investigates the applicability of specific productivity as a physiological control parameter in a cell culture process producing a monoclonal antibody (mAb) in CHO cells. In order to characterize cell physiology, the on-line oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was monitored and the time-resolved specific productivity was calculated as physiological parameters. This characterization enabled to identify the tight link between the deprivation of tyrosine and the decrease in cell respiration and in specific productivity. Subsequently, this link was used to control specific productivity by applying different feeding profiles. The maintenance of specific productivity at various levels enabled to identify a correlation between the rate of product formation and the relative abundance of high-mannose glycoforms. An increase in high mannose content was assumed to be the result of high specific productivity. Furthermore, the high mannose content as a function of cultivation pH and specific productivity was investigated in a design of experiment approach. This study demonstrated how physiological parameters could be used to understand interactions between process parameters, physiological parameters, and product quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Zalai
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary.,Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Hevér
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Lovász
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Dóra Molnár
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Patrick Wechselberger
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Hofer
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - László Párta
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Ákos Putics
- Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21, Gyömrői út, Budapest, 1103, Hungary
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria.
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37
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Zhang A, Tsang VL, Moore B, Shen V, Huang YM, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T. Advanced process monitoring and feedback control to enhance cell culture process production and robustness. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2495-504. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Zhang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Valerie Liu Tsang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Brandon Moore
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Vivian Shen
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Yao-Ming Huang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Cambridge Massachusetts
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38
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Sellick CA, Croxford AS, Maqsood AR, Stephens GM, Westerhoff HV, Goodacre R, Dickson AJ. Metabolite profiling of CHO cells: Molecular reflections of bioprocessing effectiveness. Biotechnol J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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39
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Understanding the intracellular effects of yeast extract on the enhancement of Fc-fusion protein production in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8429-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Kishishita S, Katayama S, Kodaira K, Takagi Y, Matsuda H, Okamoto H, Takuma S, Hirashima C, Aoyagi H. Optimization of chemically defined feed media for monoclonal antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Dadehbeigi N, Dickson AJ. Chemical manipulation of the mTORC1 pathway in industrially relevant CHOK1 cells enhances production of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1041-50. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Kishishita S, Nishikawa T, Shinoda Y, Nagashima H, Okamoto H, Takuma S, Aoyagi H. Effect of temperature shift on levels of acidic charge variants in IgG monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:700-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Alves CS, Gilbert A, Dalvi S, Germain BS, Xie W, Estes S, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T. Integration of cell line and process development to overcome the challenge of a difficult to express protein. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1201-11. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Gilbert
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Swati Dalvi
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
| | | | - Wenqi Xie
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
| | - Scott Estes
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
| | | | - Thomas Ryll
- Biogen, Cell Culture Development; 125 Binney St Cambridge MA 02142
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44
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Brühlmann D, Jordan M, Hemberger J, Sauer M, Stettler M, Broly H. Tailoring recombinant protein quality by rational media design. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:615-29. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Inst. for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics; University of Applied Sciences Giessen; Wiesenstrasse 14, DE-35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
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45
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Benchmarking of commercially available CHO cell culture media for antibody production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4645-57. [PMID: 25846330 PMCID: PMC4435641 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, eight commercially available, chemically defined Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture media from different vendors were evaluated in batch culture using an IgG-producing CHO DG44 cell line as a model. Medium adaptation revealed that the occurrence of even small aggregates might be a good indicator of cell growth performance in subsequent high cell density cultures. Batch experiments confirmed that the culture medium has a significant impact on bioprocess performance, but high amino acid concentrations alone were not sufficient to ensure superior cell growth and high antibody production. However, some key amino acids that were limiting in most media could be identified. Unbalanced glucose and amino acids led to high cell-specific lactate and ammonium production rates. In some media, persistently high glucose concentrations probably induced the suppression of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, known as Crabtree effect, which resulted in high cell-specific glycolysis rates along with a continuous and high lactate production. In additional experiments, two of the eight basal media were supplemented with feeds from two different manufacturers in six combinations, in order to understand the combined impact of media and feeds on cell metabolism in a CHO fed-batch process. Cell growth, nutrient consumption and metabolite production rates, antibody production, and IgG quality were evaluated in detail. Concentrated feed supplements boosted cell concentrations almost threefold and antibody titers up to sevenfold. Depending on the fed-batch strategy, fourfold higher peak cell concentrations and eightfold increased IgG titers (up to 5.8 g/L) were achieved. The glycolytic flux was remarkably similar among the fed-batches; however, substantially different specific lactate production rates were observed in the different media and feed combinations. Further analysis revealed that in addition to the feed additives, the basal medium can make a considerable contribution to the ammonium metabolism of the cells. The glycosylation of the recombinant antibody was influenced by the selection of basal medium and feeds. Differences of up to 50 % in the monogalacto-fucosylated (G1F) and high mannose fraction of the IgG were observed.
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46
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47
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Kyriakopoulos S, Kontoravdi C. A framework for the systematic design of fed-batch strategies in mammalian cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2466-76. [PMID: 24975682 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A methodology to calculate the required amount of amino acids (a.a.) and glucose in feeds for animal cell culture from monitoring their levels in batch experiments is presented herein. Experiments with the designed feeds on an antibody-producing Chinese hamster ovary cell line resulted in a 3-fold increase in titer compared to batch culture. Adding 40% more nutrients to the same feed further increases the yield to 3.5 higher than in batch culture. Our results show that above a certain threshold there is no linear correlation between nutrient addition and the integral of viable cell concentration. In addition, although high ammonia levels hinder cell growth, they do not appear to affect specific antibody productivity, while we hypothesize that high extracellular lactate concentration is the cause for the metabolic shift towards lactate consumption for the cell line used. Overall, the performance of the designed feeds is comparable to that of a commercial feed that was tested in parallel. Expanding this approach to more nutrients, as well as changing the ratio of certain amino acids as informed by flux balance analysis, could achieve even higher yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarantos Kyriakopoulos
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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48
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Kremkow BG, Lee KH. Sequencing technologies for animal cell culture research. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:55-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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49
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Zimmer A, Mueller R, Wehsling M, Schnellbaecher A, von Hagen J. Improvement and simplification of fed-batch bioprocesses with a highly soluble phosphotyrosine sodium salt. J Biotechnol 2014; 186:110-8. [PMID: 25014403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fed-batch culture bioprocesses are currently used predominantly for the production of recombinant proteins, especially monoclonal antibodies. In these cultures, concentrated feeds are added during cultivation to prevent nutrient depletion, thus extending the cellular growth phase and increasing product concentrations. One limitation in these bioprocesses arises from the low solubility or stability of some compounds at high concentrations, in particular amino acids. This study describes the synthesis and evaluation of a phosphotyrosine disodium salt as a tyrosine source in fed-batch processes. This molecule is highly soluble in concentrated feeds at neutral pH. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the molecule is cleaved in the cell culture supernatant after processing by released phosphatases, leading to phosphate and free L-tyrosine which can be taken up by the cells. No intact phosphotyrosine was detected intracellularly or incorporated into the sequence of the monoclonal antibody. The use of this new molecule allows the simplification of fed-batch processes in large scale manufacturing via the implementation of neutral pH, highly concentrated feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zimmer
- Merck Millipore, Pharm Chemical Solutions, Upstream Cell culture media R&D, Germany.
| | - Ronja Mueller
- Merck Millipore, Pharm Chemical Solutions, Upstream Cell culture media R&D, Germany
| | - Maria Wehsling
- Merck Millipore, Pharm Chemical Solutions, Upstream Cell culture media R&D, Germany
| | - Alisa Schnellbaecher
- Merck Millipore, Pharm Chemical Solutions, Upstream Cell culture media R&D, Germany
| | - Joerg von Hagen
- Merck Millipore, Pharm Chemical Solutions, Upstream Cell culture media R&D, Germany
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50
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Ishii Y, Murakami J, Sasaki K, Tsukahara M, Wakamatsu K. Efficient folding/assembly in Chinese hamster ovary cells is critical for high quality (low aggregate content) of secreted trastuzumab as well as for high production: stepwise multivariate regression analyses. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:223-30. [PMID: 24635945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
When developing cell culture processes for therapeutic antibodies, the low content of aggregated proteins is the most critical because administering aggregated antibody molecules might result in adverse effects such as immunogenicity. To characterize cells with high productivity and quality, we determined factors that are closely related to antibody titer, which is a productivity indicator, and the area percentage of high molecular weight species in cultivated media, which is equivalent to aggregate content and is used as a quality indicator. We examined the factors influencing antibody titer and aggregate content using various data from 28 cell lines throughout their culture periods from growth to death phases. Our study using correlation analysis revealed that statistically significant correlations between factors and indicators changes with sampling points, hence we thought that various factors would influence each indicator simultaneously. To understand the relationship between these factors and titer/aggregates contents, we performed stepwise multiple linear regression analyses and deduced a multiple linear model for each indicator. The titer was found to positively associate with specific growth rate and specific production rate and negatively with intracellular heavy chain content. The aggregate content was found to positively associate with protein disulfide isomerase mRNA level and negatively with light chain secreted into culture media, specific production rate, intracellular light chain content, and specific growth rate. Our observations suggest that correct and efficient assembling and/or folding of an antibody molecule in an endoplasmic reticulum are important for high titer and low aggregates contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ishii
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Junko Murakami
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Kazue Sasaki
- Bio-process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tsukahara
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Ohte-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
| | - Kaori Wakamatsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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