1
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Zheng X, Fang M, Zou Y, Wang S, Zhou W, Zhou H. A comparison of different intensified upstream processes highlighting the advantage of WuXi Biologics' Ultra-high Productivity platform (WuXiUP TM) in improved product quality and purification yield. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3487. [PMID: 38980213 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
WuXiUPTM, WuXi Biologics' Ultra-high Productivity platform, is an intensified and integrated continuous bioprocess platform developed for production of various biologics including monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, and bispecific antibodies. This process technology platform has manifested its remarkable capability in boosting the volumetric productivity of various biologics and has been implemented for large-scale clinical material productions. In this paper, case studies of the production of different pharmaceutical proteins using two high-producing and intensified culture modes of WuXiUPTM and the concentrated fed-batch (CFB), as well as the traditional fed-batch (TFB) are discussed from the perspectives of cell growth, productivity, and protein quality. Both WuXiUPTM and CFB outperformed TFB regarding volumetric productivity. Additionally, distinctive advantages in product quality profiles in the WuXiUPTM process, such as reduced acidic charge variants and fragmentation, are revealed. Therefore, a simplified downstream purification process with only two chromatographic steps can be developed to deliver the target product at a satisfactory purity and an extremely-high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zheng
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyue Fang
- Non-GMP Pilot Plant, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Zou
- Manufacturing Facility Group 17, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Downstream Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
- Non-GMP Pilot Plant, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
- Manufacturing Facility Group 17, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
- Downstream Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Cell Culture Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
- Non-GMP Pilot Plant, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
- Downstream Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
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2
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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3
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Kumari P, Saldanha M, Jain R, Dandekar P. Controlling monoclonal antibody aggregation during cell culture using medium additives facilitated by the monitoring of aggregation in cell culture matrix using size exclusion chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115575. [PMID: 37467528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Controlling monoclonal antibody aggregation at the upstream stage itself can significantly reduce the burden on downstream processing and can improve the process yield. Hence, we have investigated the use of sugar osmolytes (glucose, mannose, sucrose and maltose) and formulation excipients (mannitol, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80) as medium additives to reduce protein aggregation during cell culture. Aggregate content in cell culture samples was estimated using a high-resolution size-exclusion chromatography technique, which efficiently resolved the antibody monomer and aggregates in the cell culture matrix i.e., without purification. Glucose, mannose, maltose and the polysorbates effectively reduced the mean aggregate content over the course of the culture. Sugar-based additives exhibited a higher degree of variation during aggregate quantitation as compared to polysorbate additives, rendering the latter a preferred additive. Therefore, this study demonstrated the potential of sugar osmolytes and formulation excipients as media additives during cell culture to reduce aggregate formation, without negatively impacting cell growth and antibody production, facilitated by the monitoring of aggregate content in cell culture samples without purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prity Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Marianne Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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4
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Mieczkowski C, Zhang X, Lee D, Nguyen K, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Way J, Gries JM. Blueprint for antibody biologics developability. MAbs 2023; 15:2185924. [PMID: 36880643 PMCID: PMC10012935 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2185924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mieczkowski
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Way
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Gries
- President, Discovery Research, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
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5
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Maria S, Bonneau L, Fould B, Ferry G, Boutin JA, Cabanne C, Santarelli X, Joucla G. Perfusion process for CHO cell producing monoclonal antibody: comparison of methods for determination of the optimum cell specific perfusion rate. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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7
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Bosley A, Cook K, Lin S, Robbins D. Improved process intermediate stability through the identification and elimination of reactive glycation residues - a monoclonal antibody case study. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14402-14412. [PMID: 35757891 PMCID: PMC9342189 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2086350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of therapeutic biologics can result in a heterogeneous population of charge variants, encompassing many quality attributes which could impact activity and pharmacokinetics. Monitoring the relative abundance of these charge variants to demonstrate process consistency is an expectation of regulatory agencies. Control of the relative abundance of charge variants is also necessary to ensure product comparability across the product lifecycle. We have observed a significant shift in the relative abundance of charged species, as measured by capillary isoelectric focusing, during clarified cell culture fluid holds for several monoclonal antibodies. This lack of stability requires that the hold time for this process intermediate be significantly curtailed, eliminating manufacturing flexibility. We have identified the cause of this shift in relative abundance of charged species as changes in glycation levels, focused predominantly on three conserved, solvent accessible, lysine residues. Mutants of a model protein were generated that show increased charge state stability can be gained by eliminating these reactive lysines. Further, characterization studies were conducted on these mutants to determine the impact to biological activity and stability of the molecule, with no detrimental effects observed. Incorporating this knowledge into the assessments of candidate drugs could allow for the selection of molecules less susceptible to this product degradation pathway, allowing for greater manufacturing flexibility. This process of identifying and removing reactive lysine residues could be useful in the design of drug candidates with improved charge state stability, across a range of modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Bosley
- Purification Process Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Cook
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Shihua Lin
- Analytical Biotechnology, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - David Robbins
- Purification Process Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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8
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Pappenreiter M, Lhota G, Vorauer‐Uhl K, Sissolak B. Antibody glycation during a
CHO
fed‐batch process following a constrained second order reaction. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3261. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pappenreiter
- Innovation Management Bilfinger Life Science GmbH Salzburg Austria
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Gabriele Lhota
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer‐Uhl
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
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9
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Gillespie C, Wasalathanthri DP, Ritz DB, Zhou G, Davis KA, Wucherpfennig T, Hazelwood N. Systematic assessment of process analytical technologies for biologics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:423-434. [PMID: 34778948 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The application of process analytical technology (PAT) for biotherapeutic development and manufacturing has been employed owing to technological, economic, and regulatory advantages across the industry. Typically, chromatographic, spectroscopic, and/or mass spectrometric sensors are integrated into upstream and downstream unit operations in in-line, on-line, or at-line fashion to enable real-time monitoring and control of the process. Despite the widespread utility of PAT technologies at various unit operations of the bioprocess, a holistic business value assessment of PAT has not been well addressed in biologics. Thus, in this study, we evaluated PAT technologies based on predefined criteria for their technological attributes such as enablement of better process understanding, control, and high-throughput capabilities; as well as for business attributes such as simplicity of implementation, lead time, and cost reduction. The study involved an industry-wide survey, where input from subject matter industry experts on various PAT tools were collected, assessed, and ranked. The survey results demonstrated on-line liquid Chromatography (LC), in-line Raman, and gas analysis techniques are of high business value especially at the production bioreactor unit operation of upstream processing. In-line variable path-length UV/VIS measurements (VPE), on-line LC, multiangle light scattering (MALS), and automated sampling are of high business value in Protein A purification and polishing steps of the downstream process. We also provide insights, based on our experience in clinical and commercial manufacturing of biologics, into the development and implementation of some of the PAT tools. The results presented in this study are intended to be helpful for the current practitioners of PAT as well as those new to the field to gauge, prioritize and steer their projects for success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana B Ritz
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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10
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Reardon KF. Practical monitoring technologies for cells and substrates in biomanufacturing. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:225-230. [PMID: 34482018 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Precise control over bioreactor operation is desired for optimal productivity and product quality, and there is an increased drive to automation in biomanufacturing. All of these goals require sensors, not only of the basic parameters of temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, but of the biomass and substrate concentrations, which directly determine the outcome of the bioprocess. While there are many innovative sensing concepts for biomass and substrate concentrations, this review focuses on sensors that are in-line with the bioreactor, providing data continuously without the removal of sample from the system. The discussion emphasizes the requirements of industry for these sensors, including performance, ease of use, and cost. As the bioeconomy grows, advances in sensing technologies will be needed to achieve the automation of the future for a wider array of bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Reardon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; OptiEnz Sensors LLC, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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11
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Lederle M, Tric M, Roth T, Schütte L, Rattenholl A, Lütkemeyer D, Wölfl S, Werner T, Wiedemann P. Continuous optical in-line glucose monitoring and control in CHO cultures contributes to enhanced metabolic efficiency while maintaining darbepoetin alfa product quality. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100088. [PMID: 34008350 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts are directed towards improving productivity, consistency and quality of biopharmaceutical processes and products. One particular area is the development of new sensors for continuous monitoring of critical bioprocess parameters by using online or in-line monitoring systems. Recently, we developed a glucose biosensor applicable in single-use, in-line and long-term glucose monitoring in mammalian cell bioreactors. Now, we integrated this sensor in an automated glucose monitoring and feeding system capable of maintaining stable glucose levels, even at very low concentrations. We compared this fed-batch feedback system at both low (< 1 mM) and high (40 mM) glucose levels with traditional batch culture methods, focusing on glycosylation and glycation of the recombinant protein darbepoetin alfa (DPO) produced by a CHO cell line. We evaluated cell growth, metabolite and product concentration under different glucose feeding strategies and show that continuous feeding, even at low glucose levels, has no harmful effects on DPO quantity and quality. We conclude that our system is capable of tight glucose level control throughout extended bioprocesses and has the potential to improve performance where constant maintenance of glucose levels is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lederle
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biology, Bioanalytics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mircea Tric
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biology, Bioanalytics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Roth
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lina Schütte
- Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke Rattenholl
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Institute of Biotechnological Process Engineering, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dirk Lütkemeyer
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Institute of Biotechnological Process Engineering, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Bioanalytics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Werner
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Wiedemann
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Wasalathanthri DP, Shah R, Ding J, Leone A, Li ZJ. Process analytics 4.0: A paradigm shift in rapid analytics for biologics development. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3177. [PMID: 34036755 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Analytical testing of product quality attributes and process parameters during the biologics development (Process analytics) has been challenging due to the rapid growth of biomolecules with complex modalities to support unmet therapeutic needs. Thus, the expansion of the process analytics tool box for rapid analytics with the deployment of cutting-edge technologies and cyber-physical systems is a necessity. We introduce the term, Process Analytics 4.0; which entails not only technology aspects such as process analytical technology (PAT), assay automation, and high-throughput analytics, but also cyber-physical systems that enable data management, visualization, augmented reality, and internet of things (IoT) infrastructure for real time analytics in process development environment. This review is exclusively focused on dissecting high-level features of PAT, automation, and data management with some insights into the business aspects of implementing during process analytical testing in biologics process development. Significant technological and business advantages can be gained with the implementation of digitalization, automation, and real time testing. A systematic development and employment of PAT in process development workflows enable real time analytics for better process understanding, agility, and sustainability. Robotics and liquid handling workstations allow rapid assay and sample preparation automation to facilitate high-throughput testing of attributes and molecular properties which are otherwise challenging to monitor with PAT tools due to technological and business constraints. Cyber-physical systems for data management, visualization, and repository must be established as part of Process Analytics 4.0 framework. Furthermore, we review some of the challenges in implementing these technologies based on our expertise in process analytics for biopharmaceutical drug substance development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruchir Shah
- Global Process Development Analytics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Ding
- Global Process Development Analytics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony Leone
- Global Process Development Analytics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Analytical Development & Attribute Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are proteinaceous in nature and are subject to instability issues. Stability testing of monoclonal antibodies is a critical regulatory requirement in their development and commercialization as therapeutic biological molecules. This article reviews the numerous drug manufacturing processes such as: upstream processing, downstream purification and aseptic filling along with physical and chemical factors such as protein concentration, structure, pH, temperature, light, agitation, deamidation, oxidation, glycation leading to instabilities in monoclonal antibodies and it spotlights the variety of analytical techniques employed to investigate and generate information on stability studies and henceforth, helps in developing the stability-indicating methods. In addition, this paper aims to discuss the ICH regulatory guideline (s) for the stability assessment of biological products (Drug Substance and Drug Product).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Analytical Sciences, Aurobindo Biologics, Hyderabad, India
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14
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Lhota G, Sissolak B, Striedner G, Sommeregger W, Vorauer-Uhl K. Quantification of glycated IgG in CHO supernatants: A practical approach. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3124. [PMID: 33428326 PMCID: PMC8365726 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational, nonenzymatic glycation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the presence of reducing sugars (in bioprocesses) is a widely known phenomenon, which affects protein heterogeneity and potentially has an impact on quality, safety, and efficacy of the end product. Quantification of individual glycation levels is compulsory for each mAb therapeutically applied in humans. We therefore propose an analytical method for monitoring glycation levels of mAb products during the bioprocess. This is a useful tool for process-design considerations, especially concerning glucose-feed strategies and temperature as major driving factors of protein glycation. In this study, boronate affinity chromatography (BAC) was optimized for determination of the glycation level of mAbs in supernatants. In fact, the complex matrix found in supernatants is an underlying obstacle to use BAC, but with a simple clean-up step, we found that the elution profile could be significantly improved so that qualitative and quantitative determination could be reached. Complementary analytical methods confirmed the performance quality, including the correctness and specificity of the results. For quantitative determination of mAb glycation in supernatants, we established a calibration procedure for the retained mAb peak, identified as glycated antibody monomers. For this approach, an available fully characterized mAb standard, Humira®, was successfully applied, and continuous monitoring of mAbs across three repetitive fed-batch processes was finally performed. With this practical, novel approach, an insight was obtained into glycation levels during bioprocessing, in conjunction with glucose levels and product titer over time, facilitating efficient process development and batch-consistency monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lhota
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sissolak
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerald Striedner
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sommeregger
- Research and Development, Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Gstöttner C, Reusch D, Haberger M, Dragan I, Van Veelen P, Kilgour DPA, Tsybin YO, van der Burgt YEM, Wuhrer M, Nicolardi S. Monitoring glycation levels of a bispecific monoclonal antibody at subunit level by ultrahigh-resolution MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. MAbs 2021; 12:1682403. [PMID: 31630606 PMCID: PMC6927770 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1682403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered proteins with multiple functionalities and properties. The "bi-specificity" of these complex biopharmaceuticals is a key characteristic for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies. The high structural complexity of BsAbs poses a challenge to the analytical methods needed for their characterization. Modifications of the BsAb structure, resulting from enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes, further complicate the analysis. An important example of the latter type of modification is glycation, which can occur in the manufacturing process, during storage in the formulation or in vivo after application of the drug. Glycation affects the structure, function, and stability of monoclonal antibodies, and consequently, a detailed analysis of glycation levels is required. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role in the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies and top-down, middle-up and middle-down MS approaches are increasingly used for the analysis of modifications. Here, we apply a novel middle-up strategy, based on IdeS digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS, to analyze all six different BsAb subunits in a single high-resolution mass spectrum, namely two light chains, two half fragment crystallizable regions and two Fd' regions, thus avoiding upfront chromatography. This method was used to monitor glycation changes during a 168 h forced-glycation experiment. In addition, hot spot glycation sites were localized using top-down and middle-down MALDI-in-source decay FT-ICR MS, which provided complementary information compared to standard bottom-up MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Irina Dragan
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Van Veelen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David P A Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuri E M van der Burgt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Carrara SC, Ulitzka M, Grzeschik J, Kornmann H, Hock B, Kolmar H. From cell line development to the formulated drug product: The art of manufacturing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120164. [PMID: 33309833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and related products have steadily grown to become the dominant product class within the biopharmaceutical market. Production of antibodies requires special precautions to ensure safety and efficacy of the product. In particular, minimizing antibody product heterogeneity is crucial as drug substance variants may impair the activity, efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of an antibody, consequently resulting in the failure of a product in pre-clinical and clinical development. This review will cover the manufacturing and formulation challenges and advances of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, focusing on improved processes to minimize variants and ensure batch-to-batch consistency. Processes put in place by regulatory agencies, such as Quality-by-Design (QbD) and current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), and how their implementation has aided drug development in pharmaceutical companies will be reviewed. Advances in formulation and considerations on the intended use of a therapeutic antibody, including the route of administration and patient compliance, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania C Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Ulitzka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henri Kornmann
- Ferring International Center SA, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center SA, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland.
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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17
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Xu P, Xu S, He C, Khetan A. Applications of small molecules in modulating productivity and product quality of recombinant proteins produced using cell cultures. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107577. [PMID: 32540474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell cultures have been used extensively for production of recombinant protein therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and enzymes for decades. Small molecules have been investigated as media supplements to improve process productivity and reduce cost of goods. Those chemicals can lead to significant yield improvement through different mechanisms such as cell cycle modulation, cellular redox regulation, etc. In addition to productivity, small molecules have also been routinely used to regulate post-translational modifications of recombinant proteins. This review summarizes key applications of small molecules in protein productivity improvement and product quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America.
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
| | - Chunyan He
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development & Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States of America
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18
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McAvan BS, Bowsher LA, Powell T, O'Hara JF, Spitali M, Goodacre R, Doig AJ. Raman Spectroscopy to Monitor Post-Translational Modifications and Degradation in Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10381-10389. [PMID: 32614170 PMCID: PMC7467412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs) represent a rapidly expanding market
for biotherapeutics. Structural changes in the mAb can lead to unwanted
immunogenicity, reduced efficacy, and loss of material during production.
The pharmaceutical sector requires new protein characterization tools
that are fast, applicable in situ and to the manufacturing process.
Raman has been highlighted as a technique to suit this application
as it is information-rich, minimally invasive, insensitive to water
background and requires little to no sample preparation. This study
investigates the applicability of Raman to detect Post-Translational
Modifications (PTMs) and degradation seen in mAbs. IgG4 molecules
have been incubated under a range of conditions known to result in
degradation of the therapeutic including varied pH, temperature, agitation,
photo, and chemical stresses. Aggregation was measured using size-exclusion
chromatography, and PTM levels were calculated using peptide mapping.
By combining principal component analysis (PCA) with Raman spectroscopy
and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy structural analysis we were
able to separate proteins based on PTMs and degradation. Furthermore,
by identifying key bands that lead to the PCA separation we could
correlate spectral peaks to specific PTMs. In particular, we have
identified a peak which exhibits a shift in samples with higher levels
of Trp oxidation. Through separation of IgG4 aggregates, by size,
we have shown a linear correlation between peak wavenumbers of specific
functional groups and the amount of aggregate present. We therefore
demonstrate the capability for Raman spectroscopy to be used as an
analytical tool to measure degradation and PTMs in-line with therapeutic
production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan S McAvan
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Leo A Bowsher
- UCB Celltech, UCB Pharma, Limited, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Powell
- UCB Celltech, UCB Pharma, Limited, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - John F O'Hara
- UCB Celltech, UCB Pharma, Limited, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Mariangela Spitali
- UCB Celltech, UCB Pharma, Limited, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Doig
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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19
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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20
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Mechanisms of color formation in drug substance and mitigation strategies for the manufacture and storage of therapeutic proteins produced using mammalian cell culture. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Agarwal N, Mason A, Pradhan R, Kemper J, Bosley A, Serfiotis‐Mitsa D, Wang J, Lindo V, Ahuja S, Hatton D, Savery J, Miro‐Quesada G. Kinetic modeling as a tool to understand the influence of cell culture process parameters on the glycation of monoclonal antibody biotherapeutics. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2865. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Agarwal
- Cell Culture & Fermentation SciencesMedImmune Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Alison Mason
- Cell Culture & Fermentation SciencesMedImmune Cambridge UK
| | - Rahul Pradhan
- Cell Culture & Fermentation SciencesMedImmune Cambridge UK
| | - Jan Kemper
- Cell Culture & Fermentation SciencesMedImmune Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Allen Bosley
- Purification Process SciencesMedImmune Gaithersburg Maryland
| | | | - Jihong Wang
- Analytical SciencesMedImmune Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Viv Lindo
- Analytical SciencesMedImmune Cambridge UK
| | - Sanjeev Ahuja
- Cell Culture & Fermentation SciencesMedImmune Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Diane Hatton
- Cell Culture & Fermentation SciencesMedImmune Cambridge UK
| | - James Savery
- Quantitative SciencesMedImmune Gaithersburg Maryland
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22
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Impact of mammalian cell culture conditions on monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneity: an accessory monitoring tool for process development. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1167-1178. [PMID: 31175523 PMCID: PMC6697719 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are predominantly produced in mammalian cell culture bioprocesses. Post-translational modifications affect the micro-heterogeneity of the product and thereby influence important quality attributes, such as stability, solubility, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The analysis of the surface charge distribution of monoclonal antibodies provides aggregated information about these modifications. In this work, we established a direct injection pH gradient cation exchange chromatography method, which determines charge heterogeneity from cell culture supernatant without any purification steps. This tool was further applied to monitor processes that were performed under certain process conditions. Concretely, we were able to provide insights into charge variant formation during a fed-batch process of a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture, in turn producing a monoclonal antibody under varying temperatures and glucose feed strategies. Glucose concentration impacted the total emergence of acidic variants, whereas the variation of basic species was mainly dependent on process temperature. The formation rates of acidic species were described with a second-order reaction, where a temperature increase favored the conversion. This platform method will aid as a sophisticated optimization tool for mammalian cell culture processes. It provides a quality fingerprint for the produced mAb, which can be tested, compared to the desired target and confirmed early in the process chain.
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23
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Moore B, Sanford R, Zhang A. Case study: The characterization and implementation of dielectric spectroscopy (biocapacitance) for process control in a commercial GMP CHO manufacturing process. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2782. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Moore
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, Research Triangle Park; North Carolina
| | - Ryan Sanford
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, Research Triangle Park; North Carolina
| | - An Zhang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen, Research Triangle Park; North Carolina
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24
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Zhang N, Huang Y, Vandermark E, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Modulating cell culture oxidative stress reduces protein glycation and acidic charge variant formation. MAbs 2019; 11:205-216. [PMID: 30602334 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1537533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling acidic charge variants is critical for an industrial bioprocess due to the potential impact on therapeutic efficacy and safety. Achieving a consistent charge variant profile at manufacturing scale remains challenging and may require substantial resources to investigate effective control strategies. This is partially due to incomplete understanding of the underlying causes for charge variant formation during the cell culture process. To address this gap, we examined the effects of four process input factors (temperature, iron concentration, feed media age, and antioxidant (rosmarinic acid) concentration) on charge variant profile. These factors were found to affect the charge profile by modulating the cell culture oxidative state. Process conditions with higher acidic peaks corresponded to elevated supernatant peroxide concentration, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, or both. Changes in glycation level were the primary cause of the charge heterogeneity, and for the first time, supernatant peroxide was found to positively correlate with glycation levels. Based on these findings, a novel mathematical model was developed to demonstrate that the rate of acidic species formation was exponentially proportional to the concentrations of supernatant peroxide and protein product. This work provides critical insights into charge variant formation during the cell culture process and highlights the importance of modulating of cell culture oxidative stress for charge variant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , MA
| | - Jun Tian
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Zhijun Tan
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Jie Chen
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Na Zhang
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Yunping Huang
- c Mass Spectrometry COE 1, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Pennington , RJ
| | - Erik Vandermark
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Jongchan Lee
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Michael Borys
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- b Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA
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25
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Comparison of imaged capillary isoelectric focusing and cation exchange chromatography for monitoring dextrose-mediated glycation of monoclonal antibodies in infusion solutions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1105:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Matthews TE, Smelko JP, Berry B, Romero-Torres S, Hill D, Kshirsagar R, Wiltberger K. Glucose monitoring and adaptive feeding of mammalian cell culture in the presence of strong autofluorescence by near infrared Raman spectroscopy. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1574-1580. [PMID: 30281947 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy offers an attractive platform for real-time monitoring and control of metabolites and feeds in cell culture processes, including mammalian cell culture for biopharmaceutical production. However, specific cell culture processes may generate substantial concentrations of chemical species and byproducts with high levels of autofluorescence when excited with the standard 785 nm wavelength. Shifting excitation further toward the near-infrared allows reduction or elimination of process autofluorescence. We demonstrate such a reduction in a highly autofluorescent mammalian cell culture process. Using the Kaiser RXN2-1000 platform, which utilizes excitation at 993 nm, we developed multivariate glucose models in a cell culture process which was previously impossible using 785 nm excitation. Additionally, the glucose level in the production bioreactor was controlled entirely by Raman adaptive feeding, allowing for maintenance of glucose levels at an arbitrary set point for the duration of the culture. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1574-1580, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Matthews
- Biogen, Inc., Engineering and Technology, 5000 Davis Dr, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - John P Smelko
- Biogen, Inc., Engineering and Technology, 5000 Davis Dr, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Brandon Berry
- Biogen, Inc., Engineering and Technology, 5000 Davis Dr, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Saly Romero-Torres
- Biogen, Inc., Engineering and Technology, 5000 Davis Dr, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Dan Hill
- Biogen, Inc., Engineering and Technology, 5000 Davis Dr, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Biogen, Inc., Engineering and Technology, 5000 Davis Dr, Durham, NC, 27709
| | - Kelly Wiltberger
- Biogen, Inc., Engineering and Technology, 5000 Davis Dr, Durham, NC, 27709
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27
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Yang Y, Mah A, Yuk IH, Grewal PS, Pynn A, Cole W, Gao D, Zhang F, Chen J, Gennaro L, Schöneich C. Investigation of Metal-Catalyzed Antibody Carbonylation With an Improved Protein Carbonylation Assay. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2570-2580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Kozma B, Salgó A, Gergely S. Comparison of multivariate data analysis techniques to improve glucose concentration prediction in mammalian cell cultivations by Raman spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:269-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Vergara M, Torres M, Müller A, Avello V, Acevedo C, Berrios J, Reyes JG, Valdez-Cruz NA, Altamirano C. High glucose and low specific cell growth but not mild hypothermia improve specific r-protein productivity in chemostat culture of CHO cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202098. [PMID: 30114204 PMCID: PMC6095543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the biopharmaceutical sector, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have become the host of choice to produce recombinant proteins (r-proteins) due to their capacity for correct protein folding, assembly, and posttranslational modification. However, the production of therapeutic r-proteins in CHO cells is expensive and presents insufficient production yields for certain proteins. Effective culture strategies to increase productivity (qp) include a high glucose concentration in the medium and mild hypothermia (28–34 °C), but these changes lead to a reduced specific growth rate. To study the individual and combined impacts of glucose concentration, specific growth rate and mild hypothermia on culture performance and cell metabolism, we analyzed chemostat cultures of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (rh-tPA)-producing CHO cell lines fed with three glucose concentrations in feeding media (20, 30 and 40 mM), at two dilution rates (0.01 and 0.018 1/h) and two temperatures (33 and 37 °C). The results indicated significant changes in cell growth, cell cycle distribution, metabolism, and rh-tPA productivity in response to the varying environmental culture conditions. High glucose feed led to constrained cell growth, increased specific rh-tPA productivity and a higher number of cells in the G2/M phase. Low specific growth rate and temperature (33 °C) reduced glucose consumption and lactate production rates. Our findings indicated that a reduced specific growth rate coupled with high feed glucose significantly improves r-protein productivity in CHO cells. We also observed that low temperature significantly reduced qp, but not cell growth when dilution rate was manipulated, regardless of the glucose concentration or dilution rate. In contrast, we determined that feed glucose concentration and consumption rate were the dominant aspects of the growth and productivity in CHO cells by using multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Vergara
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Mauro Torres
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrea Müller
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Verónica Avello
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cristian Acevedo
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Institute of Physics, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julio Berrios
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan G. Reyes
- Institute of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Norma A. Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Regional Center for Healthy Food Studies (CREAS) R17A10001, CONICYT REGIONAL, GORE Valparaiso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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30
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Vijayasankaran N, Varma S, Yang Y, Meier S, Kiss R. Effect of cell culture medium additives on color and acidic charge variants of a monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1298-1307. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharat Varma
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Yi Yang
- Protein Analytical ChemistryGenentech, Inc.South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Steven Meier
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Robert Kiss
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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31
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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32
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Mo J, Jin R, Yan Q, Sokolowska I, Lewis MJ, Hu P. Quantitative analysis of glycation and its impact on antigen binding. MAbs 2018; 10:406-415. [PMID: 29436927 PMCID: PMC5916557 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1438796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycation has been observed in antibody therapeutics manufactured by the fed-batch fermentation process. It not only increases the heterogeneity of antibodies, but also potentially affects product safety and efficacy. In this study, non-glycated and glycated fractions enriched from a monoclonal antibody (mAb1) as well as glucose-stressed mAb1 were characterized using a variety of biochemical, biophysical and biological assays to determine the effects of glycation on the structure and function of mAb1. Glycation was detected at multiple lysine residues and reduced the antigen binding activity of mAb1. Heavy chain Lys100, which is located in the complementary-determining region of mAb1, had the highest levels of glycation in both stressed and unstressed samples, and glycation of this residue was likely responsible for the loss of antigen binding based on hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis. Peptide mapping and intact liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can both be used to monitor the glycation levels. Peptide mapping provides site specific glycation results, while intact LC-MS is a quicker and simpler method to quantitate the total glycation levels and is more useful for routine testing. Capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) can also be used to monitor glycation because glycation induces an acidic shift in the cIEF profile. As expected, total glycation measured by intact LC-MS correlated very well with the percentage of total acidic peaks or main peak measured by cIEF. In summary, we demonstrated that glycation can affect the function of a representative IgG1 mAb. The analytical characterization, as described here, should be generally applicable for other therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Mo
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences , Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Renzhe Jin
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences , Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Qingrong Yan
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences , Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Izabela Sokolowska
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences , Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Michael J Lewis
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences , Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Ping Hu
- a Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences , Janssen Research & Development, LLC , Malvern , Pennsylvania , United States
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33
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Freund NW, Croughan MS. A Simple Method to Reduce both Lactic Acid and Ammonium Production in Industrial Animal Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020385. [PMID: 29382079 PMCID: PMC5855607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fed-batch animal cell culture is the most common method for commercial production of recombinant proteins. However, higher cell densities in these platforms are still limited due to factors such as excessive ammonium production, lactic acid production, nutrient limitation, and/or hyperosmotic stress related to nutrient feeds and base additions to control pH. To partly overcome these factors, we investigated a simple method to reduce both ammonium and lactic acid production—termed Lactate Supplementation and Adaptation (LSA) technology—through the use of CHO cells adapted to a lactate-supplemented medium. Using this simple method, we achieved a reduction of nearly 100% in lactic acid production with a simultaneous 50% reduction in ammonium production in batch shaker flasks cultures. In subsequent fed-batch bioreactor cultures, lactic acid production and base addition were both reduced eight-fold. Viable cell densities of 35 million cells per mL and integral viable cell days of 273 million cell-days per mL were achieved, both among the highest currently reported for a fed-batch animal cell culture. Investigating the benefits of LSA technology in animal cell culture is worthy of further consideration and may lead to process conditions more favorable for advanced industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Croughan
- Amgen Bioprocessing Center, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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34
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Tang H, Miao S, Zhang X, Fan L, Liu X, Tan WS, Zhao L. Insights into the generation of monoclonal antibody acidic charge variants during Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1203-1214. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Gunawan F, Nishihara J, Liu P, Sandoval W, Vanderlaan M, Zhang H, Krawitz D. Comparison of platform host cell protein ELISA to process-specific host cell protein ELISA. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:382-389. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feny Gunawan
- Analytical Operations; Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Julie Nishihara
- Protein Analytical Chemistry; Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Peter Liu
- Microchem Proteomics; Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchem Proteomics; Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Marty Vanderlaan
- Analytical Operations; Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
| | - Heidi Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry; Genentech, 1 DNA Way; South San Francisco California
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36
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Kozma B, Hirsch E, Gergely S, Párta L, Pataki H, Salgó A. On-line prediction of the glucose concentration of CHO cell cultivations by NIR and Raman spectroscopy: Comparative scalability test with a shake flask model system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:346-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Nowak C, K Cheung J, M Dellatore S, Katiyar A, Bhat R, Sun J, Ponniah G, Neill A, Mason B, Beck A, Liu H. Forced degradation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies: A practical guide. MAbs 2017; 9:1217-1230. [PMID: 28853987 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1368602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have become integral to the development of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics by serving a variety of objectives from early stage manufacturability evaluation to supporting comparability assessments both pre- and post- marketing approval. This review summarizes the regulatory guidance scattered throughout different documents to highlight the expectations from various agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. The various purposes for forced degradation studies, commonly used conditions and the major degradation pathways under each condition are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nowak
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- b Sterile Formulation Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ, USA , USA
| | - Shara M Dellatore
- c Biologics and Vaccines Bioanalytics, MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- d Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Ram Bhat
- e Millennium Research laboratories , Woburn , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- f Product Development, Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park, China
| | | | - Alyssa Neill
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Alain Beck
- g Analytical Chemistry, NBEs, Center d'Immunology Pierre Fabre , Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
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38
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Wei B, Berning K, Quan C, Zhang YT. Glycation of antibodies: Modification, methods and potential effects on biological functions. MAbs 2017; 9:586-594. [PMID: 28272973 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycation is an important protein modification that could potentially affect bioactivity and molecular stability, and glycation of therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies should be well characterized. Glycated protein could undergo further degradation into advance glycation end (AGE) products. Here, we review the root cause of glycation during the manufacturing, storage and in vivo circulation of therapeutic antibodies, and the current analytical methods used to detect and characterize glycation and AGEs, including boronate affinity chromatography, charge-based methods, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and colorimetric assay. The biological effects of therapeutic protein glycation and AGEs, which ranged from no affect to loss of activity, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchuan Wei
- a Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kelsey Berning
- a Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Cynthia Quan
- a Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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39
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Konakovsky V, Clemens C, Müller MM, Bechmann J, Herwig C. A robust feeding strategy to maintain set-point glucose in mammalian fed-batch cultures when input parameters have a large error. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:317-336. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Konakovsky
- Div. of Biochemical Engineering, Inst. of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology; Gumpendorfer Strasse 1A 166-4 Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Christoph Clemens
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development; Biberach Germany
| | - Markus Michael Müller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development; Biberach Germany
| | - Jan Bechmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development; Biberach Germany
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Div. of Biochemical Engineering, Inst. of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology; Gumpendorfer Strasse 1A 166-4 Vienna 1060 Austria
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40
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Su D, Ng C, Khosraviani M, Yu SF, Cosino E, Kaur S, Xu K. Custom-Designed Affinity Capture LC-MS F(ab′)2 Assay for Biotransformation Assessment of Site-Specific Antibody Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11340-11346. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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41
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Dong J, Migliore N, Mehrman SJ, Cunningham J, Lewis MJ, Hu P. High-Throughput, Automated Protein A Purification Platform with Multiattribute LC–MS Analysis for Advanced Cell Culture Process Monitoring. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8673-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Nicole Migliore
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Large Molecule, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Steven J. Mehrman
- Strategic Operations, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - John Cunningham
- Material Science, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Michael J. Lewis
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ping Hu
- Large Molecule Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Science, Janssen Research & Development, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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42
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Liu H, Nowak C, Shao M, Ponniah G, Neill A. Impact of cell culture on recombinant monoclonal antibody product heterogeneity. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1103-1112. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Mei Shao
- Late Stage Upstream Development, Global Process Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
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43
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Tsekovska R, Sredovska-Bozhinov A, Niwa T, Ivanov I, Mironova R. Maillard reaction and immunogenicity of protein therapeutics. World J Immunol 2016; 6:19-38. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v6.i1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant DNA technology enabled the production of a variety of human therapeutic proteins. Accumulated clinical experience, however, indicates that the formation of antibodies against such proteins is a general phenomenon rather than an exception. The immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins results in inefficient therapy and in the development of undesired, sometimes life-threatening, side reactions. The human proteins, designed for clinical application, usually have the same amino acid sequence as their native prototypes and it is not yet fully clear what the reasons for their immunogenicity are. In previous studies we have demonstrated for the first time that interferon-β (IFN-β) pharmaceuticals, used for treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis, do contain advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that contribute to IFN-β immunogenicity. AGEs are the final products of a chemical reaction known as the Maillard reaction or glycation, which implication in protein drugs’ immunogenicity has been overlooked so far. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to provide a comprehensive overview on the Maillard reaction with emphasis on experimental data and theoretical consideration telling us why the Maillard reaction warrants special attention in the context of the well-documented protein drugs’ immunogenicity.
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44
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Berry BN, Dobrowsky TM, Timson RC, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T, Wiltberger K. Quick generation of Raman spectroscopy based in-process glucose control to influence biopharmaceutical protein product quality during mammalian cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:224-34. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N. Berry
- Biogen Inc; 250 Binney Street 02142 Cambridge Massachusetts United States
| | | | - Rebecca C. Timson
- Biogen Inc; 250 Binney Street 02142 Cambridge Massachusetts United States
| | - Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Biogen Inc; 250 Binney Street 02142 Cambridge Massachusetts United States
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Biogen Inc; 250 Binney Street 02142 Cambridge Massachusetts United States
| | - Kelly Wiltberger
- Biogen Inc; 5000 Davis Drive 27709 Research Triangle Park North Carolina United States
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45
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Yang WC, Minkler DF, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T, Huang YM. Concentrated fed-batch cell culture increases manufacturing capacity without additional volumetric capacity. J Biotechnol 2015; 217:1-11. [PMID: 26521697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomanufacturing factories of the future are transitioning from large, single-product facilities toward smaller, multi-product, flexible facilities. Flexible capacity allows companies to adapt to ever-changing pipeline and market demands. Concentrated fed-batch (CFB) cell culture enables flexible manufacturing capacity with limited volumetric capacity; it intensifies cell culture titers such that the output of a smaller facility can rival that of a larger facility. We tested this hypothesis at bench scale by developing a feeding strategy for CFB and applying it to two cell lines. CFB improved cell line A output by 105% and cell line B output by 70% compared to traditional fed-batch (TFB) processes. CFB did not greatly change cell line A product quality, but it improved cell line B charge heterogeneity, suggesting that CFB has both process and product quality benefits. We projected CFB output gains in the context of a 2000-L small-scale facility, but the output was lower than that of a 15,000-L large-scale TFB facility. CFB's high cell mass also complicated operations, eroded volumetric productivity, and showed our current processes require significant improvements in specific productivity in order to realize their full potential and savings in manufacturing. Thus, improving specific productivity can resolve CFB's cost, scale-up, and operability challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Yang
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Daniel F Minkler
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Yao-Ming Huang
- Biogen, Inc., Cell Culture Development, 5000 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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46
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Dada OO, Jaya N, Valliere-Douglass J, Salas-Solano O. Characterization of acidic and basic variants of IgG1 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies based on non-denaturing IEF fractionation. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2695-2702. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nomalie Jaya
- Department of Analytical Sciences; Seattle Genetics Inc; Bothell WA USA
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47
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Zhang A, Tsang VL, Moore B, Shen V, Huang YM, Kshirsagar R, Ryll T. Advanced process monitoring and feedback control to enhance cell culture process production and robustness. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2495-504. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Zhang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Valerie Liu Tsang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Brandon Moore
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Vivian Shen
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Yao-Ming Huang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Research Triangle Park 5000 Davis Drive North Carolina 27709
| | - Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen Idec, Inc.; Cambridge Massachusetts
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48
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Chumsae C, Hossler P, Raharimampionona H, Zhou Y, McDermott S, Racicot C, Radziejewski C, Zhou ZS. When Good Intentions Go Awry: Modification of a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody in Chemically Defined Cell Culture by Xylosone, an Oxidative Product of Ascorbic Acid. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7529-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chumsae
- Protein
Analytics, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Patrick Hossler
- Cell
Culture, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Haly Raharimampionona
- Protein
Analytics, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Protein
Analytics, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Sean McDermott
- Cell
Culture, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Chris Racicot
- Cell
Culture, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Czeslaw Radziejewski
- Protein
Analytics, Process Sciences Department, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Zhaohui Sunny Zhou
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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49
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Jarasch A, Koll H, Regula JT, Bader M, Papadimitriou A, Kettenberger H. Developability Assessment During the Selection of Novel Therapeutic Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1885-1898. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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50
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Yuk IH, Nishihara J, Walker D, Huang E, Gunawan F, Subramanian J, Pynn AFJ, Yu XC, Zhu-Shimoni J, Vanderlaan M, Krawitz DC. More similar than different: Host cell protein production using three null CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2068-83. [PMID: 25894672 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand the diversity in the cell culture harvest (i.e., feedstock) provided for downstream processing, we compared host cell protein (HCP) profiles using three Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines in null runs which did not generate any recombinant product. Despite differences in CHO lineage, upstream process, and culture performance, the cell lines yielded similar cell-specific productivities for immunogenic HCPs. To compare the dynamics of HCP production, we searched for correlations between the time-course profiles of HCP (as measured by multi-analyte ELISA) and those of two intracellular HCP species, phospholipase B-like 2 (PLBL2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Across the cell lines, proteins in the day 14 supernatants analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) showed different spot patterns. However, subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) indicated otherwise: the total number of peptides and proteins identified were comparable, and 80% of the top 1,000 proteins identified were common to all three lines. Finally, to assess the impact of culture viability on extracellular HCP profiles, we analyzed supernatants from a cell line whose viability dropped after day 10. The amounts of HCP and PLBL2 (quantified by their respective ELISAs) as well as the numbers and major populations of HCPs (identified by LC-MS/MS) were similar across days 10, 14, and 17, during which viabilities declined from ∼80% to <20% and extracellular LDH levels increased several-fold. Our findings indicate that the CHO-derived HCPs in the feedstock for downstream processing may not be as diverse across cell lines and upstream processes, or change as dramatically upon viability decline as originally expected. In addition, our findings show that high density CHO cultures (>10(7) cells/mL)-operated in fed-batch mode and exhibiting high viabilities (>70%) throughout the culture duration-can accumulate a considerable amount of immunogenic HCP (∼1-2 g/L) in the extracellular environment at the time of harvest (day 14). This work also demonstrates the potential of using LC-MS/MS to overcome the limitations associated with ELISA and 2D-PAGE for HCP analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn H Yuk
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080.
| | - Julie Nishihara
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Donald Walker
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Eric Huang
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Feny Gunawan
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Jayashree Subramanian
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Abigail F J Pynn
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - X Christopher Yu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Judith Zhu-Shimoni
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Martin Vanderlaan
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Denise C Krawitz
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
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