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Advances in metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce high-value active ingredients for food, feed, human health, and well-being. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:197-212. [PMID: 34096577 PMCID: PMC8313993 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The soil microbe Corynebacterium glutamicum is a leading workhorse in industrial biotechnology and has become famous for its power to synthetise amino acids and a range of bulk chemicals at high titre and yield. The product portfolio of the microbe is continuously expanding. Moreover, metabolically engineered strains of C. glutamicum produce more than 30 high value active ingredients, including signature molecules of raspberry, savoury, and orange flavours, sun blockers, anti-ageing sugars, and polymers for regenerative medicine. Herein, we highlight recent advances in engineering of the microbe into novel cell factories that overproduce these precious molecules from pioneering proofs-of-concept up to industrial productivity.
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Metabolic Engineering of
Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Skwarecki AS, Nowak MG, Milewska MJ. Amino Acid and Peptide-Based Antiviral Agents. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3106-3135. [PMID: 34254457 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of antiviral agents used in clinical practice are amino acids, short peptides, or peptidomimetics. Among them, several HIV protease inhibitors (e. g. lopinavir, atazanavir), HCV protease inhibitors (e. g. grazoprevir, glecaprevir), and HCV NS5A protein inhibitors have contributed to a significant decrease in mortality from AIDS and hepatitis. However, there is an ongoing need for the discovery of new antiviral agents and the development of existing drugs; amino acids, both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic in nature, serve as convenient building blocks for this purpose. The synthesis of non-proteinogenic amino acid components of antiviral agents could be challenging due to the need for enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure products. Herein, we present a concise review of antiviral agents whose structures are based on amino acids of both natural and unnatural origin. Special attention is paid to the synthetic aspects of non-proteinogenic amino acid components of those agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Skwarecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał G Nowak
- Department of Organic Chemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria J Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhou F, Mu X, Nie Y, Xu Y. Enhanced catalytic efficiency and coenzyme affinity of leucine dehydrogenase by comprehensive screening strategy for L-tert-leucine synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3625-3634. [PMID: 33929595 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
L-tert-leucine (L-Tle) is widely used as vital chiral intermediate for pharmaceuticals and as chiral auxiliarie for organocatalysis. L-Tle is generally prepared via the asymmetric reduction of trimethylpyruvate (TMP) catalyzed by NAD+-dependent leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH). To improve the catalytic efficiency and coenzyme affinity of LeuDH from Bacillus cereus, mutation libraries constructed by error-prone PCR and iterative saturation mutation were screened by two kinds of high-throughput methods. Compared with the wild type, the affinity of the selected mutant E24V/E116V for TMP and NADH increased by 7.7- and 2.8-fold, respectively. And the kcat/Km of E24V/E116V on TMP was 5.4-fold higher than that of the wild type. A coupled reaction comprising LeuDH with glucose dehydrogenase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens resulted in substrate inhibition at high TMP concentrations (0.5 M), which was overcome by batch-feeding of the TMP substrate. The total turnover number and specific space-time conversion of 0.57 M substrate increased to 11,400 and 22.8 mmol·h-1·L-1·g-1, respectively. KEY POINTS: • The constructed new high-throughput screening strategy takes into account the two indicators of catalytic efficiency and coenzyme affinity. • A more efficient leucine dehydrogenase (LeuDH) mutant (E24V/E116V) was identified. • E24V/E116V has potential for the industrial synthesis of L-tert-leucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Mu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University, Suqian, 223814, China.
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University, Suqian, 223814, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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One-Pot Biocatalytic Preparation of Enantiopure Unusual α-Amino Acids from α-Hydroxy Acids via a Hydrogen-Borrowing Dual-Enzyme Cascade. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusual α-amino acids (UAAs) are important fundamental building blocks and play a key role in medicinal chemistry. Here, we constructed a hydrogen-borrowing dual-enzyme cascade for efficient synthesis of UAAs from α-hydroxy acids (α-HAs). D-mandelate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (LbMDH) was screened for the catalysis of α-HAs to α-keto acids but with low activity towards aliphatic α-HAs. Therefore, we rational engineered LbMDH to improve its activity towards aliphatic α-HAs. The substitution of residue Leu243 located in the substrate entrance channel with nonpolar amino acids like Met, Trp, and Ile significantly influenced the enzyme activity towards different α-HAs. Compared with wild type (WT), variant L243W showed 103 U/mg activity towards D-α-hydroxybutyric acid, 1.7 times of the WT’s 60.2 U/mg, while its activity towards D-mandelic acid decreased. Variant L243M showed 2.3 times activity towards D-mandelic acid compared to WT, and its half-life at 40 °C increased to 150.2 h comparing with 98.5 h of WT. By combining LbMDH with L-leucine dehydrogenase from Bacillus cereus, the synthesis of structurally diverse range of UAAs from α-HAs was constructed. We achieved 90.7% conversion for L-phenylglycine production and 66.7% conversion for L-α-aminobutyric acid production. This redox self-sufficient cascade provided high catalytic efficiency and generated pure products.
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Veldmann KH, Dachwitz S, Risse JM, Lee JH, Sewald N, Wendisch VF. Bromination of L-tryptophan in a Fermentative Process With Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:219. [PMID: 31620432 PMCID: PMC6759940 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brominated compounds such as 7-bromo-l-tryptophan (7-Br-Trp) occur in Nature. Many synthetic and natural brominated compounds have applications in the agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industries, for example, the 20S-proteasome inhibitor TMC-95A that may be derived from 7-Br-Trp. Mild halogenation by cross-linked enzyme aggregates containing FAD-dependent halogenase, NADH-dependent flavin reductase, and alcohol dehydrogenase as well as by fermentation with recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum expressing the genes for the FAD-dependent halogenase RebH and the NADH-dependent flavin reductase RebF from Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes have recently been developed as green alternatives to more hazardous chemical routes. In this study, the fermentative production of 7-Br-Trp was established. The fermentative process employs an l-tryptophan producing C. glutamicum strain expressing rebH and rebF from L. aerocolonigenes for halogenation and is based on glucose, ammonium and sodium bromide. C. glutamicum tolerated high sodium bromide concentrations, but its growth rate was reduced to half-maximal at 0.09 g L−1 7-bromo-l-tryptophan. This may be, at least in part, due to inhibition of anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase by 7-Br-Trp since anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase activity in crude extracts was half-maximal at about 0.03 g L−1 7-Br-Trp. Fermentative production of 7-Br-Trp by recombinant C. glutamicum was scaled up to a working volume of 2 L and operated in batch and fed-batch mode. The titers were increased from batch fermentation in CGXII minimal medium with 0.3 g L−1 7-Br-Trp to fed-batch fermentation in HSG complex medium, where up to 1.2 g L−1 7-Br-Trp were obtained. The product isolated from the culture broth was characterized by NMR and LC-MS and shown to be 7-Br-Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareen H Veldmann
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Steffen Dachwitz
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Joe Max Risse
- Fermentation Technology, Technical Faculty & Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- Major in Food Science and Biotechnology, School of Food Biotechnology and Nutrition, BB21+, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Veldmann KH, Minges H, Sewald N, Lee JH, Wendisch VF. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the fermentative production of halogenated tryptophan. J Biotechnol 2019; 291:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Efficient biosynthesis of l-phenylglycine by an engineered Escherichia coli with a tunable multi-enzyme-coordinate expression system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2129-2141. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Xue YP, Cao CH, Zheng YG. Enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1516-1561. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the progress achieved in the enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids from prochiral substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Cheng-Hao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
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Improved fermentative production of the compatible solute ectoine by Corynebacterium glutamicum from glucose and alternative carbon sources. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Directed evolution of leucine dehydrogenase for improved efficiency of l-tert-leucine synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5805-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Song JW, Lee JH, Bornscheuer UT, Park JB. Microbial Synthesis of Medium-Chain α,ω-Dicarboxylic Acids and ω-Aminocarboxylic Acids from Renewable Long-Chain Fatty Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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