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Aghamolaei M, Landarani-Isfahani A, Bahadori M, Nori ZZ, Rezaei S, Moghadam M, Tangestaninejad S, Mirkhani V, Mohammadpoor-Baltork I. Preparation and characterization of stable core/shell Fe 3O 4@Au decorated with an amine group for immobilization of lipase by covalent attachment. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5971-5977. [PMID: 35424559 PMCID: PMC8982027 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly approach was used for amine decoration of core/shell Fe3O4@Au with 4-aminothiophenol. This structure was used for covalent immobilization of lipase using a Ugi 4-component reaction. The amine group on the structure and carboxylic group from lipase can react in the Ugi reaction and a firm and stable covalent bond is created between enzyme and support. The synthesized structure was fully characterized and its activity was explored in different situations. The results showed the pH and temperature stability of immobilized lipase compared to free lipase in a wide range of pH and temperature. Also after 60 days, it showed excellent activity while residual activity for the free enzyme was only 10%. The synthesized structure was conveniently separated using an external magnetic field and reused 6 times without losing the activity of the immobilized enzyme. The self-assembly approach was used for amine decoration of core/shell Fe3O4@Au with 4-aminothiophenol.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Aghamolaei
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | | | - Mehrnaz Bahadori
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Zahra Zamani Nori
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Saghar Rezaei
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Majid Moghadam
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | | | - Valiollah Mirkhani
- Catalysis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
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2
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Razzaghi M, Homaei A, Vianello F, Azad T, Sharma T, Nadda AK, Stevanato R, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Industrial applications of immobilized nano-biocatalysts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:237-256. [PMID: 34596787 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized enzyme-based catalytic constructs could greatly improve various industrial processes due to their extraordinary catalytic activity and reaction specificity. In recent decades, nano-enzymes, defined as enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials, gained popularity for the enzymes' improved stability, reusability, and ease of separation from the biocatalytic process. Thus, enzymes can be strategically incorporated into nanostructured materials to engineer nano-enzymes, such as nanoporous particles, nanofibers, nanoflowers, nanogels, nanomembranes, metal-organic frameworks, multi-walled or single-walled carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles with tuned shape and size. Surface-area-to-volume ratio, pore-volume, chemical compositions, electrical charge or conductivity of nanomaterials, protein charge, hydrophobicity, and amino acid composition on protein surface play fundamental roles in the nano-enzyme preparation and catalytic properties. With proper understanding, the optimization of the above-mentioned factors will lead to favorable micro-environments for biocatalysts of industrial relevance. Thus, the application of nano-enzymes promise to further strengthen the advances in catalysis, biotransformation, biosensing, and biomarker discovery. Herein, this review article spotlights recent progress in nano-enzyme development and their possible implementation in different areas, including biomedicine, biosensors, bioremediation of industrial pollutants, biofuel production, textile, leather, detergent, food industries and antifouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Razzaghi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tanvi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Waknaghat, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Waknaghat, India
| | - Roberto Stevanato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico
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3
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Antipin IS, Alfimov MV, Arslanov VV, Burilov VA, Vatsadze SZ, Voloshin YZ, Volcho KP, Gorbatchuk VV, Gorbunova YG, Gromov SP, Dudkin SV, Zaitsev SY, Zakharova LY, Ziganshin MA, Zolotukhina AV, Kalinina MA, Karakhanov EA, Kashapov RR, Koifman OI, Konovalov AI, Korenev VS, Maksimov AL, Mamardashvili NZ, Mamardashvili GM, Martynov AG, Mustafina AR, Nugmanov RI, Ovsyannikov AS, Padnya PL, Potapov AS, Selektor SL, Sokolov MN, Solovieva SE, Stoikov II, Stuzhin PA, Suslov EV, Ushakov EN, Fedin VP, Fedorenko SV, Fedorova OA, Fedorov YV, Chvalun SN, Tsivadze AY, Shtykov SN, Shurpik DN, Shcherbina MA, Yakimova LS. Functional supramolecular systems: design and applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Wang J, Zhang H, Yin D, Xu X, Tan T, Lv Y. Boosted activity by engineering the enzyme microenvironment in cascade reaction: A molecular understanding. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:163-172. [PMID: 34278014 PMCID: PMC8271104 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering of enzyme microenvironment can surprisingly boost the apparent activity. However, the underlying regulation mechanism is not well-studied at a molecular level so far. Here, we present a modulation of two model enzymes of cytochrome c (Cty C) and d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) with opposite pH-activity profiles using ionic polymers. The operational pH of poly (acrylic acid) modified Cyt C and polyallylamine modified DAAO was extended to 3–7 and 2–10 where the enzyme activity was larger than that at their optimum pH of 4.5 and 8.5 by 106% and 28%, respectively. The cascade reaction catalyzed by two modified enzymes reveals a 1.37-fold enhancement in catalytic efficiency compared with their native counterparts. The enzyme activity boosting is understood by performing the UV–vis/CD spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations in the atomistic level. The increased activity is ascribed to the favorable microenvironment in support of preserving enzyme native structures nearby cofactor under external perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Deping Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Li Y, Wen L, Qu Y, Lv Y. Metal–Enzyme Hybrid Microspheres Assembled via Mg 2+-Allosteric Effector. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liyin Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Institute for Medical Device Standard Administration, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Rodriguez-Abetxuko A, Sánchez-deAlcázar D, Muñumer P, Beloqui A. Tunable Polymeric Scaffolds for Enzyme Immobilization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:830. [PMID: 32850710 PMCID: PMC7406678 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of methodologies for the immobilization of enzymes using polymeric supports is continuously growing due to the developments in the fields of biotechnology, polymer chemistry, and nanotechnology in the last years. Despite being excellent catalysts, enzymes are very sensitive molecules and can undergo denaturation beyond their natural environment. For overcoming this issue, polymer chemistry offers a wealth of opportunities for the successful combination of enzymes with versatile natural or synthetic polymers. The fabrication of functional, stable, and robust biocatalytic hybrid materials (nanoparticles, capsules, hydrogels, or films) has been proven advantageous for several applications such as biomedicine, organic synthesis, biosensing, and bioremediation. In this review, supported with recent examples of enzyme-protein hybrids, we provide an overview of the methods used to combine both macromolecules, as well as the future directions and the main challenges that are currently being tackled in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Muñumer
- PolyZymes group, POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Beloqui
- PolyZymes group, POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Zhu Y, Chen Q, Shao L, Jia Y, Zhang X. Microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactors for continuous biocatalysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00217k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review investigates strategies for employing μ-IMERs for continuous biocatalysis via a top-down approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Qingming Chen
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed Signal VLSI
- Institute of Microelectronics
- University of Macau
- Macau
- China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
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8
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Continuous artificial synthesis of glucose precursor using enzyme-immobilized microfluidic reactors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4049. [PMID: 31492867 PMCID: PMC6731257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Food production in green crops is severely limited by low activity and poor specificity of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) in natural photosynthesis (NPS). This work presents a scientific solution to overcome this problem by immobilizing RuBisCO into a microfluidic reactor, which demonstrates a continuous production of glucose precursor at 13.8 μmol g−1 RuBisCO min−1 from CO2 and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Experiments show that the RuBisCO immobilization significantly enhances enzyme stabilities (7.2 folds in storage stability, 6.7 folds in thermal stability), and also improves the reusability (90.4% activity retained after 5 cycles of reuse and 78.5% after 10 cycles). This work mimics the NPS pathway with scalable microreactors for continuous synthesis of glucose precursor using very small amount of RuBisCO. Although still far from industrial production, this work demonstrates artificial synthesis of basic food materials by replicating the light-independent reactions of NPS, which may hold the key to food crisis relief and future space colonization. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is a difficult enzyme to work with. Here, the authors covalently immobilized it in a microfluidic reactor to enhance its storage/thermal stabilities and reusability, which enabled the continuous artificial synthesis of glucose precursor.
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9
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Use of thiol functionalities for the preparation of porous monolithic structures and modulation of their surface chemistry: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Recent advances in the fabrication and application of nanomaterial-based enzymatic microsystems in chemical and biological sciences. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1067:31-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Luo J, Ma L, Svec F, Tan T, Lv Y. Reversible Two‐Enzyme Coimmobilization on pH‐Responsive Imprinted Monolith for Glucose Detection. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900028. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Liang Ma
- Clinical LaboratoryChina–Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing 100029 China
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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12
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Liu S, Lämmerhofer M. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for sample preparation: A review. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2438-2461. [PMID: 31056767 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a crucial step for the reliable and accurate analysis of both small molecule and biopolymers which often involves processes such as isolation, pre-concentration, removal of interferences (purification), and pre-processing (e.g., enzymatic digestion) of targets from a complex matrix. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-assisted sample preparation and pre-concentration has been extensively applied in many analytical procedures in recent years due to the favorable and unique properties of GNPs such as size-controlled synthesis, large surface-to-volume ratio, surface inertness, straightforward surface modification, easy separation requiring minimal manipulation of samples. This review article primarily focuses on applications of GNPs in sample preparation, in particular for bioaffinity capture and biocatalysis. In addition, their most common synthesis, surface modification and characterization methods are briefly summarized. Proper surface modification for GNPs designed in accordance to their target application directly influence their functionalities, e.g., extraction efficiencies, and catalytic efficiencies. Characterization of GNPs after synthesis and modification is worthwhile for monitoring and controlling the fabrication process to ensure proper quality and functionality. Parameters such as morphology, colloidal stability, and physical/chemical properties can be assessed by methods such as surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential determinations, transmission electron microscopy, Taylor dispersion analysis, and resonant mass measurement, among others. The accurate determination of the surface coverage appears to be also mandatory for the quality control of functionality of the nanoparticles. Some promising applications of (functionalized) GNPs for bioanalysis and sample preparation are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Chen C, Liu W, Hong T. Novel approaches for biomolecule immobilization in microscale systems. Analyst 2019; 144:3912-3924. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reviews novel approaches applied for biomolecule immobilization in microscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
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14
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Lockhart JN, Hmelo AB, Harth E. Electron beam lithography of poly(glycidol) nanogels for immobilization of a three-enzyme cascade. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanogels devices with spatial confinement of multiple enzymes resulted in retention of bioactivity after 30 days with a 5 fold higher chromogenic output compared to free enzyme cascade devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob N. Lockhart
- Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
- Vanderbilt University
- 7665 Stevenson Center
- Nashville
| | - Anthony B. Hmelo
- Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
- Vanderbilt University
- 7665 Stevenson Center
- Nashville
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry
- Center of Excellence in Polymer Research
- 406 STL Building
- University of Houston
- Houston
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15
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Polymer monoliths with silver nanoparticles-cholesterol conjugate as stationary phases for capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Immobilization of Lecitase® ultra on recyclable polymer support: application in resolution of trans-methyl (4-methoxyphenyl)glycidate in organic solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Macroporous monoliths for biodegradation study of polymer particles considered as drug delivery systems. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Shao X, Zhang X. Design of five-layer gold nanoparticles self-assembled in a liquid open tubular column for ultrasensitive nano-LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of 80 living cells. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28181392 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, a liquid open tubular column modified by five-layer gold nanoparticles and linked with C18 (GNPs@C18 ) was designed and fabricated for nano-LC-MS/MS analysis of 80 living cells. Sixty nanometer gold nanoparticles were self-assembled layer by layer on the inner wall of a 20 μm id fused-silica capillary. C18 was then linked on the gold nanoparticles to make the liquid open tubular column show hydrophobic character. Enough loading capacities for analysis of 80 living cells, ∼100 fmol for pk-10 and ∼30 fmol for insulin, were obtained with the 2 m × 20 μm id five-layer GNPs@C18 open tubular column. The open tubular column was used in an online pretreatment and direct nano-LC-MS/MS analysis system to analyze 80 living HepG2 cells. In total, 650 proteins were identified in triplicate runs. The subcellular localization of the identified proteins showed that our system had no bias toward different cellular compartments. Protein copy number per cell of the identified proteins showed that the detection limit could reach 50 zmol and the abundance of the identified proteins could cover a dynamic range of 6 orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R., China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R., China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R., China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R., China
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19
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Papain-functionalized gold nanoparticles as heterogeneous biocatalyst for bioanalysis and biopharmaceuticals analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 963:33-43. [PMID: 28335973 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface-modified gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized via layer-by-layer process with alternating cationic polyallylamine and anionic poly(acrylic acid) polyelectrolyte layers leading to a highly hydrophilic biocompatible shell supporting colloidal stability. Afterwards, papain was covalently immobilized on the modified GNPs via amide coupling between the amino groups on papain and the terminal carboxylic groups of the modified GNPs by using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium as coupling agents. The resultant papain-functionalized gold nanoparticles were characterized by surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. The new technology resonant mass measurement was applied for determining the average number of papain molecules immobilized per GNP by measurement of the single nanoparticle buoyant mass in the range of femtograms. The activity of the immobilized enzyme was estimated by determination of the kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax and kcat) with the standard chromogenic substrate Nα-benzoyl-dl-arginine-4-nitroanilide hydrochloride. It was found that Km of immobilized and free enzyme are in the same order of magnitude. On contrary, turnover numbers kcat were significantly higher for GNP-conjugated papain. Further, the gold nanobiocatalyst was applied for digestion of polyclonal human immunoglobulin G to yield protein fragments. The resultant fragment mixture was further analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-microelectrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which demonstrated the applicability of the bioreactor based on papain functionalized GNPs. The immobilized papain not only has higher catalytic activity and better stability, but also can be easily isolated from the reaction medium by straightforward centrifugation steps for reuse.
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20
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de León AS, Vargas-Alfredo N, Gallardo A, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Bastida A, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Microfluidic Reactors Based on Rechargeable Catalytic Porous Supports: Heterogeneous Enzymatic Catalysis via Reversible Host-Guest Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:4184-4191. [PMID: 28035806 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of a microfluidic device in which the reservoir contains a porous surface with enzymatic catalytic activity provided by the reversible immobilization of horseradish peroxidase onto micrometer size pores. The porous functional reservoir was obtained by the Breath Figures approach by casting in a moist environment a solution containing a mixture of high molecular weight polystyrene (HPS) and a poly(styrene-co-cyclodextrin based styrene) (P(S-co-SCD)) statistical copolymer. The pores enriched in CD were employed to immobilize horseradish peroxidase (previously modified with adamantane) by host-guest interactions (HRP-Ada). These surfaces exhibit catalytic activity that remains stable during several reaction cycles. Moreover, the porous platforms could be recovered by using free water-soluble β-CD with detergents. An excess of β-CD/TritonX100 in solution disrupts the interactions between HRP-Ada and the CD-modified substrate thus allowing us to recover the employed enzyme and reuse the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sanz de León
- Mechano(Bio)Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Science Park Potsdam-Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla
- Departamento de Química-Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Eeltink S, Wouters S, Dores-Sousa JL, Svec F. Advances in organic polymer-based monolithic column technology for high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of antibodies, intact proteins, oligonucleotides, and peptides. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:8-21. [PMID: 28069168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the preparation of organic polymer-based monolithic stationary phases and their application in the separation of biomolecules, including antibodies, intact proteins and protein isoforms, oligonucleotides, and protein digests. Column and material properties, and the optimization of the macropore structure towards kinetic performance are also discussed. State-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry biomolecule separations are reviewed and practical aspects such as ion-pairing agent selection and carryover are presented. Finally, advances in comprehensive two-dimensional LC separations using monolithic columns, in particular ion-exchange×reversed-phase and reversed-phase×reversed-phase LC separations conducted at high and low pH, are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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22
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Hong T, Yang X, Xu Y, Ji Y. Recent advances in the preparation and application of monolithic capillary columns in separation science. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 931:1-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Rajdeo K, Harini T, Lavanya K, Fadnavis NW. Immobilization of pectinase on reusable polymer support for clarification of apple juice. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Lv Y, Tan X, Svec F. Preparation and applications of monolithic structures containing metal-organic frameworks. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:272-287. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Lv
- International Research Center for Soft Matter; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Xinyi Tan
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Frantisek Svec
- International Research Center for Soft Matter; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
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25
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Ruan G, Wu Z, Huang Y, Wei M, Su R, Du F. An easily regenerable enzyme reactor prepared from polymerized high internal phase emulsions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Scholder P, Hafner M, Hassel AW, Nischang I. Gold Nanoparticle@Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Hybrid Scaffolds in Microfluidic Format - Highly Efficient and Green Catalytic Platforms. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [PMCID: PMC4797702 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We report on the preparation of new hybrid organic–inorganic multiporous monolithic capillary columns carrying gold nanoparticles of 5, 10, 50, and 100 nm size and their use as flow‐through catalytic platforms for aqueous liquid‐phase reduction reactions. We found that the flow‐through performance of the reactors depends not only on the size of the gold nanoparticles but also on the interplay of the pore size of the scaffolds and the catalytically available gold surface within the system, that is, loading an increased number of gold nanoparticles of smaller size does not necessarily result in strictly improved performance. This indicates the importance of the interplay between the nanopore size of the scaffolds and the catalytically active gold surface existing within the system. Demonstration of the highly efficient catalytic flow‐through operation within seconds and the repeated use of the reactors without loss of performance indicates their excellent suitability as microfluidic device elements.
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Zhao JC, Zhu QY, Zhao LY, Lian HZ, Chen HY. Preparation of an aptamer based organic–inorganic hybrid monolithic column with gold nanoparticles as an intermediary for the enrichment of proteins. Analyst 2016; 141:4961-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00957c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are used as an intermediary in a sandwich structure for the preparation of an aptamer-based organic–inorganic hybrid affinity monolithic column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-cheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Qing-yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Ling-yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Hong-zhen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Hong-yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
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28
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Urban J. Current trends in the development of porous polymer monoliths for the separation of small molecules. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:51-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Urban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
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Alla AJ, D' Andrea FB, Bhattarai JK, Cooper JA, Tan YH, Demchenko AV, Stine KJ. Selective capture of glycoproteins using lectin-modified nanoporous gold monolith. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1423:19-30. [PMID: 26554297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The surface of nanoporous gold (np-Au) monoliths was modified via a flow method with the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A) to develop a substrate for separation and extraction of glycoproteins. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of α-lipoic acid (LA) on the np-Au monoliths were prepared followed by activation of the terminal carboxyl groups to create amine reactive esters that were utilized in the immobilization of Con A. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the surface coverages of LA and Con A on np-Au monoliths which were found to be 1.31×10(18) and 1.85×10(15)moleculesm(-2), respectively. An in situ solution depletion method was developed that enabled surface coverage characterization without damaging the substrate and suggesting the possibility of regeneration. Using this method, the surface coverages of LA and Con A were found to be 0.989×10(18) and 1.32×10(15)moleculesm(-2), respectively. The selectivity of the Con A-modified np-Au monolith for the high mannose-containing glycoprotein ovalbumin (OVA) versus negative control non-glycosylated bovine serum albumin (BSA) was demonstrated by the difference in the ratio of the captured molecules to the immobilized Con A molecules, with OVA:Con A=2.3 and BSA:Con A=0.33. Extraction of OVA from a 1:3 mole ratio mixture with BSA was demonstrated by the greater amount of depletion of OVA concentration during the circulation with the developed substrate. A significant amount of captured OVA was eluted using α-methyl mannopyranoside as a competitive ligand. This work is motivated by the need to develop new materials for chromatographic separation and extraction substrates for use in preparative and analytical procedures in glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J Alla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121 USA; Center for Nanoscience, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Felipe B D' Andrea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121 USA; Center for Nanoscience, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Jay K Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121 USA; Center for Nanoscience, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Jared A Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121 USA; Center for Nanoscience, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Yih Horng Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121 USA; Center for Nanoscience, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121 USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121 USA; Center for Nanoscience, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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Khalil AM, Georgiadou V, Guerrouache M, Mahouche-Chergui S, Dendrinou-Samara C, Chehimi MM, Carbonnier B. Gold-decorated polymeric monoliths: In-situ vs ex-situ immobilization strategies and flow through catalytic applications towards nitrophenols reduction. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Vrutika P, Datta M. Lipase from Solvent-Tolerant Pseudomonas sp. DMVR46 Strain Adsorb on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Application for Enzymatic Biotransformation in Organic Solvents. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1313-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Huang R, Wu M, Goldman MJ, Li Z. Encapsulation of enzyme via one-step template-free formation of stable organic-inorganic capsules: A simple and efficient method for immobilizing enzyme with high activity and recyclability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1092-101. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renliang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Mengyun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Mark J. Goldman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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Patel V, Gajera H, Gupta A, Manocha L, Madamwar D. Synthesis of ethyl caprylate in organic media using Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on exfoliated graphene oxide: Process parameters and reusability studies. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Narancic T, Davis R, Nikodinovic-Runic J, O’ Connor KE. Recent developments in biocatalysis beyond the laboratory. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:943-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Svec F, Lv Y. Advances and Recent Trends in the Field of Monolithic Columns for Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 87:250-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- International
Research Center
for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- International
Research Center
for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
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Terborg L, Masini JC, Lin M, Lipponen K, Riekolla ML, Svec F. Porous polymer monolithic columns with gold nanoparticles as an intermediate ligand for the separation of proteins in reverse phase-ion exchange mixed mode. J Adv Res 2014; 6:441-8. [PMID: 26257942 PMCID: PMC4522539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for the preparation of mixed-mode stationary phases to separate proteins. The pore surface of monolithic poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) capillary columns was functionalized with thiols and coated with gold nanoparticles. The final mixed mode surface chemistry was formed by attaching, in a single step, alkanethiols, mercaptoalkanoic acids, and their mixtures on the free surface of attached gold nanoparticles. Use of these mixtures allowed fine tuning of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance. The amount of attached gold nanoparticles according to thermal gravimetric analysis was 44.8 wt.%. This value together with results of frontal elution enabled calculation of surface coverage with the alkanethiol and mercaptoalkanoic acid ligands. Interestingly, alkanethiols coverage in a range of 4.46–4.51 molecules/nm2 significantly exceeded that of mercaptoalkanoic acids with 2.39–2.45 molecules/nm2. The mixed mode character of these monolithic stationary phases was for the first time demonstrated in the separations of proteins that could be achieved in the same column using gradient elution conditions typical of reverse phase (using gradient of acetonitrile in water) and ion exchange chromatographic modes (applying gradient of salt in water), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Terborg
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Jorge C Masini
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Fundamental Chemistry, University of São Paolo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Katriina Lipponen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekolla
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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38
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Han W, Xin Y, Hasegawa U, Uyama H. Enzyme immobilization on polymethacrylate-based monolith fabricated via thermally induced phase separation. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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