1
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Zhou L, Tao C, Shen X, Sun X, Wang J, Yuan Q. Unlocking the potential of enzyme engineering via rational computational design strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108376. [PMID: 38740355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes play a pivotal role in various industries by enabling efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable chemical processes. However, the low turnover rates and poor substrate selectivity of enzymes limit their large-scale applications. Rational computational enzyme design, facilitated by computational algorithms, offers a more targeted and less labor-intensive approach. There has been notable advancement in employing rational computational protein engineering strategies to overcome these issues, it has not been comprehensively reviewed so far. This article reviews recent developments in rational computational enzyme design, categorizing them into three types: structure-based, sequence-based, and data-driven machine learning computational design. Case studies are presented to demonstrate successful enhancements in catalytic activity, stability, and substrate selectivity. Lastly, the article provides a thorough analysis of these approaches, highlights existing challenges and potential solutions, and offers insights into future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunmeng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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2
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Chen L, Yu K, Ma A, Zhu W, Wang H, Tang X, Tang Y, Li Y, Li J. Enhanced Thermostability of Nattokinase by Computation-Based Rational Redesign of Flexible Regions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14241-14254. [PMID: 38864682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Nattokinase is a nutrient in healthy food natto that has the function of preventing and treating blood thrombus. However, its low thermostability and fibrinolytic activity limit its application in food and pharmaceuticals. In this study, we used bioinformatics analysis to identify two loops (loop10 and loop12) in the flexible region of nattokinase rAprY. Using this basis, we screened the G131S-S161T variant, which showed a 2.38-fold increase in half-life at 55 °C, and the M3 variant, which showed a 2.01-fold increase in activity, by using a thermostability prediction algorithm. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the enhanced thermostability of the G131S-S161T variant was due to the increased rigidity and structural shrinkage of the overall structure. Additionally, the increased rigidity of the local region surrounding the active center and its mutated sites helps maintain its normal conformation in high-temperature environments. The increased catalytic activity of the M3 variant may be due to its more efficient substrate binding mechanism. We investigated strategies to improve the thermostability and fibrinolytic activity of nattokinase, and the resulting variants show promise for industrial production and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqi Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Kongfang Yu
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Aixia Ma
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xiyu Tang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Yaolei Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- The Third People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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3
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Hoya M, Matsunaga R, Nagatoishi S, Ide T, Kuroda D, Tsumoto K. Impact of single-residue mutations on protein thermal stability: The case of threonine 83 of BC2L-CN lectin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132682. [PMID: 38815947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The thermal stability of trimeric lectin BC2L-CN was investigated and found to be considerably altered when mutating residue 83, originally a threonine, located at the fucose-binding loop. Mutants were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and isothermal microcalorimetry. Although most mutations decreased the affinity of the protein for oligosaccharide H type 1, six mutations increased the melting temperature (Tm) by >5 °C; one mutation, T83P, increased the Tm value by 18.2 °C(T83P, Tm = 96.3 °C). In molecular dynamic simulations, the investigated thermostable mutants, T83P, T83A, and T83S, had decreased fluctuations in the loop containing residue 83. In the T83S mutation, the side-chain hydroxyl group of serine formed a hydrogen bond with a nearby residue, suggesting that the restricted movement of the side-chain resulted in fewer fluctuations and enhanced thermal stability. Residue 83 is located at the interface and near the upstream end of the equivalent loop in a different protomer; therefore, fluctuations by this residue likely propagate throughout the loop. Our study of the dramatic change in thermal stability by a single amino acid mutation provides useful insights into the rational design of protein structures, especially the structures of oligomeric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hoya
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsunaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Project Division of Advanced Biopharmaceutical Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Teruhiko Ide
- Tosoh Corporation, Hayakawa, 2743-1 Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Project Division of Advanced Biopharmaceutical Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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4
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Li Y, Tang X, Chen L, Ma A, Zhu W, Huang W, Li J. Improvement of the fibrinolytic activity, acid resistance and thermostability of nattokinase by surface charge engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127373. [PMID: 37839602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase is a promising thrombolytic drug due to its powerful fibrinolytic effect and few side effects. However, the low fibrinolytic activity and stability of nattokinase have limited its industrial production and oral application. In this study, the basic and neutral amino acid residues on the surface of recombinant nattokinase AprY from Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 (rAprY) were mutated to acidic amino acid residues by surface charge engineering strategy, and two variants K12D and N109D with 92.6 % and 8.4 % increased fibrinolytic activity were obtained. The R45E variant with enhanced acid stability and thermostability was also screened, its acid stability at pH 4 and t1/2 at 55 °C were 3.7-fold and 1.8-fold higher than that of wild type rAprY, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the increased activities of K12D and N109D variants were related to the increased flexibility of the region around their active centers. The increased rigidity of 97-103 amino acid residues around the active center of R45E may be the reason for its enhanced stability and reduced catalytic activity. The multipoint mutation K12D-N109D (M2)'s catalytic activity did not increase cumulatively, but its pH stability did. The nattokinase variants generated in this study have potential for industrial production and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xiyu Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Liangqi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Aixia Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | | | - Jinyao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China.
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5
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Nowak JS, Otzen DE. Helping proteins come in from the cold: 5 burning questions about cold-active enzymes. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 5:100104. [PMID: 38162634 PMCID: PMC10755280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes from psychrophilic (cold-loving) organisms have attracted considerable interest over the past decades for their potential in various low-temperature industrial processes. However, we still lack large-scale commercialization of their activities. Here, we review their properties, limitations and potential. Our review is structured around answers to 5 central questions: 1. How do cold-active enzymes achieve high catalytic rates at low temperatures? 2. How is protein flexibility connected to cold-activity? 3. What are the sequence-based and structural determinants for cold-activity? 4. How does the thermodynamic stability of psychrophilic enzymes reflect their cold-active capabilities? 5. How do we effectively identify novel cold-active enzymes, and can we apply them in an industrial context? We conclude that emerging screening technologies combined with big-data handling and analysis make it reasonable to expect a bright future for our understanding and exploitation of cold-active enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stanislaw Nowak
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK – 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel E. Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK – 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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6
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Wilson S, Panagabko C, Laleye T, Robinson M, Jagas S, Bowman D, Atkinson J. Synthesis of a photocleavable bola-phosphatidylcholine. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 93:117465. [PMID: 37688997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and are involved in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction. Sec14 is a yeast PITP that has been shown to transfer phosphatidylinositol (PI) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. It is now believed that Sec14 may play a greater role than just shuttling PI and PC throughout the cell. Genetic evidence suggests that retrieval of membrane-bound PI by Sec14 also manages to present PI to the phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase, Pik1, to generate phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, PI(4)P. To test this hypothetical model, we designed a photocleavable bolalipid to span the entire membrane, having one phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylinositol headgroup on each leaflet connected by a photocleavable diacid. Sec14 should not be able to present the bola-PI to Pik1 for phosphorylation as the head group will be difficult to lift from the bilayer as it is tethered on the opposite leaflet. After photocleavage the two halves would behave as a normal phospholipid, thus phosphorylation by Pik1 would resume. We report here the synthesis of a photocleavable bola-PC, a precursor to the desired bola-PI. The mono-photocleavable bola-PC lipid was designed to contain two glycerol molecules with choline head groups connected through a phosphodiester bond at the sn3 position. Each glycerol was acylated with palmitic acid at the sn1 position. These two glycerol moieties were then connected through their respective sn2 hydroxyls via a photocleavable dicarboxylic acid containing a nitrophenyl ethyl photolabile protecting group. The bola-PC and its precursors were found to undergo efficient photocleavage when irradiated in solution or in vesicles with 365 nm light for two minutes. Treatment of the bola-PC with a mutant phospholipase D and myo-inositol produced a mono-inositol bola-PC-PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tayo Laleye
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Samuel Jagas
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Bowman
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Li Y, Chen L, Tang X, Zhu W, Ma A, Shi C, Li J. Combined Computer-Aided Predictors to Improve the Thermostability of Nattokinase. Foods 2023; 12:3045. [PMID: 37628044 PMCID: PMC10453301 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-derived nattokinase has strong thrombolytic activity and few side effects. In the field of medicine, nattokinase has been developed as an adjuvant drug for the treatment of thrombosis, and nattokinase-rich beverages and health foods have also shown great potential in the field of food development. At present, the poor thermostability of nattokinase limits its industrial production and application. In this study, we used several thermostability-prediction algorithms to predict nattokinase from Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 (AprY), and screened two variants S33T and T174V with increased thermostability and fibrinolytic activity. The t1/2 of S33T and T174V were 8.87-fold and 2.51-fold those of the wild type AprY, respectively, and their enzyme activities were also increased (1.17-fold and 1.28-fold, respectively). Although the thermostability of N218L was increased by 2.7 times, the fibrinolytic activity of N218L was only 73.3% of that of wild type AprY. The multiple-point mutation results showed that S33T-N218L and S33T-T174V-N218L variants lost their activity, and the T174V-N218L variant did not show any significant change in catalytic performance, while S33T-T174V increased its thermostability and activity by 21.3% and 24.8%, respectively. Although the S33T-T174V variant did not show the additive effect of thermostability, it combined the excellent transient thermostability of S33T with the better thrombolytic activity of T174V. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the overall structure of S33T and T174V variants tended to be stable, while the structure of S33T-T174V variant was more flexible. Local structure analysis showed that the increased rigidity of the active center region (positions 64-75) and the key loop region (positions 129-130, 155-163, 187-192, 237-241, and 268-270) determined the increased thermostability of all variants. In addition, the enhanced flexibility of S33T-T174V variant in the Ca1 binding region (positions 1-4, 75-82) and the peripheral region of the catalytic pocket (positions 210-216) may account for the inability to superpose its thermostability. We explored the effective strategy to enhance the thermostability of nattokinase, and the resulting variants have potential industrial production and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Liangqi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Xiyu Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Aixia Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Changyu Shi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Jinyao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
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8
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Luo J, Song C, Cui W, Han L, Zhou Z. Counteraction of stability-activity trade-off of Nattokinase through flexible region shifting. Food Chem 2023; 423:136241. [PMID: 37178594 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread trade-off between stability and activity severely limits enzyme evolution. Although some progresses have been made to overcome this limitation, the counteraction mechanism for enzyme stability-activity trade-off remains obscure. Here, we clarified the counteraction mechanism of the Nattokinase stability-activity trade-off. A combinatorial mutant M4 was obtained by multi-strategy engineering, exhibiting a 20.7-fold improved half-life; meanwhile, the catalytic efficiency was doubled. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that an obvious flexible region shifting in the structure of mutant M4 was occurred. The flexible region shifting which contributed to maintain the global structural flexibility, was considered to be the key factor for counteracting the stability-activity trade-off. Further analysis illustrated that the flexible region shifting was driven by region dynamical networks reshaping. This work provided deep insight into the counteraction mechanism of enzyme stability-activity trade-off, suggesting that flexible region shifting would be an effective strategy for enzyme evolution through computational protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenshuo Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laichuang Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Rutz A, Das CK, Fasano A, Jaenecke J, Yadav S, Apfel UP, Engelbrecht V, Fourmond V, Léger C, Schäfer LV, Happe T. Increasing the O 2 Resistance of the [FeFe]-Hydrogenase CbA5H through Enhanced Protein Flexibility. ACS Catal 2022; 13:856-865. [PMID: 36733639 PMCID: PMC9886219 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The high turnover rates of [FeFe]-hydrogenases under mild conditions and at low overpotentials provide a natural blueprint for the design of hydrogen catalysts. However, the unique active site (H-cluster) degrades upon contact with oxygen. The [FeFe]-hydrogenase fromClostridium beijerinckii (CbA5H) is characterized by the flexibility of its protein structure, which allows a conserved cysteine to coordinate to the active site under oxidative conditions. Thereby, intrinsic cofactor degradation induced by dioxygen is minimized. However, the protection from O2 is only partial, and the activity of the enzyme decreases upon each exposure to O2. By using site-directed mutagenesis in combination with electrochemistry, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the kinetics of the conversion between the oxygen-protected inactive state (cysteine-bound) and the oxygen-sensitive active state can be accelerated by replacing a surface residue that is very distant from the active site. This sole exchange of methionine for a glutamate residue leads to an increased resistance of the hydrogenase to dioxygen. With our study, we aim to understand how local modifications of the protein structure can have a crucial impact on protein dynamics and how they can control the reactivity of inorganic active sites through outer sphere effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rutz
- Photobiotechnology,
Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Chandan K. Das
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Fasano
- Laboratoire
de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de
Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jan Jaenecke
- Photobiotechnology,
Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Shanika Yadav
- Inorganic
Chemistry Ι, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Inorganic
Chemistry Ι, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany,Fraunhofer
UMSICHT, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Vera Engelbrecht
- Photobiotechnology,
Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vincent Fourmond
- Laboratoire
de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de
Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Léger
- Laboratoire
de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de
Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Lars V. Schäfer
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Happe
- Photobiotechnology,
Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany,
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10
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Rahban M, Zolghadri S, Salehi N, Ahmad F, Haertlé T, Rezaei-Ghaleh N, Sawyer L, Saboury AA. Thermal stability enhancement: Fundamental concepts of protein engineering strategies to manipulate the flexible structure. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:642-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Can deep eutectic solvents be the best alternatives to ionic liquids and organic solvents: A perspective in enzyme catalytic reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:255-269. [PMID: 35835302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a new generation of green solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been considered as a promising alternative to classical organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs). DESs are normally formed by two or more components via various h-bonds interactions. Up to date, four types of DESs are found, namely, type I DESs (formed by MClx, namely FeCl2, AlCl3, ZnCl2, CuCl2 and AgCl et al., and quaternary ammonium salts); type II DESs (formed by metal chloride hydrates and quaternary ammonium salts); type III DESs (formed by choline chlorides and different kinds of HBDs) and type IV DESs (formed by salts of transition metals and urea). DESs share many advantages, such as low vapor pressure, good substrate solubility and thermal stability, with ILs, and offering a high potential to be the medium of biocatalysis reactions. In this case, this paper reviews the applications of DESs in enzymatic reactions. Lipases are the most widely used enzyme in DESs systems as their versatile applications in various reactions and robustness. Interestingly, DESs can improve the efficiency of these reactions via enhancing the substrates solubility and the activity and stability of enzymes. Therefore, the directed engineering of DESs for special reactions such as degradation of polymers in high temperature or strong acid-base conditions will be one of the future perspectives of the investigation DESs.
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12
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Cen X, Zhang R, He L, Tang X, Wu Q, Zhou J, Huang Z. Deletion of the Loop Linking Two Domains of Exo-Inulinase InuAMN8 Diminished the Enzymatic Thermo-Halo-Alcohol Tolerance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:924447. [PMID: 35814689 PMCID: PMC9260423 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin is the rich water-soluble storage polysaccharide after starch in nature, and utilization of inulin through hydrolysis of exo-inulinases has attracted much attention. Thermo-halo-alcohol tolerance is essential for exo-inulinase applications, while no report reveals the molecular basis involved in halo-alcohol tolerance of exo-inulinases via experimental data. In this study, two loops of exo-inulinase InuAMN8, including the loop built with 360GHVRLGPQP368 linking domains of Glyco_hydro_32N and Glyco_hydro_32C and another loop built with 169GGAG172 in the catalytic domain, were deleted to generate mutants MutG360Δ9 and MutG169Δ4, respectively. After heterologous expression, purification, and dialysis, InuAMN8, MutG169Δ4, and MutG360Δ9 showed half-lives of 144, 151, and 7 min at 50°C, respectively. InuAMN8 and MutG169Δ4 were very stable, while MutG360Δ9 showed a half-life of approximately 60 min in 5.0% (w/v) NaCl, and they showed half-lives of approximately 60 min in 25.0, 25.0, and 5.0% (w/v) ethanol, respectively. Structural analysis indicated that two cation-π bonds, which contributed to thermal properties of InuAMN8 at high temperatures, broke in MutG360Δ9. Four basic amino acid residues were exposed to the structural surface of MutG360Δ9 and formed positive and neutral electrostatic potential that caused detrimental effects on halo-alcohol tolerance. The study may provide a better understanding of the loop-function relationships that are involved in thermo-halo-alcohol adaptation of enzymes in extreme environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Cen
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Limei He
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Junpei Zhou, ,
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Zunxi Huang,
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13
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He L, Zhang R, Shen J, Miao Y, Zeng C, Tang X, Wu Q, Zhou J, Huang Z. Improving the low-temperature properties of an exo-inulinase via the deletion of a loop fragment located in its catalytic pocket. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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Zhang P, Gong JS, Qin J, Li H, Hou HJ, Zhang XM, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Phospholipids (PLs) know-how: exploring and exploiting phospholipase D for its industrial dissemination. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1257-1278. [PMID: 33985392 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1921690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their numerous nutritional and bioactive functions, phospholipids (PLs), which are major components of biological membranes in all living organisms, have been widely applied as nutraceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetic ingredients. To date, PLs are extracted solely from soybean or egg yolk, despite the diverse market demands and high cost, owing to a tedious and inefficient manufacturing process. A microbial-based manufacturing process, specifically phospholipase D (PLD)-based biocatalysis and biotransformation process for PLs, has the potential to address several challenges associated with the soybean- or egg yolk-based supply chain. However, poor enzyme properties and inefficient microbial expression systems for PLD limit their wide industrial dissemination. Therefore, sourcing new enzyme variants with improved properties and developing advanced PLD expression systems are important. In the present review, we systematically summarize recent achievements and trends in the discovery, their structural properties, catalytic mechanisms, expression strategies for enhancing PLD production, and its multiple applications in the context of PLs. This review is expected to assist researchers to understand current advances in this field and provide insights for further molecular engineering efforts toward PLD-mediated bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Juan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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15
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Enhancement of protein thermostability by three consecutive mutations using loop-walking method and machine learning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11883. [PMID: 34088952 PMCID: PMC8178419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a method to improve protein thermostability, “loop-walking method”. Three consecutive positions in 12 loops of Burkholderia cepacia lipase were subjected to random mutagenesis to make 12 libraries. Screening allowed us to identify L7 as a hot-spot loop having an impact on thermostability, and the P233G/L234E/V235M mutant was found from 214 variants in the L7 library. Although a more excellent mutant might be discovered by screening all the 8000 P233X/L234X/V235X mutants, it was difficult to assay all of them. We therefore employed machine learning. Using thermostability data of the 214 mutants, a computational discrimination model was constructed to predict thermostability potentials. Among 7786 combinations ranked in silico, 20 promising candidates were selected and assayed. The P233D/L234P/V235S mutant retained 66% activity after heat treatment at 60 °C for 30 min, which was higher than those of the wild-type enzyme (5%) and the P233G/L234E/V235M mutant (35%).
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16
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Wang F, Liu S, Mao X, Cui R, Yang B, Wang Y. Crystal Structure of a Phospholipase D from the Plant-Associated Bacteria Serratia plymuthica Strain AS9 Reveals a Unique Arrangement of Catalytic Pocket. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3219. [PMID: 33809980 PMCID: PMC8004604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases D (PLDs) play important roles in different organisms and in vitro phospholipid modifications, which attract strong interests for investigation. However, the lack of PLD structural information has seriously hampered both the understanding of their structure-function relationships and the structure-based bioengineering of this enzyme. Herein, we presented the crystal structure of a PLD from the plant-associated bacteria Serratia plymuthica strain AS9 (SpPLD) at a resolution of 1.79 Å. Two classical HxKxxxxD (HKD) motifs were found in SpPLD and have shown high structural consistence with several PLDs in the same family. While comparing the structure of SpPLD with the previous resolved PLDs from the same family, several unique conformations on the C-terminus of the HKD motif were demonstrated to participate in the arrangement of the catalytic pocket of SpPLD. In SpPLD, an extented loop conformation between β9 and α9 (aa228-246) was found. Moreover, electrostatic surface potential showed that this loop region in SpPLD was positively charged while the corresponding loops in the two Streptomyces originated PLDs (PDB ID: 1F0I, 2ZE4/2ZE9) were neutral. The shortened loop between α10 and α11 (aa272-275) made the SpPLD unable to form the gate-like structure which existed specically in the two Streptomyces originated PLDs (PDB ID: 1F0I, 2ZE4/2ZE9) and functioned to stabilize the substrates. In contrast, the shortened loop conformation at this corresponding segment was more alike to several nucleases (Nuc, Zuc, mZuc, NucT) within the same family. Moreover, the loop composition between β11 and β12 was also different from the two Streptomyces originated PLDs (PDB ID: 1F0I, 2ZE4/2ZE9), which formed the entrance of the catalytic pocket and were closely related to substrate recognition. So far, SpPLD was the only structurally characterized PLD enzyme from Serratia. The structural information derived here not only helps for the understanding of the biological function of this enzyme in plant protection, but also helps for the understanding of the rational design of the mutant, with potential application in phospholipid modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (F.W.); (S.L.); (X.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (F.W.); (S.L.); (X.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Xuejing Mao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (F.W.); (S.L.); (X.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Ruiguo Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (F.W.); (S.L.); (X.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (F.W.); (S.L.); (X.M.); (R.C.)
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17
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Liu XH, Ning LX, Zhang YF, Wang YF, Lu ZH, Wang T. Rational engineering of BaLal_16 from a novel Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain to improve catalytic performance. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 146:109781. [PMID: 33812562 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid ligases (Lals) are promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of dipeptides with special biological properties. However, their poor (or broad) substrate specificity limits their industrial applications. To address this problem, a molecular engineering method for Lals was developed to enhance their catalytic performance. Based on substrate channeling, entrances to the active site for different substrates were identified, and the "gate" located around the active site pocket, which plays an essential role in substrate recognition, was then engineered to facilitate acceptance of L-Gln. Two mutants (L110Y and N108F/L110Y) were discovered to display significantly increased catalytic activity toward L-Ala and L-Gln in the biosynthesis of Ala-Gln. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/ Km) of the L110Y and N108F/L110Y mutants was improved by 2.64-fold and 4.06-fold, respectively, compared with that of the wild type. N108F/L110Y was then further applied for batch production of Ala-Gln, which showed that the released Pi yield was 694.47 μM, which was an increase of approximately 21.4 %, and the yield of Ala-Gln was approximately 2.59 mM-1 L-1 mg-1. Collectively, these findings suggest the potential practical application of this method in the rational design of Lals for increased catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, 669 Xueyuan Road, Rizhao, 276800, China.
| | - Li-Xiao Ning
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, 669 Xueyuan Road, Rizhao, 276800, China.
| | - Yu-Fei Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, 669 Xueyuan Road, Rizhao, 276800, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, 669 Xueyuan Road, Rizhao, 276800, China.
| | - Zhen-Hua Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, 669 Xueyuan Road, Rizhao, 276800, China.
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18
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Liu M, Yu J, Lv B, Hou Y, Liu X, Feng X, Li C. Improving the activity and thermostability of GH2 β-glucuronidases via domain reassembly. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1962-1972. [PMID: 33559890 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 2 (GH2) enzymes are generally composed of three domains: TIM-barrel domain (TIM), immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich domain (ISD), and sugar-binding domain (SBD). The combination of these three domains yields multiple structural combinations with different properties. Theoretically, the drawbacks of a given GH2 fold may be circumvented by efficiently reassembling the three domains. However, very few successful cases have been reported. In this study, we used six GH2 β-glucuronidases (GUSs) from bacteria, fungi, or humans as model enzymes and constructed a series of mutants by reassembling the domains from different GUSs. The mutants PGUS-At, GUS-PAA, and GUS-PAP, with reassembled domains from fungal GUSs, showed improved expression levels, activity, and thermostability, respectively. Specifically, compared to the parental enzyme, the mutant PGUS-At displayed 3.8 times higher expression, the mutant GUS-PAA displayed 1.0 time higher catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ), and the mutant GUS-PAP displayed 7.5 times higher thermostability at 65°C. Furthermore, two-hybrid mutants, GUS-AEA and GUS-PEP, were constructed with the ISD from a bacterial GUS and SBD and TIM domain from fungal GUSs. GUS-AEA and GUS-PEP showed 30.4% and 23.0% higher thermostability than GUS-PAP, respectively. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to uncover the molecular reasons for the increased thermostability of the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China.,Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China.,Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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19
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Wang H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Li J, Du G, Kang Z. Engineering a thermostable chondroitinase for production of specifically distributed low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000321. [PMID: 33350041 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitinase ABC I (csABC I) has attracted intensive attention because of its great potential in heparin refining and the enzymatic preparation of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate (LMW-CS). However, low thermal resistance (<30℃) restricts its applications. Herein, structure-guided and sequence-assisted combinatorial engineering approaches were applied to improve the thermal resistance of Proteus vulgaris csABC I. By integrating the deletion of the flexible fragment R166-L170 at the N-terminal domain and the mutation of E694P at the C-terminal domain, variant NΔ5/E694P exhibited 247-fold improvement of its half-life at 37℃ and a 2.3-fold increase in the specific activity. Through batch fermentation in a 3-L fermenter, the expression of variant NΔ5/E694P in an Escherichia coli host reached 1.7 g L-1 with the activity of 1.0 × 105 U L-1 . Finally, the enzymatic approach for the preparation of LMW-CS was established. By modulating enzyme concentration and controlling depolymerization time, specifically distributed LMW-CS (7000, 3400, and 1900 Da) with low polydispersity was produced, demonstrating the applicability of these processes for the industrial production of LMW-CS in a more environmentally friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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20
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Huang L, Ma J, Sang J, Wang N, Wang S, Wang C, Kang H, Liu F, Lu F, Liu Y. Enhancing the thermostability of phospholipase D from Streptomyces halstedii by directed evolution and elucidating the mechanism of a key amino acid residue using molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3065-3074. [PMID: 32858108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the thermostability of phospholipase D (PLD), error-prone polymerase chain reaction method was used to create mutants of PLD (PLDsh) from Streptomyces halstedii. One desirable mutant (S163F) with Ser to Phe substitution at position 163 was screened with high-throughput assay. S163F exhibited a 10 °C higher optimum temperature than wild-type (WT). Although WT exhibited almost no activity after incubating at 50 °C for 40 min, S163F still displayed 27% of its highest activity after incubating at 50 °C for 60 min. Furthermore, the half-life of S163F at 50 °C was 3.04-fold higher than that of WT. The analysis of molecular dynamics simulation suggested that the Ser163Phe mutation led to the formation of salt bridge between Lys300 and Glu314 and a stronger hydrophobic interaction of Phe163 with Pro341, Leu342, and Trp460, resulting in an increased structural rigidity and overall enhanced stability at high temperature. This study provides novel insights on PLD tolerance to high temperature by investigating the structure-activity relationship. In addition, it provides strong theoretical foundation and preliminary information on the engineering of PLD with improved characteristics to meet industrial demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jieying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jingcheng Sang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Hongwei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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21
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22
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Iwasaki Y, Sakurai Y, Damnjanović J. A simple chemo-enzymatic synthesis of alkyl-acyl (plasmanyl) phospholipids. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Catalytic and structural effects of flexible loop deletion in organophosphorus hydrolase enzyme: A thermostability improvement mechanism. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Zhang Z, Chen M, Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Microbial phospholipase D: Identification, modification and application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Xu Z, Cen YK, Zou SP, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Recent advances in the improvement of enzyme thermostability by structure modification. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 40:83-98. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1682963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ke Cen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Ping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Damnjanović J, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Acyl chain that matters: introducing sn-2 acyl chain preference to a phospholipase D by protein engineering. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:1-11. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractPhospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme widely used for enzymatic synthesis of structured phospholipids (PLs) with modified head groups. These PLs are mainly used as food supplements and liposome ingredients. Still, there is a need for an enzyme that discriminates between PLs and lysoPLs, for specific detection of lysoPLs in various specimens and enzymatic synthesis of certain PLs from a mixed substrate. To meet this demand, we aimed at altering sn-2 acyl chain recognition of a PLD, leading to a variant enzyme preferably reacting on lysoPLs, by protein engineering. Based on the crystal structure of Streptomyces antibioticus PLD, W166 was targeted for saturation mutagenesis due to its strong interaction with the sn-2 acyl chain of the PL. Screening result pointed at W166R and W166K PLDs to selectively react on lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), while not on PC. These variants showed a negative correlation between activity and sn-2 chain length of PL substrates. This behavior was not observed in the wild-type (WT)-PLD. Kinetic analysis revealed that the W166R and W166K variants have 7–10 times higher preference to lysoPC compared to the WT-PLD. Additionally, W166R PLD showed detectable activity toward glycero-3-phosphocholine, unlike the WT-PLD. Applicability of the lysoPC-preferring PLD was demonstrated by detection of lysoPC in the mixed PC/lysoPC sample and by the synthesis of cyclic phosphatidic acid. Structure model analyses supported the experimental findings and provided a basis for the structure model-based hypothesis on the observed behavior of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Damnjanović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yugo Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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27
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Enhancing the thermostability of β-glucuronidase from T. pinophilus enables the biotransformation of glycyrrhizin at elevated temperature. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Hou HJ, Gong JS, Dong YX, Qin J, Li H, Li H, Lu ZM, Zhang XM, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Phospholipase D engineering for improving the biocatalytic synthesis of phosphatidylserine. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1185-1194. [PMID: 30989410 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine is widely used in food, health, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The phospholipase D-mediated green synthesis of phosphatidylserine has attracted substantial attention in recent years. In this study, the phospholipase D was heterologously expressed in Bacillus subtilis, Pichia pastoris, and Corynebacterium glutamicum, respectively. The highest activity of phospholipase D was observed in C. glutamicum, which was 0.25 U/mL higher than these in B. subtilis (0.14 U/mL) and P. pastoris (0.22 U/mL). System engineering of three potential factors, including (1) signal peptides, (2) ribosome binding site, and (3) promoters, was attempted to improve the expression level of phospholipase D in C. glutamicum. The maximum phospholipase D activity reached 1.9 U/mL, which was 7.6-fold higher than that of the initial level. The enzyme displayed favorable transphosphatidylation activity and it could efficiently catalyze the substrates L-serine and soybean lecithin for synthesis of phosphatidylserine after optimizing the conversion reactions in detail. Under the optimum conditions (trichloromethane/enzyme solution 4:2, 8 mg/mL soybean lecithin, 40 mg/mL L-serine, and 15 mM CaCl2, with shaking under 40 °C for 10 h), the reaction process showed 48.6% of conversion rate and 1.94 g/L of accumulated phosphatidylserine concentration. The results highlight the use of heterologous expression, system engineering, and process optimization strategies to adapt a promising phospholipase D for efficient phosphatidylserine production in synthetic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Juan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xiu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Han B, Hou Y, Jiang T, Lv B, Zhao L, Feng X, Li C. Computation-Aided Rational Deletion of C-Terminal Region Improved the Stability, Activity, and Expression Level of GH2 β-Glucuronidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11380-11389. [PMID: 30296070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, computation-aided design on the basis of structural analysis was employed to rationally identify a highly dynamic C-terminal region that regulates the stability, expression level, and activity of a GH2 fungal glucuronidase from Aspergillus oryzae Li-3 (PGUS). Then, four mutants with a precisely truncated C-terminal region in different lengths were constructed; among them, mutant D591-604 with a 3.8-fold increase in half-life at 65 °C and a 6.8 kJ/mol increase in Gibbs free energy showed obviously improved kinetic and thermodynamic stability in comparison to PGUS. Mutants D590-604 and D591-604 both showed approximately 2.4-fold increases in the catalytic efficiency kcat/ Km and 1.8-fold increases in the expression level. Additionally, the expression level of PGUS was doubled through a C-terminal region swap with bacterial GUS from E. coli (EGUS). Finally, the robust PGUS mutants D590-604 and D591-604 were applied in the preparation of glycyrrhetinic acid with 4.0- and 4.4-fold increases in concentration through glycyrrhizin hydrolysis by a fed-batch process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijia Han
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Hou
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Lv
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
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30
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Liu L, Yu H, Du K, Wang Z, Gan Y, Huang H. Enhanced trypsin thermostability in Pichia pastoris through truncating the flexible region. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:165. [PMID: 30359279 PMCID: PMC6201580 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High thermostability is required for trypsin to have wider industrial applications. Target mutagenesis at flexible regions has been proved to be an efficient protein engineering method to enhance the protein thermostability. Results The flexible regions in porcine trypsin were predicted using the methods including molecular dynamic simulation, FlexPred, and FoldUnfold. The amino acids 78–90 was predicted to be the highly flexible region simultaneously by the three methods and hence selected to be the mutation target. We constructed five variants (D3, D5, D7, D9, and D11) by truncating the region. And the variant D9 showed higher thermostability, with a 5 °C increase in Topt, 5.8 °C rise in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$T_{50}^{10}$$\end{document}T5010, and a 4.5 °C rise in Tm, compared to the wild-type. Moreover, the half-life value of the variant D9 was also found to be dramatically improved by 46 min. Circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence indicated that the structures had no significant change between the variant D9 and the wild-type. The surface hydrophobicity of D9 was measured to be lower than that of wild-type, indicating the increased hydrophobic interaction, which could have contributed to the improved thermostability of D9. Conclusions These results showed that the thermostability of variant D9 was increased. The variant D9 could be expected to be a promising tool enzyme for its wider industrial applications. The method of truncating the flexible region used in our study has the potential to be used for enhancing the thermostability of other proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1012-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Kun Du
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yiru Gan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China. .,Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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31
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Danneels B, Tanghe M, Desmet T. Structural Features on the Substrate-Binding Surface of Fungal Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Determine Their Oxidative Regioselectivity. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800211. [PMID: 30238672 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidatively cleave many of nature's most recalcitrant polysaccharides by acting on the C1- and/or C4-carbon of the glycosidic bond. Here, the results of an extensive mutagenesis study on three LPMO representatives, Phanerochaete chrysosporium LPMO9D (C1-oxidizer), Neurospora crassa LPMO9C (C4), and Hypocrea jecorina LPMO9A (C1/C4), are reported. Using a previously published indicator diagram, the authors demonstrate that several structural determinants of LPMOs play an important role in their oxidative regioselectivity. N-glycan removal and alterations of the aromatic residues on the substrate-binding surface are shown to alter C1/C4-oxidation ratios. Removing the carbohydrate binding module (CBM) is found not to alter the regioselectivity of HjLPMO9A, although the effect of mutational changes is shown to increase in a CBM-free context. The accessibility to the solvent-exposed axial position of the copper-site reveales not to be a major regioselectivity indicator, at least not in PcLPMO9D. Interestingly, a HjLPMO9A variant lacking two surface exposed aromatic residues combines decreased binding capacity with a 22% increase in synergetic efficiency. Similarly to recent LPMO10 findings, our results suggest a complex matrix of surface-interactions that enables LPMO9s not only to bind their substrate, but also to accurately direct their oxidative force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Danneels
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magali Tanghe
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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32
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Damnjanović J, Matsunaga N, Adachi M, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Facile Enzymatic Synthesis of Phosphatidylthreonine Using an Engineered Phospholipase D. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Damnjanović
- Laboratory of Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of Bioengineering SciencesGraduate School of Bioagricultural ScienceNagoya University, Furo‐choChikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Nozomi Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of Bioengineering SciencesGraduate School of Bioagricultural ScienceNagoya University, Furo‐choChikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryDepartment of Applied Molecular BiosciencesGraduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya University, Furo‐choChikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Laboratory of Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of Bioengineering SciencesGraduate School of Bioagricultural ScienceNagoya University, Furo‐choChikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Yugo Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of Bioengineering SciencesGraduate School of Bioagricultural ScienceNagoya University, Furo‐choChikusa‐kuNagoya464‐8601Japan
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33
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Shakeel T, Gupta M, Fatma Z, Kumar R, Kumar R, Singh R, Sharma M, Jade D, Gupta D, Fatma T, Yazdani SS. A consensus-guided approach yields a heat-stable alkane-producing enzyme and identifies residues promoting thermostability. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9148-9161. [PMID: 29632075 PMCID: PMC6005442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (ADO) is an essential enzyme for production of long-chain alkanes as drop-in biofuels, which are compatible with existing fuel systems. The most active ADOs are present in mesophilic cyanobacteria, especially Nostoc punctiforme Given the potential applications of thermostable enzymes in biorefineries, here we generated a thermostable (Cts)-ADO based on a consensus of ADO sequences from several thermophilic cyanobacterial strains. Using an in silico design pipeline and a metagenome library containing 41 hot-spring microbial communities, we created Cts-ADO. Cts-ADO displayed a 3.8-fold increase in pentadecane production on raising the temperature from 30 to 42 °C, whereas ADO from N. punctiforme (Np-ADO) exhibited a 1.7-fold decline. 3D structure modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of Cts- and Np-ADO at different temperatures revealed differences between the two enzymes in residues clustered on exposed loops of these variants, which affected the conformation of helices involved in forming the ADO catalytic core. In Cts-ADO, this conformational change promoted ligand binding to its preferred iron, Fe2, in the di-iron cluster at higher temperature, but the reverse was observed in Np-ADO. Detailed mapping of residues conferring Cts-ADO thermostability identified four amino acids, which we substituted individually and together in Np-ADO. Among these substitution variants, A161E was remarkably similar to Cts-ADO in terms of activity optima, kinetic parameters, and structure at higher temperature. A161E was located in loop L6, which connects helices H5 and H6, and supported ligand binding to Fe2 at higher temperatures, thereby promoting optimal activity at these temperatures and explaining the increased thermostability of Cts-ADO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabinda Shakeel
- From the Microbial Engineering Group.,DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067 and
| | - Mayank Gupta
- From the Microbial Engineering Group.,DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067 and
| | - Zia Fatma
- From the Microbial Engineering Group.,DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067 and
| | | | | | - Rahul Singh
- From the Microbial Engineering Group.,DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067 and
| | - Medha Sharma
- From the Microbial Engineering Group.,DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067 and
| | | | | | - Tasneem Fatma
- the Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Syed Shams Yazdani
- From the Microbial Engineering Group, .,DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067 and
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering and ‡Center for Research
on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
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35
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Yu H, Yan Y, Zhang C, Dalby PA. Two strategies to engineer flexible loops for improved enzyme thermostability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41212. [PMID: 28145457 PMCID: PMC5286519 DOI: 10.1038/srep41212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible sites are potential targets for engineering the stability of enzymes. Nevertheless, the success rate of the rigidifying flexible sites (RFS) strategy is still low due to a limited understanding of how to determine the best mutation candidates. In this study, two parallel strategies were applied to identify mutation candidates within the flexible loops of Escherichia coli transketolase (TK). The first was a “back to consensus mutations” approach, and the second was computational design based on ΔΔG calculations in Rosetta. Forty-nine single variants were generated and characterised experimentally. From these, three single-variants I189H, A282P, D143K were found to be more thermostable than wild-type TK. The combination of A282P with H192P, a variant constructed previously, resulted in the best all-round variant with a 3-fold improved half-life at 60 °C, 5-fold increased specific activity at 65 °C, 1.3-fold improved kcat and a Tm increased by 5 °C above that of wild type. Based on a statistical analysis of the stability changes for all variants, the qualitative prediction accuracy of the Rosetta program reached 65.3%. Both of the two strategies investigated were useful in guiding mutation candidates to flexible loops, and had the potential to be used for other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Yu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Yihan Yan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
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36
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Muraki M, Damnjanović J, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Salt-induced increase in the yield of enzymatically synthesized phosphatidylinositol and the underlying mechanism. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Inoue A, Adachi M, Damnjanović J, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Direct Enzymatic Synthesis of 1-Phosphatidyl-β-D-glucose by Engineered Phospholipase D. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology; Department of Bioengineering Sciences; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Masaatsu Adachi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Jasmina Damnjanović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology; Department of Bioengineering Sciences; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology; Department of Bioengineering Sciences; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yugo Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology; Department of Bioengineering Sciences; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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38
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Engineering the thermostability of β-glucuronidase from Penicillium purpurogenum Li-3 by loop transplant. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9955-9966. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Feng X, Tang H, Han B, Lv B, Li C. Enhancing the Thermostability of β-Glucuronidase by Rationally Redesigning the Catalytic Domain Based on Sequence Alignment Strategy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Feng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Tang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beijia Han
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Lv
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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40
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Siddiqui KS. Defying the activity–stability trade-off in enzymes: taking advantage of entropy to enhance activity and thermostability. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:309-322. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1144045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Chang YY, Hsu CH. Multiple Conformations of the Loop Region Confers Heat-Resistance on SsArd1, a Thermophilic NatA. Chembiochem 2015; 17:214-7. [PMID: 26593285 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Structural comparison indicates that the loop region between β3 and β4 of SsArd1 is extended relative to the corresponding region in mesophilic Nats, and forms a plastic hydrogen-bond network mainly at two serine residues. Strikingly, two single-point mutants showed ∼3 °C decrease in melting temperature, and two other variants showed ∼7 °C decrease; this correlated with significantly reduced enzymatic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first discovery of a loop region capable of remarkably improving protein thermostability. This provides a novel route to engineer heat-resistant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yung Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Hsu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Center for Systems Biology, Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Damnjanović J, Kuroiwa C, Tanaka H, Ishida K, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Directing positional specificity in enzymatic synthesis of bioactive 1-phosphatidylinositol by protein engineering of a phospholipase D. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:62-71. [PMID: 26154602 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) holds a potential of becoming an important dietary supplement due to its effects on lipid metabolism in animals and humans manifested as a decrease of the blood cholesterol and lipids, and relief of the metabolic syndrome. To establish an efficient, enzymatic system for PI production from phosphatidylcholine and myo-inositol as an alcohol acceptor, our previous study started with the wild-type Streptomyces antibioticus phospholipase D (SaPLD) as a template for generation of PI-synthesizing variants by saturation mutagenesis targeting positions involved in acceptor accommodation, W187, Y191, and Y385. The isolated variants generated PI as a mixture of positional isomers, among which only 1-PI exists in nature. Thus, the current study has focused to improve positional specificity of W187N/Y191Y/Y385R SaPLD (NYR) which generates PI as a mixture of 1-PI and 3-PI in the ratio of 76/24, by subjecting four residues of its acceptor-binding site to saturation mutagenesis. Subsequent screening pointed at NYR-186T and NYR-186L as the most improved variants producing PI with a ratio of 1-/3-PI = 93/7 and 87/13, respectively, at 37°C. Lowering the reaction temperature further improved the specificity of both variants to 1-/3-PI > 97/3 at 20°C with no change in total PI yield. Structure model analyses imply that G186T and G186L mutations increased rigidity of the acceptor-binding site, thus limiting the possible orientations of myo-inositol. The two newly isolated PLDs are promising for future application in large-scale 1-PI production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Damnjanović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chisato Kuroiwa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Ishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yugo Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Li SF, Xu JY, Bao YJ, Zheng HC, Song H. Structure and sequence analysis-based engineering of pullulanase from Anoxybacillus sp. LM18-11 for improved thermostability. J Biotechnol 2015; 210:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M. Nestl
- Institute
of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring
31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute
of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring
31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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