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Lim KT, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K. Fluid Flow Mechanical Stimulation-Assisted Cartridge Device for the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:927. [PMID: 34442549 PMCID: PMC8398302 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have the potential to differentiate into different types of mesodermal tissues. In vitro proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs are necessary for bone regeneration in tissue engineering. The present study aimed to design and develop a fluid flow mechanically-assisted cartridge device to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. We used the fluorescence-activated cell-sorting method to analyze the multipotent properties of hMSCs and found that the cultured cells retained their stemness potential. We also evaluated the cell viabilities of the cultured cells via water-soluble tetrazolium salt 1 (WST-1) assay under different rates of flow (0.035, 0.21, and 0.35 mL/min) and static conditions and found that the cell growth rate was approximately 12% higher in the 0.035 mL/min flow condition than the other conditions. Moreover, the cultured cells were healthy and adhered properly to the culture substrate. Enhanced mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity were also observed under different perfusion conditions compared to the static conditions, indicating that the applied conditions play important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs. Furthermore, we determined the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes, including the runt-related protein 2 (Runx2), collagen type I (Col1), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN), under various perfusion vis-à-vis static conditions and found that they were significantly affected by the applied conditions. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensities of OCN and OPN osteogenic gene markers were found to be enhanced in the 0.035 mL/min flow condition compared to the control, indicating that it was a suitable condition for osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, the findings of this study reveal that the developed cartridge device promotes the proliferation and differentiation of hMSCs and can potentially be used in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.-K.P.); (S.-D.D.); (K.G.)
- Biomechagen Co., Ltd., Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Dinesh-K. Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.-K.P.); (S.-D.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Sayan-Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.-K.P.); (S.-D.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.-K.P.); (S.-D.D.); (K.G.)
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2
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Lim D, Renteria ES, Sime DS, Ju YM, Kim JH, Criswell T, Shupe TD, Atala A, Marini FC, Gurcan MN, Soker S, Hunsberger J, Yoo JJ. Bioreactor design and validation for manufacturing strategies in tissue engineering. Biodes Manuf 2021; 5:43-63. [PMID: 35223131 PMCID: PMC8870603 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer new therapeutic options to restore, maintain or improve tissue function following disease or injury. To maximize the biological function of a tissue-engineered clinical product, specific conditions must be maintained within a bioreactor to allow the maturation of the product in preparation for implantation. Specifically, the bioreactor should be designed to mimic the mechanical, electrochemical and biochemical environment that the product will be exposed to in vivo. Real-time monitoring of the functional capacity of tissue-engineered products during manufacturing is a critical component of the quality management process. The present review provides a brief overview of bioreactor engineering considerations. In addition, strategies for bioreactor automation, in-line product monitoring and quality assurance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lim
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Eric S. Renteria
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Drake S. Sime
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Young Min Ju
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tracy Criswell
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thomas D. Shupe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Frank C. Marini
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Metin N. Gurcan
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Joshua Hunsberger
- RegenMed Development Organization (ReMDO), Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Gil CJ, Tomov ML, Theus AS, Cetnar A, Mahmoudi M, Serpooshan V. In Vivo Tracking of Tissue Engineered Constructs. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E474. [PMID: 31315207 PMCID: PMC6680880 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, the fields of biomaterials science and tissue engineering have shown great promise in creating bioartificial tissues and organs for use in a variety of regenerative medicine applications. With the emergence of new technologies such as additive biomanufacturing and 3D bioprinting, increasingly complex tissue constructs are being fabricated to fulfill the desired patient-specific requirements. Fundamental to the further advancement of this field is the design and development of imaging modalities that can enable visualization of the bioengineered constructs following implantation, at adequate spatial and temporal resolution and high penetration depths. These in vivo tracking techniques should introduce minimum toxicity, disruption, and destruction to treated tissues, while generating clinically relevant signal-to-noise ratios. This article reviews the imaging techniques that are currently being adopted in both research and clinical studies to track tissue engineering scaffolds in vivo, with special attention to 3D bioprinted tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Gil
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Martin L Tomov
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrea S Theus
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexander Cetnar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA.
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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4
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Parrish J, Lim KS, Baer K, Hooper GJ, Woodfield TBF. A 96-well microplate bioreactor platform supporting individual dual perfusion and high-throughput assessment of simple or biofabricated 3D tissue models. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2757-2775. [PMID: 30117514 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Traditional 2D monolayer cell cultures and submillimeter 3D tissue construct cultures used widely in tissue engineering are limited in their ability to extrapolate experimental data to predict in vivo responses due to their simplistic organization and lack of stimuli. The rise of biofabrication and bioreactor technologies has sought to address this through the development of techniques to spatially organize components of a tissue construct, and devices to supply these tissue constructs with an increasingly in vivo-like environment. Current bioreactors supporting both parenchymal and barrier tissue constructs in interconnected systems for body-on-a-chip platforms have chosen to emphasize study throughput or system/tissue complexity. Here, we report a platform to address this disparity in throughput and both system complexity (by supporting multiple in situ assessment methods) and tissue complexity (by adopting a construct-agnostic format). We introduce an ANSI/SLAS-compliant microplate and docking station fabricated via stereolithography (SLA), or precision machining, to provide up to 96 samples (Ø6 × 10 mm) with two individually-addressable fluid circuits (192 total), loading access, and inspection window for imaging during perfusion. Biofabricated ovarian cancer models were developed to demonstrate the in situ assessment capabilities via microscopy and a perfused resazurin-based metabolic activity assay. In situ microscopy highlighted flexibility of the sample housing to accommodate a range of sample geometries. Utility for drug screening was demonstrated by exposing the ovarian cancer models to an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) and generating the dose-response curve in situ, while achieving an assay quality similar to static wellplate culture. The potential for quantitative analysis of temporal tissue development and screening studies was confirmed by imaging soft- (gelatin) and hard-tissue (calcium chloride) analogs inside the bioreactor via spectral computed tomography (CT) scanning. As a proof-of-concept for particle tracing studies, flowing microparticles were visualized to inform the design of hydrogel constructs. Finally, the ability for mechanistic yet high-throughput screening was demonstrated in a vascular coculture model adopting endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells (HUVEC-MSC), encapsulated in gelatin-norbornene (gel-NOR) hydrogel cast into SLA-printed well inserts. This study illustrates the potential of a scalable dual perfusion bioreactor platform for parenchymal and barrier tissue constructs to support a broad range of multi-organ-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parrish
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Yi T, Huang S, Liu G, Li T, Kang Y, Luo Y, Wu J. Bioreactor Synergy with 3D Scaffolds: New Era for Stem Cells Culture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:193-209. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Yi
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaoxiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tiancheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Composites and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, , Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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6
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Guan H, Hagen CK, Olivo A, Anastasio MA. Subspace-based resolution-enhancing image reconstruction method for few-view differential phase-contrast tomography. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2018; 5:023501. [PMID: 29963577 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.5.2.023501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that properly designed image reconstruction methods can facilitate reductions in imaging doses and data-acquisition times in tomographic imaging. The ability to do so is particularly important for emerging modalities, such as differential x-ray phase-contrast tomography (D-XPCT), which are currently limited by these factors. An important application of D-XPCT is high-resolution imaging of biomedical samples. However, reconstructing high-resolution images from few-view tomographic measurements remains a challenging task due to the high-frequency information loss caused by data incompleteness. In this work, a subspace-based reconstruction strategy is proposed and investigated for use in few-view D-XPCT image reconstruction. By adopting a two-step approach, the proposed method can simultaneously recover high-frequency details within a certain region of interest while suppressing noise and/or artifacts globally. The proposed method is investigated by the use of few-view experimental data acquired by an edge-illumination D-XPCT scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Guan
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Charlotte Klara Hagen
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Olivo
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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7
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Ravichandran A, Liu Y, Teoh SH. Review: bioreactor design towards generation of relevant engineered tissues: focus on clinical translation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e7-e22. [PMID: 28374578 DOI: 10.1002/term.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, studies that utilize 3D scaffolds for generating voluminous tissues are mostly confined in the realm of in vitro research and preclinical animal model testing. Bioreactors offer an excellent platform to grow and develop 3D tissues by providing conditions that mimic their native microenvironment. Aligning the bioreactor development process with a focus on patient care will aid in the faster translation of the bioreactor technology to clinics. In this review, we discuss the various factors involved in the design of clinically relevant bioreactors in relation to their respective applications. We explore the functional relevance of tissue grafts generated by bioreactors that have been designed to provide physiologically relevant mechanical cues on the growing tissue. The review discusses the recent trends in non-invasive sensing of the bioreactor culture conditions. It provides an insight to the current technological advancements that enable in situ, non-invasive, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the tissue grafts grown in a bioreactor system. We summarize the emerging trends in commercial bioreactor design followed by a short discussion on the aspects that hamper the 'push' of bioreactor systems into the commercial market as well as 'pull' factors for stakeholders to embrace and adopt widespread utility of bioreactors in the clinical setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilandeshwari Ravichandran
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yuchun Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Academic Clinical Program (Research), National Dental Centre of Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave Singapore, 168938, Singapore
| | - Swee-Hin Teoh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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8
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Olubamiji AD, Zhu N, Chang T, Nwankwo CK, Izadifar Z, Honaramooz A, Chen X, Eames BF. Traditional Invasive and Synchrotron-Based Noninvasive Assessments of Three-Dimensional-Printed Hybrid Cartilage Constructs In Situ. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:156-168. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adeola D. Olubamiji
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ning Zhu
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tuanjie Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Zohreh Izadifar
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ali Honaramooz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - B. Frank Eames
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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9
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Teodori L, Crupi A, Costa A, Diaspro A, Melzer S, Tarnok A. Three-dimensional imaging technologies: a priority for the advancement of tissue engineering and a challenge for the imaging community. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:24-45. [PMID: 27110674 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering/regenerative medicine (TERM) is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principle of engineering and life sciences to restore/replace damaged tissues/organs with in vitro artificially-created ones. Research on TERM quickly moves forward. Today newest technologies and discoveries, such as 3D-/bio-printing, allow in vitro fabrication of ex-novo made tissues/organs, opening the door to wide and probably never-ending application possibilities, from organ transplant to drug discovery, high content screening and replacement of laboratory animals. Imaging techniques are fundamental tools for the characterization of tissue engineering (TE) products at any stage, from biomaterial/scaffold to construct/organ analysis. Indeed, tissue engineers need versatile imaging methods capable of monitoring not only morphological but also functional and molecular features, allowing three-dimensional (3D) and time-lapse in vivo analysis, in a non-destructive, quantitative, multidimensional analysis of TE constructs, to analyze their pre-implantation quality assessment and their fate after implantation. This review focuses on the newest developments in imaging technologies and applications in the context of requirements of the different steps of the TERM field, describing strengths and weaknesses of the current imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory FSN-TECFIS-DIM ENEA CR Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 44, 00044, Rome, Italy
| | - Annunziata Crupi
- Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory FSN-TECFIS-DIM ENEA CR Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 44, 00044, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione San Raffaele, S.S. Ceglie San Michele km 1200, 72013, Ceglie Messapica, Italy
| | - Alessandra Costa
- University of Pittsburgh McGowan Institute, 3550 Terrace St 5606, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
- Nikon Imaging Center, Genova, Italy, www.nic.iit.it
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Sächsische Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, HELIOS Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Sächsische Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, HELIOS Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Appel AA, Ibarra V, Somo SI, Larson JC, Garson AB, Guan H, McQuilling JP, Zhong Z, Anastasio MA, Opara EC, Brey EM. Imaging of Hydrogel Microsphere Structure and Foreign Body Response Based on Endogenous X-Ray Phase Contrast. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:1038-1048. [PMID: 27796159 PMCID: PMC5116683 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of functional islets encapsulated in stable biomaterials has the potential to cure Type I diabetes. However, the success of these materials requires the ability to quantitatively evaluate their stability. Imaging techniques that enable monitoring of biomaterial performance are critical to further development in the field. X-ray phase-contrast (XPC) imaging is an emerging class of X-ray techniques that have shown significant promise for imaging biomaterial and soft tissue structures. In this study, XPC imaging techniques are shown to enable three dimensional (3D) imaging and evaluation of islet volume, alginate hydrogel structure, and local soft tissue features ex vivo. Rat islets were encapsulated in sterile ultrapurified alginate systems produced using a high-throughput microfluidic system. The encapsulated islets were implanted in omentum pouches created in a rodent model of type 1 diabetes. Microbeads were imaged with XPC imaging before implantation and as whole tissue samples after explantation from the animals. XPC microcomputed tomography (μCT) was performed with systems using tube-based and synchrotron X-ray sources. Islets could be identified within alginate beads and the islet volume was quantified in the synchrotron-based μCT volumes. Omental adipose tissue could be distinguished from inflammatory regions resulting from implanted beads in harvested samples with both XPC imaging techniques. Individual beads and the local encapsulation response were observed and quantified using quantitative measurements, which showed good agreement with histology. The 3D structure of the microbeads could be characterized with XPC imaging and failed beads could also be identified. These results point to the substantial potential of XPC imaging as a tool for imaging biomaterials in small animal models and deliver a critical step toward in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Research Services, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Veronica Ibarra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sami I. Somo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffery C. Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Research Services, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alfred B. Garson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Huifeng Guan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Zhong Zhong
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emmanuel C. Opara
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Research Services, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
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11
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Ibarra V, Appel AA, Anastasio MA, Opara EC, Brey EM. This paper is a winner in the Undergraduate category for the SFB awards: Evaluation of the tissue response to alginate encapsulated islets in an omentum pouch model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1581-90. [PMID: 27144389 PMCID: PMC5897127 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is currently in clinical use as a treatment for type I diabetes, but donor shortages and long-term immunosuppression limit broad application. Alginate microcapsules coated with poly-l-ornithine can be used to encapsulate islets in an environment that allows diffusion of glucose, insulin, nutrients, and waste products while inhibiting cells and antibodies. While clinical trials are ongoing using islets encapsulated in alginate microbeads, there are concerns in regards to long-term stability. Evaluation of the local tissue response following implantation provides insight into the underlying mechanisms contributing to biomaterial failure, which can be used to the design of new material strategies. Macrophages play an important role in driving the response. In this study, the stability of alginate microbeads coated with PLO containing islets transplanted in the omentum pouch model was investigated. Biomaterial structure and the inflammatory response were characterized by X-ray phase contrast (XPC) μCT imaging, histology, and immunostaining. XPC allowed evaluation of microbead 3D structure and identification of failed and stable microbeads. A robust inflammatory response characterized by high cell density and the presence of pro-inflammatory macrophages was found around the failed grafts. The results obtained provide insight into the local tissue response and possible failure mechanisms for alginate microbeads. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1581-1590, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ibarra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alyssa A Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Emmanuel C Opara
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, Illinois
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Research Services, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Ines, IL
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12
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Olubamiji AD, Izadifar Z, Zhu N, Chang T, Chen X, Eames BF. Using synchrotron radiation inline phase-contrast imaging computed tomography to visualize three-dimensional printed hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:802-812. [PMID: 27140161 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation inline phase-contrast imaging combined with computed tomography (SR-inline-PCI-CT) offers great potential for non-invasive characterization and three-dimensional visualization of fine features in weakly absorbing materials and tissues. For cartilage tissue engineering, the biomaterials and any associated cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) that is secreted over time are difficult to image using conventional absorption-based imaging techniques. For example, three-dimensional printed polycaprolactone (PCL)/alginate/cell hybrid constructs have low, but different, refractive indices and thicknesses. This paper presents a study on the optimization and utilization of inline-PCI-CT for visualizing the components of three-dimensional printed PCL/alginate/cell hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. First, histological analysis using Alcian blue staining and immunofluorescent staining assessed the secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and collagen type II (Col2) in the cell-laden hybrid constructs over time. Second, optimization of inline PCI-CT was performed by investigating three sample-to-detector distances (SDD): 0.25, 1 and 3 m. Then, the optimal SDD was utilized to visualize structural changes in the constructs over a 42-day culture period. The results showed that there was progressive secretion of cartilage-specific ECM by ATDC5 cells in the hybrid constructs over time. An SDD of 3 m provided edge-enhancement fringes that enabled simultaneous visualization of all components of hybrid constructs in aqueous solution. Structural changes that might reflect formation of ECM also were evident in SR-inline-PCI-CT images. Summarily, SR-inline-PCI-CT images captured at the optimized SDD enables visualization of the different components in hybrid cartilage constructs over a 42-day culture period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola D Olubamiji
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A9
| | - Zohreh Izadifar
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A9
| | - Ning Zhu
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 2V3
| | - Tuanjie Chang
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A9
| | - B Frank Eames
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A9
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13
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Izadifar Z, Honaramooz A, Wiebe S, Belev G, Chen X, Chapman D. Low-dose phase-based X-ray imaging techniques for in situ soft tissue engineering assessments. Biomaterials 2016; 82:151-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Appel AA, Larson JC, Jiang B, Zhong Z, Anastasio MA, Brey EM. X-ray Phase Contrast Allows Three Dimensional, Quantitative Imaging of Hydrogel Implants. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:773-81. [PMID: 26487123 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Three dimensional imaging techniques are needed for the evaluation and assessment of biomaterials used for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. Hydrogels are a particularly popular class of materials for medical applications but are difficult to image in tissue using most available imaging modalities. Imaging techniques based on X-ray Phase Contrast (XPC) have shown promise for tissue engineering applications due to their ability to provide image contrast based on multiple X-ray properties. In this manuscript, we investigate the use of XPC for imaging a model hydrogel and soft tissue structure. Porous fibrin loaded poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels were synthesized and implanted in a rodent subcutaneous model. Samples were explanted and imaged with an analyzer-based XPC technique and processed and stained for histology for comparison. Both hydrogel and soft tissues structures could be identified in XPC images. Structure in skeletal muscle adjacent could be visualized and invading fibrovascular tissue could be quantified. There were no differences between invading tissue measurements from XPC and the gold-standard histology. These results provide evidence of the significant potential of techniques based on XPC for 3D imaging of hydrogel structure and local tissue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.,Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Jeffery C Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.,Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.,Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Zhong Zhong
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
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