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Ruchala J, Sibirny AA. Pentose metabolism and conversion to biofuels and high-value chemicals in yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 45:6034013. [PMID: 33316044 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentose sugars are widespread in nature and two of them, D-xylose and L-arabinose belong to the most abundant sugars being the second and third by abundance sugars in dry plant biomass (lignocellulose) and in general on planet. Therefore, it is not surprising that metabolism and bioconversion of these pentoses attract much attention. Several different pathways of D-xylose and L-arabinose catabolism in bacteria and yeasts are known. There are even more common and really ubiquitous though not so abundant pentoses, D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose, the constituents of all living cells. Thus, ribose metabolism is example of endogenous metabolism whereas metabolism of other pentoses, including xylose and L-arabinose, represents examples of the metabolism of foreign exogenous compounds which normally are not constituents of yeast cells. As a rule, pentose degradation by the wild-type strains of microorganisms does not lead to accumulation of high amounts of valuable substances; however, productive strains have been obtained by random selection and metabolic engineering. There are numerous reviews on xylose and (less) L-arabinose metabolism and conversion to high value substances; however, they mostly are devoted to bacteria or the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This review is devoted to reviewing pentose metabolism and bioconversion mostly in non-conventional yeasts, which naturally metabolize xylose. Pentose metabolism in the recombinant strains of S. cerevisiae is also considered for comparison. The available data on ribose, xylose, L-arabinose transport, metabolism, regulation of these processes, interaction with glucose catabolism and construction of the productive strains of high-value chemicals or pentose (ribose) itself are described. In addition, genome studies of the natural xylose metabolizing yeasts and available tools for their molecular research are reviewed. Metabolism of other pentoses (2-deoxyribose, D-arabinose, lyxose) is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Ruchala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow 35-601, Poland.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology NAS of Ukraine, Drahomanov Street, 14/16, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
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A strain of Meyerozyma guilliermondii isolated from sugarcane juice is able to grow and ferment pentoses in synthetic and bagasse hydrolysate media. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:80. [PMID: 27038950 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The search for new microbial strains that are able to withstand inhibitors released from hemicellulosic hydrolysis and are also still able to convert sugars in ethanol/xylitol is highly desirable. A yeast strain isolated from sugarcane juice and identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii was evaluated for the ability to grow and ferment pentoses in synthetic media and in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. The yeast grew in xylose, arabinose and glucose at the same rate at an initial medium pH of 5.5. At pH 4.5, the yeast grew more slowly in arabinose. There was no sugar exhaustion within 60 h. At higher xylose concentrations with a higher initial cell concentration, sugar was exhausted within 96 h at pH 4.5. An increase of 350 % in biomass was obtained in detoxified hydrolysates, whereas supplementation with 3 g/L yeast extract increased biomass production by approximately 40 %. Ethanol and xylitol were produced more significantly in supplemented hydrolysates regardless of detoxification. Xylose consumption was enhanced in supplemented hydrolysates and arabinose was consumed only when xylose and glucose were no longer available. Supplementation had a greater impact on ethanol yield and productivity than detoxification; however, the product yields obtained in the present study are still much lower when compared to other yeast species in bagasse hydrolysate. By the other hand, the fermentation of both xylose and arabinose and capability of withstanding inhibitors are important characteristics of the strain assayed.
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Slininger PJ, Thompson SR, Weber S, Liu ZL, Moon J. Repression of xylose-specific enzymes by ethanol in Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis and utility of repitching xylose-grown populations to eliminate diauxic lag. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1801-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sampaio FC, de Faria JT, Coimbra JSR, Lopes Passos FM, Converti A, Minin LA. Xylose reductase activity in Debaryomyces hansenii UFV-170 cultivated in semi-synthetic medium and cotton husk hemicellulose hydrolyzate. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009; 32:747-54. [PMID: 19184115 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-009-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop a new enzymatic xylose-to-xylitol conversion, deeper knowledge on the regulation of xylose reductase (XR) is needed. To this purpose, a new strain of Debaryomyces hansenii (UFV-170), which proved a promising xylitol producer, was cultivated in semi-synthetic media containing different carbon sources, specifically three aldo-hexoses (D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose), a keto-hexose (D-fructose), a keto-pentose (D-xylose), three aldo-pentoses (D-arabinose, L-arabinose and D-ribose), three disaccharides (maltose, lactose and sucrose) and a pentitol (xylitol). The best substrate was lactose on which cell concentration reached about 20 g l(-1) dry weight (DW), while the highest specific growth rates (0.58-0.61 h(-1)) were detected on lactose, D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose. The highest specific activity of XR (0.24 U mg(-1)) was obtained in raw extracts of cells grown on D-xylose and harvested in the stationary growth phase. When grown on cotton husk hemicellulose hydrolyzates, cells exhibited XR activities five to seven times higher than on semi-synthetic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Coelho Sampaio
- Food Technology Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36571-000, Brazil
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Toivari MH, Salusjärvi L, Ruohonen L, Penttilä M. Endogenous xylose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3681-6. [PMID: 15184173 PMCID: PMC427740 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3681-3686.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is generally classified as a non-xylose-utilizing organism. We found that S. cerevisiae can grow on D-xylose when only the endogenous genes GRE3 (YHR104w), coding for a nonspecific aldose reductase, and XYL2 (YLR070c, ScXYL2), coding for a xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), are overexpressed under endogenous promoters. In nontransformed S. cerevisiae strains, XDH activity was significantly higher in the presence of xylose, but xylose reductase (XR) activity was not affected by the choice of carbon source. The expression of SOR1, encoding a sorbitol dehydrogenase, was elevated in the presence of xylose as were the genes encoding transketolase and transaldolase. An S. cerevisiae strain carrying the XR and XDH enzymes from the xylose-utilizing yeast Pichia stipitis grew more quickly and accumulated less xylitol than did the strain overexpressing the endogenous enzymes. Overexpression of the GRE3 and ScXYL2 genes in the S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2 strain resulted in a growth rate of 0.01 g of cell dry mass liter(-1) h(-1) and a xylitol yield of 55% when xylose was the main carbon source.
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Ikeuchi T, Kiritani R, Azuma M, Ooshima H. Effect of D-glucose on induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase in Candida tropicalis in the presence of NaCl. J Basic Microbiol 2001; 40:167-75. [PMID: 10957958 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4028(200007)40:3<167::aid-jobm167>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Xylitol production is suppressed by D-glucose. We previously reported that the suppression was abrogated in the presence of NaCl. This was explained in part by high levels of xylose reductase (XR) activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of D-glucose on XR and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) induction in Candida tropicalis in the presence of NaCl. We examined the time courses of these activities under the following conditions: 50 mg/ml D-xylose, 20-80 mg/ml D-glucose and 40 mg/ml NaCl. The level of XR increased in the presence of 40 mg/ml NaCl, whereas that of XDH was not affected by NaCl. The effects of NaCl upon XR and XDH induction suggest that the synthesis of both enzymes is not under a coordinate control. The expression of XR is suppressed by D-glucose. In the absence of NaCl, suppression continued even after D-glucose was completely consumed, while in the presence of 40 mg/ml NaCl, suppression stopped after the consumption of D-glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikeuchi
- Department of Bioapplied Chemistry, Osaka City University, Japan
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Bolen PL, Hayman GT, Shepherd HS. Sequence and analysis of an aldose (xylose) reductase gene from the xylose‐fermenting yeast
Pachysolen tannophilus. Yeast 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199610)12:13<1367::aid-yea33>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Bolen
- Microbial Properties Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - G. Thomas Hayman
- Microbial Properties Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Hurley S. Shepherd
- Microbial Properties Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
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Silva SS, Felipe MG, Mancilha IM. Factors that affect the biosynthesis of xylitol by xylose-fermenting yeasts. A review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998; 70-72:331-9. [PMID: 9627388 DOI: 10.1007/bf02920149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xylitol is a sweetener with important technological properties like anticariogenicity, low caloric value, and negative dissolution heat. Because it can be used successfully in food formulations and pharmaceutical industries, its production is in great demand. Xylitol can be obtained by microbiological process, since many yeasts and filamentous fungi synthesize the xylose reductase enzyme, which catalyses the xylose reduction into xylitol as the first step in the xylose metabolism. The xylitol production by biotechnological means has several economic advantages in comparison with the conventional process based on the chemical reduction of xylose. The efficiency and the productivity of this fermentation chiefly depends upon the microorganism and the process conditions employed. In this mini-review, the most significant upstream parameters on xylitol production by biotechnological process are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering of Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ho NW, Chen Z, Brainard AP. Genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeast capable of effective cofermentation of glucose and xylose. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1852-9. [PMID: 9572962 PMCID: PMC106241 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.5.1852-1859.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylose is one of the major fermentable sugars present in cellulosic biomass, second only to glucose. However, Saccharomyces spp., the best sugar-fermenting microorganisms, are not able to metabolize xylose. We developed recombinant plasmids that can transform Saccharomyces spp. into xylose-fermenting yeasts. These plasmids, designated pLNH31, -32, -33, and -34, are 2 microns-based high-copy-number yeast-E. coli shuttle plasmids. In addition to the geneticin resistance and ampicillin resistance genes that serve as dominant selectable markers, these plasmids also contain three xylose-metabolizing genes, a xylose reductase gene, a xylitol dehydrogenase gene (both from Pichia stipitis), and a xylulokinase gene (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae). These xylose-metabolizing genes were also fused to signals controlling gene expression from S. cerevisiae glycolytic genes. Transformation of Saccharomyces sp. strain 1400 with each of these plasmids resulted in the conversion of strain 1400 from a non-xylose-metabolizing yeast to a xylose-metabolizing yeast that can effectively ferment xylose to ethanol and also effectively utilizes xylose for aerobic growth. Furthermore, the resulting recombinant yeasts also have additional extraordinary properties. For example, the synthesis of the xylose-metabolizing enzymes directed by the cloned genes in these recombinant yeasts does not require the presence of xylose for induction, nor is the synthesis repressed by the presence of glucose in the medium. These properties make the recombinant yeasts able to efficiently ferment xylose to ethanol and also able to efficiently coferment glucose and xylose present in the same medium to ethanol simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Ho
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1295, USA.
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11
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Zhao X, Gao P, Wang Z. The production and properties of a new xylose reductase from fungus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998; 70-72:405-14. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02920155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Kern M, Haltrich D, Nidetzky B, Kulbe KD. Induction of aldose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities in Candida tenuis CBS 4435. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 149:31-7. [PMID: 9103975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study the ability of various sugars and sugar alcohols to induce aldose reductase (xylose reductase) and xylitol dehydrogenase (xylulose reductase) activities in the yeast Candida tenuis was investigated. Both enzyme activities were induced when the organism was grown on D-xylose or L-arabinose as well as on the structurally related sugars D-arabinose or D-lyxose. Mixtures of D-xylose with the more rapidly metabolizable sugar D-glucose resulted in a decrease in the levels of both enzymes formed. These results show that the utilization of D-xylose by C. tenuis is regulated by induction and catabolite repression. Furthermore, the different patterns of induction on distinct sugars suggest that the synthesis of both enzymes is not under coordinate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kern
- Abteilung Biochemische Technologie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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Yang VW, Jeffries TW. Regulation of phosphotransferases in glucose- and xylose-fermenting yeasts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997; 63-65:97-108. [PMID: 9170243 DOI: 10.1007/bf02920416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the titers of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and xylulokinase (XUK) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two xylose fermenting yeasts, Pachysolen tannophilus and Candida shehatae, following shifts in carbon source and aeration. Xylose-grown C. shehatae, glucose-grown P. tannophilus, and glucose-grown S. cerevisiae, had the highest specific activities of XUK, HK, and PFK, respectively. XUK was induced by xylose to moderate levels in both P. tannophilus and C. shehatae, but was present only in trace levels in S. cerevisiae. HK activities in P. tannophilus were two to three fold higher when cells were grown on glucose than when grown on xylose, but HK levels were less inducible in C. shehatae. The PFK activities in S. cerevisiae were 1.5 to 2 times higher than in the two xylose-fermenting yeasts. Transfer from glucose to xylose rapidly inactivated HK in P. tannophilus, and transfer from xylose to glucose inactivated XUK in C. shehatae. The patterns of induction and inactivation indicate that the basic regulatory mechanisms differ in the two xylose fermenting yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Yang
- Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Technology, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705-2398, USA
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Sugai JK, Delgenes JP. Catabolite repression of induction of aldose reductase activity and utilization of mixed hemicellulosic sugars in Candida guilliermondii. Curr Microbiol 1995; 31:239-44. [PMID: 7549770 DOI: 10.1007/bf00298381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-dependent aldose reductase activity induced by D-xylose or L-arabinose was detected in cell-free extracts of Candida guilliermondii, but only negligible activities were observed if D-glucose served as carbon source. The induction of aldose reductase activity on mixed sugars was investigated under resting cell conditions. D-Glucose repressed enzyme induction by D-xylose or L-arabinose to varying degrees, and L-arabinose inhibited enzyme induction by D-xylose. During incubation in a mixture of D-xylose-D-glucose, glucose consumption by cells was fast and simultaneous with D-xylose utilization. Repression of D-xylose consumption by D-glucose was dependent on hexose initial concentration. L-arabinose consumption was poor when it was present as the only sugar and in a mixture with D-glucose; this pentose depletion occurred only when all hexose was consumed. When D-xylose and L-arabinose were present in a mixture, the consumption of both pentoses was reduced by the presence of the second sugar, although both sugars were consumed simultaneously by cells. The results show that induction of aldose reductase activity and D-xylose utilization by cells of Candida guilliermondii are under control of glucose repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sugai
- Laboratoire de Biotechnology de l'Environnement, INRA, Narbonne, France
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Billard P, Ménart S, Fleer R, Bolotin-Fukuhara M. Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding xylose reductase from Kluyveromyces lactis. Gene 1995; 162:93-7. [PMID: 7557424 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00294-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The identification of a xylose reductase (XR)-encoding gene (XYL1) from the xylose-assimilating yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (Kl) is described. XYL1 was isolated as a highly expressed fusion clone from a 'lacZ translational fusion library. DNA sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 987 bp capable of encoding a polypeptide of 329 amino acids (aa). The deduced aa sequence displays a 62% overall identity to that of XR from Pichia stipitis. Gene disruption studies indicate that XYL1 exists as a single copy in the yeast genome and is essential for growth on xylose. Northern blot analysis of the XYL1 transcript and measurement of the XR enzymatic activities show, in contrast to other known XR-encoding genes, a constitutive expression of Kl XYL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Billard
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Kuhn A, van Zyl C, van Tonder A, Prior BA. Purification and partial characterization of an aldo-keto reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:1580-5. [PMID: 7747971 PMCID: PMC167412 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.4.1580-1585.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A cytosolic aldo-keto reductase was purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26602 to homogeneity by affinity chromatography, chromatofocusing, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The relative molecular weights of the aldo-keto reductase as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography were 36,800 and 35,000, respectively, indicating that the enzyme is monomeric. Amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence analysis revealed that the enzyme is closely related to the aldose reductases of xylose-fermenting yeasts and mammalian tissues. The enzyme was apparently immunologically unrelated to the aldose reductases of other xylose-fermenting yeasts. The aldo-keto reductase is NADPH specific and catalyzes the reduction of a variety of aldehydes. The best substrate for the enzyme is the aromatic aldehyde p-nitrobenzaldehyde (Km = 46 microM; kcat/Km = 52,100 s-1 M-1), whereas among the aldoses, DL-glyceraldehyde was the preferred substrate (Km = 1.44 mM; kcat/Km = 1,790 s-1 M-1). The enzyme failed to catalyze the reduction of menadione and p-benzoquinone, substrates for carbonyl reductase. The enzyme was inhibited only slightly by 2 mM sodium valproate and was activated by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The optimum pH of the enzyme is 5. These data indicate that the S. cerevisiae aldo-keto reductase is a monomeric NADPH-specific reductase with strong similarities to the aldose reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuhn
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Sugai JK, Delgenes JP. Induction of aldose reductase activity inCandida guilliermondii by pentose sugars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01570066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mishra
- Biochemical Engineering Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
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Machov� E. Induction of aldose reductase and polyol dehydrogenase activities in Aureobasidium pullulans by d-xylose, l-arabinose and d-galactose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00210995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Lee H. Reversible inactivation of d-xylose utilization by d-glucose in the pentose-fermenting yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Production of glycerol, tetritols, pentitols, hexitols and heptitols was tested with 193 strains of yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms belonging to 13 genera. According to the production of alditols, the yeast species were divided into four groups. The largest group consisted of pentitol-producing yeasts. Only few species produced glycerol, tetritol and hexitol. Production of heptitols was found mainly in sporulating yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stankovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
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Meyrial V, Delgenes JP, Moletta R, Navarro JM. Xylitol production from D-xylose byCandida guillermondii: Fermentation behaviour. Biotechnol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01041485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hahn-Hägerdal B, Lindén T, Senac T, Skoog K. Ethanolic fermentation of pentoses in lignocellulose hydrolysates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1991; 28-29:131-44. [PMID: 1929360 DOI: 10.1007/bf02922595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates to ethanol, two major problems are encountered: the fermentation of the pentose sugar xylose, and the presence of microbial inhibitors. Xylose can be directly fermented with yeasts, such as Pachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae, and Pichia stipis, or by isomerization of xylose to xylulose with the enzyme glucose (xylose) isomerase (XI; EC 5.3.1.5), and subsequent fermentation with bakers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The direct fermentation requires low, carefully controlled oxygenation, as well as the removal of inhibitors. Also, the xylose-fermenting yeasts have a limited ethanol tolerance. The combined isomerization and fermentation with XI and S. cerevisiae gives yields and productivities comparable to those obtained in hexose fermentations without oxygenation and removal of inhibitors. However, the enzyme is not very stable in a lignocellulose hydrolysate, and S. cerevisiae has a poorly developed pentose phosphate shunt. Different strategies involving strain adaptation, and protein and genetic engineering adopted to overcome these different obstacles, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hahn-Hägerdal
- Applied Microbiology, Lund University Chemical Center, Sweden
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24
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Taylor KB, Beck MJ, Huang DH, Sakai TT. The fermentation of xylose: studies by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01576174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Bolen PL, McCracken DA. Properties of aldose reductase from the methanol yeast Candida boidinii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(90)90214-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Kastner JR, Roberts RS. Simultaneous fermentation of D-xylose and glucose byCandida shehatae. Biotechnol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01028493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Webb SR, Lee H. Regulation of d-xylose utilization by hexoses in pentose-fermenting yeasts. Biotechnol Adv 1990; 8:685-97. [PMID: 14543690 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(90)91991-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aldopentose D-xylose is one of the most abundant sugars in plant biomass and its efficient microbial utilization is of fundamental importance in the overall bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials into liquid fuels and chemicals. The discovery of pentose-fermenting yeasts in the early 1980's led to world wide interest because of the perceived potential for improved D-xylose fermentation to enhance the prospect of biomass conversions. However, the utilization of D-xylose by pentose-fermenting yeasts can be adversely affected by the hexoses, mainly D-glucose and D-mannose, which are usually present in high amounts in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Research in the past several years has uncovered some of the regulatory effects of D-glucose on D-xylose utilization. However, much remains unknown about the mechanisms responsible for these effects. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the induction, repression and inactivation of D-xylose utilization in pentose-fermenting yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Webb
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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28
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James AP, Zahab DM, Mahmourides G, Maleszka R, Schneider H. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Mutations Affecting the Ability of the Yeast
Pachysolen tannophilus
To Metabolize
d
-Xylose. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:2871-6. [PMID: 16348049 PMCID: PMC203183 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.11.2871-2876.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced mutants, selected for their defective growth on
d
-xylose while retaining the ability to grow normally on
d
-glucose, were studied in
Pachysolen tannophilus
, a yeast capable of converting
d
-xylose to ethanol. Fourteen of the mutations were found to occur at nine distinct loci, and data indicated that many more loci remain to be detected. Most of the mutations were pleiotropic in character, and the expression of some of them was much affected by nutritional conditions and by genetic background. Mutations at several loci resulted in poor growth on at least one compound that was either an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, succinate or α-ketoglutarate, or on compounds metabolizable via this cycle, ethanol or glycerol. An initial biochemical characterization of the mutants was undertaken. Analysis for xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulose kinase activity showed that one or more of these activities was affected in 12 of 13 mutants. However, drastic reduction in activity of a single enzyme was confined to that of xylitol dehydrogenase by mutations at three different loci and to that of
d
-xylose reductase by mutation at another locus. Growth of these latter four mutants was normal on all carbon sources tested that were not five-carbon sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P James
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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29
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VanCauwenberge J, Bolen P, McCracken D, Bothast R. Effect of growth conditions on cofactor-linked xylose reductase activity in Pachysolen tannophilus. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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du Preez JC, van Driessel B, Prior BA. Effect of aerobiosis on fermentation and key enzyme levels during growth of Pichia stipitis, Candida shehatae and Candida tenuis on d-xylose. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00456092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Bicho PA, Douglas Cunningham J, Lee H. Differential fructose effect in Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Fermentation of D-xylose is of interest in enhancing the yield of ethanol obtainable from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Such hydrolysates can contain both pentoses and hexoses, and while technology to convert hexoses to ethanol is well established, the fermentation of pentoses had been problematical. To overcome the difficulty, yeasts and fungi have been sought and identified in recent years that can convert D-xylose into ethanol. However, operation of their cultures in the presence of the pentose to obtain rapid and efficient ethanol production is somewhat more complex than in the archetype alcoholic fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D-glucose. The complexity stems, in part, from the association of ethanol accumulation in cultures where D-xylose is the sole carbon source with conditions that limit growth, by oxygen in particular, although limitation by other nutrients might also be implicated. Aspects of screening for appropriate organisms and of the parameters that play a role in determining culture variables, especially those associated with ethanol productivity, are reviewed. Performance with D-xylose as sole carbon source, in sugar mixtures, and in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is discussed. A model that involves biochemical considerations of D-xylose metabolism is presented that rationalizes the effects of oxygen on cultures where D-xylose is the sole carbon source, notably effects of the specific rate of oxygen use on the rate and extent of ethanol accumulation. Alternate methods to direct fermentation of D-xylose have been developed that depend on its prior isomerization to D-xylose, followed by fermentation of the pentulose by certain yeasts and fungi. Factors involved in the biochemistry, use, and performance of these methods, which with some organisms involves sensitivity to oxygen, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schneider
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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33
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Jeffries TW, Sreenath HK. Fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars and sugar mixtures byCandida shehatae. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988; 31:502-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260310516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Bicho PA, Runnals PL, Cunningham JD, Lee H. Induction of Xylose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase Activities in
Pachysolen tannophilus
and
Pichia stipitis
on Mixed Sugars. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:50-54. [PMID: 16347538 PMCID: PMC202395 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.1.50-54.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities on mixed sugars was investigated in the yeasts
Pachysolen tannophilus
and
Pichia stipitis
. Enzyme activities induced on
d
-xylose served as the controls. In both yeasts,
d
-glucose,
d
-mannose, and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited enzyme induction by
d
-xylose to various degrees. Cellobiose,
l
-arabinose, and
d
-galactose were not inhibitory. In liquid batch culture,
P. tannophilus
utilized
d
-glucose and
d
-mannose rapidly and preferentially over
d
-xylose, while
d
-galactose consumption was poor and lagged behind that of the pentose sugar. In
P. stipitis
, all three hexoses were used preferentially over
d
-xylose. The results showed that the repressibility of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase may limit the potential of yeast fermentation of pentose sugars in hydrolysates of lignocellulosic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Bicho
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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35
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Manderson G, Newland M. Sodium azide enhancement and inhibition of ethanol production from d-xylose Pachysolen tannophilus. J Biotechnol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(87)90054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Pachysolen tannophilus: Properties and process considerations for ethanol production from d-xylose. Enzyme Microb Technol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(87)90043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Bolen PL, Roth KA, Freer SN. Affinity Purifications of Aldose Reductase and Xylitol Dehydrogenase from the Xylose-Fermenting Yeast
Pachysolen tannophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:660-4. [PMID: 16347161 PMCID: PMC239093 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.4.660-664.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although xylose is a major product of hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, few yeasts are able to convert it to ethanol. In
Pachysolen tannophilus
, one of the few xylose-fermenting yeasts found, aldose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase were found to be key enzymes in the metabolic pathway for xylose fermentation. This paper presents a method for the rapid and simultaneous purification of both aldose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase from
P. tannophilus.
Preliminary studies indicate that this method may be easily adapted to purify similar enzymes from other xylose-fermenting yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bolen
- Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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38
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Lachke AH, Jeffries TW. Levels of enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway in Pachysolen tannophilus Y-2460 and selected mutants. Enzyme Microb Technol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(86)90135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Alexander NJ. Temperature sensitivity of the induction of xylose reductase inPachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1985; 27:1739-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260271218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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