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Kim S, Koh S, Kang W, Yang JK. The Crystal Structure of L-Leucine Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Cells 2022; 45:495-501. [PMID: 35698914 PMCID: PMC9260137 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.4.1.9) catalyzes the reversible deamination of branched-chain L-amino acids to their corresponding keto acids using NAD+ as a cofactor. LDH generally adopts an octameric structure with D4 symmetry, generating a molecular mass of approximately 400 kDa. Here, the crystal structure of the LDH from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa-LDH) was determined at 2.5 Å resolution. Interestingly, the crystal structure shows that the enzyme exists as a dimer with C2 symmetry in a crystal lattice. The dimeric structure was also observed in solution using multiangle light scattering coupled with size-exclusion chromatography. The enzyme assay revealed that the specific activity was maximal at 60°C and pH 8.5. The kinetic parameters for three different amino acid and the cofactor (NAD+) were determined. The crystal structure represents that the subunit has more compact structure than homologs' structure. In addition, the crystal structure along with sequence alignments indicates a set of non-conserved arginine residues which are important in stability. Subsequent mutation analysis for those residues revealed that the enzyme activity reduced to one third of the wild type. These results provide structural and biochemical insights for its future studies on its application for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seheon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Seri Koh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Wonchull Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
- Department of Physics and Integrative Institute of Basic Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Jin Kuk Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
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Chang TMS. ARTIFICIAL CELL evolves into nanomedicine, biotherapeutics, blood substitutes, drug delivery, enzyme/gene therapy, cancer therapy, cell/stem cell therapy, nanoparticles, liposomes, bioencapsulation, replicating synthetic cells, cell encapsulation/scaffold, biosorbent/immunosorbent haemoperfusion/plasmapheresis, regenerative medicine, encapsulated microbe, nanobiotechnology, nanotechnology. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:997-1013. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1577885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ming Swi Chang
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Departments of Physiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Yamaguchi H, Kamegawa A, Nakata K, Kashiwagi T, Mizukoshi T, Fujiyoshi Y, Tani K. Structural insights into thermostabilization of leucine dehydrogenase from its atomic structure by cryo-electron microscopy. J Struct Biol 2018; 205:11-21. [PMID: 30543982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leucine dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.4.1.9) is a NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyzes the deamination of branched-chain l-amino acids (BCAAs). LDH of Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GstLDH) is a highly thermostable enzyme that has been applied for the quantification or production of BCAAs. Here the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of apo and NAD+-bound LDH are reported at 3.0 and 3.2 Å resolution, respectively. On comparing the structures, the two overall structures are almost identical, but it was observed that the partial conformational change was triggered by the interaction between Ser147 and the nicotinamide moiety of NAD+. NAD+ binding also enhanced the strength of oligomerization interfaces formed by the core domains. Such additional interdomain interaction is in good agreement with our experimental results showing that the residual activity of NAD+-bound form was approximately three times higher than that of the apo form after incubation at 80 °C. In addition, sequence comparison of three structurally known LDHs indicated a set of candidates for site-directed mutagenesis to improve thermostability. Subsequent mutation analysis actually revealed that non-conserved residues, including Ala94, Tyr127, and the C-terminal region, are crucial for oligomeric thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamegawa
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; CeSPIA Inc., 2-1-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Kunio Nakata
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kashiwagi
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Toshimi Mizukoshi
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Fujiyoshi
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; CeSPIA Inc., 2-1-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazutoshi Tani
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Ji X, Su Z, Wang P, Ma G, Zhang S. Tethering of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide inside hollow nanofibers for high-yield synthesis of methanol from carbon dioxide catalyzed by coencapsulated multienzymes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4600-4610. [PMID: 25857747 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to fuel or chemicals is appealing, but is limited by lack of efficient technology for regeneration and reuse of expensive cofactors. Here we show that cationic polyelectrolyte-doped hollow nanofibers, which can be fabricated via a facile coaxial electrospinning technology, provide an ideal scaffold for assembly of cofactor and multienzymes capable of synthesizing methanol from CO2 through a cascade multistep reaction involving cofactor regeneration. Cofactor and four enzymes including formate, formaldehyde, alcohol, and glutamate dehydrogenases were in situ coencapsulated inside the lumen of hollow nanofibers by involving them in the core-phase solution for coaxial electrospinning, in which cationic polyelectrolyte was predissolved. The polyelectrolyte penetrating across the shell of the hollow nanofibers enabled efficient tethering and retention of cofactor inside the lumen via ion-exchange interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and cofactor. With carbonic anhydrase assembled on the outer surface of the hollow nanofibers for accelerating hydration of CO2, these five-enzymes-cofactor catalyst system exhibited high activity for methanol synthesis. Compared with methanol yield of only 36.17% using free enzymes and cofactor, the hollow nanofiber-supported system afforded a high value up to 103.2%, the highest reported value so far. It was believed that the linear polyelectrolytes acted as spacers to enhance the shuttling of cofactor between enzymes that were coencapsulated within near vicinity, thus improving the efficiency of the system. The immobilized system showed good stability in reusing. About 80% of its original productivity was retained after 10 reusing cycles, with a cofactor-based cumulative methanol yield reached 940.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ji
- †National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- †National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Wang
- †National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- ‡Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Guanghui Ma
- †National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Songping Zhang
- †National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Ji X, Wang P, Su Z, Ma G, Zhang S. Enabling multi-enzyme biocatalysis using coaxial-electrospun hollow nanofibers: redesign of artificial cells. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:181-190. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nidetzky B, Haltrich D, Schmidt K, Schmidt H, Weber A, Kulbe KD. Simultaneous Enzymatic Synthesis of Mannitol and Gluconic Acid: II. Development of a Continuous Process for a Coupled Nad(H)-Dependent Enzyme System. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429609106876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Baysal SH, Uslan AH, Pala HH, Tunçoku O. Encapsulation of PEG-urease/PEG-AlaDH within sheep erythrocytes and determination of the system's activity in lowering blood levels of urea in animal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 35:391-403. [PMID: 17701485 DOI: 10.1080/10731190701460259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Urease and AlaDH enzymes immobilized on active PEG derivatives were encapsulated at different ratios within sheep erythrocytes and their activity, encapsulation yields and erythrocyte recovery levels were assessed. Encapsulated derivatives were administered at given dosages and at given intervals to sheep having raised blood urea levels as a result of addition of urea to their feed, and the lowering of their blood urea levels and the change in the amount of ammonia were followed. Results were analyzed using day related NPar. Wilcoxon Signet Ranks test. It was found that 1 ml of PEG-enzyme preparation comprising PEG-urease/PEG-AlaDH at an activity ratio of 3/9 U:U/ml remained active for a period of 2 days, whereas 1 ml erythrocyte preparation, prepared under the same conditions and containing PEG-urease/PEG-AlaDH at an activity ratio of 2.15/4.5 U:U/ml, showed activity for a period of 6 days. It was shown that a single dose achieved a daily decrease of 21.7-61.6 mg/L in the blood urea level, and created no significant increase in the blood ammonia levels. No antigenic effect was observed for the PEG-enzyme preparations in the immunological test carried out.
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Liu W, Wang P. Cofactor regeneration for sustainable enzymatic biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2007; 25:369-84. [PMID: 17459647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are attractive catalysts for biosynthesis of chiral compounds and polymers, construction of biosensors, and degradation of environmental pollutants. Their practical applications, however, can be quite challenging since they often require cofactors such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). These cofactors are generally expensive. Efficient regeneration of cofactors is therefore critical to the economic viability of industrial-scale biotransformations using oxidoreductases. The chemistry of cofactor regeneration is well known nowadays. The challenge is mostly regarding how to achieve the regeneration with immobilized enzyme systems which are preferred for industrial processes to facilitate the recovery and continuous use of the catalysts. This has become a great hurdle for the industrialization of many promising enzymatic processes, and as a result, most of the biotransformations involving cofactors have been traditionally performed with living cells in industry. Accompanying the rapidly growing interest in industrial biotechnology, immobilized enzyme biocatalyst systems with cofactor regeneration have been the focus for many studies reported since the late 1990s. The current paper reviews the methods of cofactor retention for development of sustainable and regenerative biocatalysts as revealed in these recent studies, with the intent to complement other reviewing articles that are mostly regeneration chemistry-oriented. We classify in this paper the methods of sustainable cofactor regeneration into two categories, namely membrane entrapment and solid-attachment of cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Segal V, Lamed R, Lotan N. Dual enzyme multi-layer bioreactors: analytical modeling and experimental studies. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 27:313-42. [PMID: 10427417 DOI: 10.3109/10731199909117703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Enzymic reactors are developed for a variety of biomedical-biotechnological applications, including blood detoxification. For the latter, an appropriate approach is to use enzymes of the Mercapturic Acid Pathway. The first two enzymes of this pathway are Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) and gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (gamma GT). Earlier, the performance of an immobilized GST reactor was investigated experimentally and theoretically. Here, the analytical model was extended to describe a dual-enzyme continuous packed-bed reactor (DCP), in which the two enzymes (E1 and E2) are arranged in alternating layers. The performance of DCP reactors was first studied by numerical simulations, considering the effects of reactor configuration (i.e. number of enzyme layers), kinetic characteristics (K(m), Vmax, Kiq) and operational parameters (flow rate, substrates concentration). Results were obtained in terms of substrate and products concentration profiles along the reactor. The theoretical calculation were supplemented by experimental studies. In the latter GST (i.e. E1) and gamma GT (i.e. E2), were used when immobilized on porous beads, and the reactor was set up and operated in various configurations. It was found that the factors which mostly affect the performance of DCP systems are reactor configuration and extent of inhibition of E1 by its reaction product.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Segal
- Leonard and Diane Sherman Biomaterials Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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Obón JM, Manjón A, Iborra JL. Retention and regeneration of native NAD(H) in noncharged ultrafiltration membrane reactors: application to L-lactate and gluconate production. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 57:510-7. [PMID: 10099229 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980305)57:5<510::aid-bit2>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
NAD(H) was retained in a noncharged ultrafiltration membrane reactor for the simultaneous and continuous production of L-lactate and gluconate with coenzyme regeneration. Polyethyleneimine (PEI), a 50-kDa cationic polymer, achieved coenzyme retentions above 0.8 for PEI/NAD(H) molar ratios higher than 5. The ionic strength of the inlet medium caused a decrease of NAD(H) retention that can be counterbalanced by an initial addition of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Continuous reactor performance in the presence of PEI and BSA showed that NAD(H), glucose dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase were retained by 10-kDa ultrafiltration membranes; L-lactate and gluconate were produced at conversions higher than 95%. PEI enhanced the thermal stability of the enzymes used and increased the catalytic efficiency of glucose dehydrogenase, while no effect was found on the kinetic parameters of lactate dehydrogenase. A model that implements the kinetic equations of the two enzymes describes the reactor behavior satisfactorily. In brief, the use of PEI to retain NAD(H) is a new interesting approach to be widely applied in continuous synthesis with the large number of known dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Obón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Apdo. Correos 4021, 30001, Murcia, Spain
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Devaux-Basseguy R, Bergel A, Comtat M. Potential applications of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases in synthesis: A survey. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Obón J, Almagro MJ, Manjón A, Iborra J. Continuous retention of native NADP(H) in an enzyme membrane reactor for gluconate and glutamate production. J Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(96)01545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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