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Reynoso-Cereceda GI, Valdez-Cruz NA, Pérez NO, Trujillo-Roldán MA. A comprehensive study of glucose and oxygen gradients in a scaled-down model of recombinant HuGM-CSF production in thermoinduced Escherichia coli fed-batch cultures. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38701182 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2347403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The effect of gradients of elevated glucose and low dissolved oxygen in the addition zone of fed-batch E. coli thermoinduced recombinant high cell density cultures can be evaluated through two-compartment scale-down models. Here, glucose was fed in the inlet of a plug flow bioreactor (PFB) connected to a stirred tank bioreactor (STB). E. coli cells diminished growth from 48.2 ± 2.2 g/L in the stage of RP production if compared to control (STB) with STB-PFB experiments, when residence time inside the PFB was 25 s (34.1 ± 3.5 g/L) and 40 s (25.6 ± 5.1 g/L), respectively. The recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHuGM-CSF) production decreased from 34 ± 7% of RP in inclusion bodies (IB) in control cultures to 21 ± 8%, and 7 ± 4% during the thermoinduction production phase when increasing residence time inside the PFB to 25 s and 40 s, respectively. This, along with the accumulation of acetic and formic acid (up to 4 g/L), indicates metabolic redirection of central carbon routes through metabolic flow and mixed acid fermentation. Special care must be taken when producing a recombinant protein in heat-induced E. coli, because the yield and productivity of the protein decreases as the size of the bioreactors increases, especially if they are carried at high cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta I Reynoso-Cereceda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. Unidad de Posgrado, CDMX, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Nestor O Pérez
- Probiomed S.A. de C.V. Planta Tenancingo, Cruce de Carreteras Acatzingo- Zumpahuacan SN, Tenancingo, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Baja California, Mexico
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2
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Ihling N, Bittner N, Diederichs S, Schelden M, Korona A, Höfler GT, Fulton A, Jaeger KE, Honda K, Ohtake H, Büchs J. Online measurement of the respiratory activity in shake flasks enables the identification of cultivation phases and patterns indicating recombinant protein production in various Escherichia coli host strains. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:315-327. [PMID: 29314728 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is commonly used for recombinant protein production with many available host strains. Screening experiments are often performed in batch mode using shake flasks and evaluating only the final product concentration. This conventional approach carries the risk of missing the best strain due to limited monitoring capabilities. Thus, this study focuses on investigating the general suitability of online respiration measurement for selecting expression hosts for heterologous protein production. The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) for different T7-RNA polymerase-dependent Escherichia coli expression strains was compared under inducing and noninducing conditions. As model enzymes, a lipase A from Bacillus subtilis (BSLA) and a 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus (HBD) were chosen. Four strains were compared during expression of both enzymes in autoinduction medium. Additionally, four strains were compared during expression of the BSLA with IPTG induction. It was found that the metabolic burden during recombinant protein production induces a phase of constant OTR, while undisturbed cell growth with no or little product formation is indicated by an exponential increase. This pattern is independent of the host strain, expressed enzyme, and induction method. Furthermore, the OTR gives information about carbon source consumption, biomass formation, and the transition from production to noninduced second growth phase, thereby ensuring a fair comparison of different strains. In conclusion, online monitoring of the respiration activity is suited to qualitatively identify, if a recombinant protein is produced by a strain or not. Furthermore, laborious offline sampling is avoided. Thus, the technique is easier and faster compared to conventional approaches. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:315-327, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ihling
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen D-52074, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
| | - Natalie Bittner
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen D-52074, Germany
| | - Sylvia Diederichs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen D-52074, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schelden
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen D-52074, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Korona
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen D-52074, Germany
| | - Georg Theo Höfler
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen D-52074, Germany
| | - Alexander Fulton
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich D-52426, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich D-52426, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52426, Germany
| | - Kohsuke Honda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisao Ohtake
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, Aachen D-52074, Germany.,Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
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3
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Mahalik S, Sharma AK, Mukherjee KJ. Genome engineering for improved recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:177. [PMID: 25523647 PMCID: PMC4300154 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A metabolic engineering perspective which views recombinant protein
expression as a multistep pathway allows us to move beyond vector design and
identify the downstream rate limiting steps in expression. In E.coli these are typically at the translational level
and the supply of precursors in the form of energy, amino acids and nucleotides.
Further recombinant protein production triggers a global cellular stress response
which feedback inhibits both growth and product formation. Countering this requires
a system level analysis followed by a rational host cell engineering to sustain
expression for longer time periods. Another strategy to increase protein yields
could be to divert the metabolic flux away from biomass formation and towards
recombinant protein production. This would require a growth stoppage mechanism which
does not affect the metabolic activity of the cell or the transcriptional or
translational efficiencies. Finally cells have to be designed for efficient export
to prevent buildup of proteins inside the cytoplasm and also simplify downstream
processing. The rational and the high throughput strategies that can be used for the
construction of such improved host cell platforms for recombinant protein expression
is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashree Mahalik
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Ashish K Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Krishna J Mukherjee
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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4
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Nafissi N, Sum CH, Wettig S, Slavcev RA. Optimization of a one-step heat-inducible in vivo mini DNA vector production system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89345. [PMID: 24586704 PMCID: PMC3930727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While safer than their viral counterparts, conventional circular covalently closed (CCC) plasmid DNA vectors offer a limited safety profile. They often result in the transfer of unwanted prokaryotic sequences, antibiotic resistance genes, and bacterial origins of replication that may lead to unwanted immunostimulatory responses. Furthermore, such vectors may impart the potential for chromosomal integration, thus potentiating oncogenesis. Linear covalently closed (LCC), bacterial sequence free DNA vectors have shown promising clinical improvements in vitro and in vivo. However, the generation of such minivectors has been limited by in vitro enzymatic reactions hindering their downstream application in clinical trials. We previously characterized an in vivo temperature-inducible expression system, governed by the phage λ pL promoter and regulated by the thermolabile λ CI[Ts]857 repressor to produce recombinant protelomerase enzymes in E. coli. In this expression system, induction of recombinant protelomerase was achieved by increasing culture temperature above the 37°C threshold temperature. Overexpression of protelomerase led to enzymatic reactions, acting on genetically engineered multi-target sites called "Super Sequences" that serve to convert conventional CCC plasmid DNA into LCC DNA minivectors. Temperature up-shift, however, can result in intracellular stress responses and may alter plasmid replication rates; both of which may be detrimental to LCC minivector production. We sought to optimize our one-step in vivo DNA minivector production system under various induction schedules in combination with genetic modifications influencing plasmid replication, processing rates, and cellular heat stress responses. We assessed different culture growth techniques, growth media compositions, heat induction scheduling and temperature, induction duration, post-induction temperature, and E. coli genetic background to improve the productivity and scalability of our system, achieving an overall LCC DNA minivector production efficiency of ∼ 90%.We optimized a robust technology conferring rapid, scalable, one-step in vivo production of LCC DNA minivectors with potential application to gene transfer-mediated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Nafissi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi Hong Sum
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Wettig
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roderick A. Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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5
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Heyland J, Blank LM, Schmid A. Quantification of metabolic limitations during recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2011; 155:178-84. [PMID: 21723332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the major microorganisms for recombinant protein production because it has been best characterized in terms of molecular genetics and physiology, and because of the availability of various expression vectors and strains. The synthesis of proteins is one of the most energy consuming processes in the cell, with the result that cellular energy supply may become critical. Indeed, the so called metabolic burden of recombinant protein synthesis was reported to cause alterations in the operation of the host's central carbon metabolism. To quantify these alterations in E. coli metabolism in dependence of the rate of recombinant protein production, (13)C-tracer-based metabolic flux analysis in differently induced cultures was used. To avoid dilution of the (13)C-tracer signal by the culture history, the recombinant protein produced was used as a flux probe, i.e., as a read out of intracellular flux distributions. In detail, an increase in the generation rate rising from 36 mmol(ATP)g(CDW)(-1)h(-1) for the reference strain to 45 mmol(ATP)g(CDW)(-1)h(-1) for the highest yielding strain was observed during batch cultivation. Notably, the flux through the TCA cycle was rather constant at 2.5±0.1 mmol g(CDW)(-1)h(-1), hence was independent of the induced strength for gene expression. E. coli compensated for the additional energy demand of recombinant protein synthesis by reducing the biomass formation to almost 60%, resulting in excess NADPH. Speculative, this excess NADPH was converted to NADH via the soluble transhydrogenase and subsequently used for ATP generation in the electron transport chain. In this study, the metabolic burden was quantified by the biomass yield on ATP, which constantly decreased from 11.7g(CDW)mmol(ATP)(-1) for the reference strain to 4.9g(CDW)mmol(ATP)(-1) for the highest yielding strain. The insights into the operation of the metabolism of E. coli during recombinant protein production might guide the optimization of microbial hosts and fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heyland
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Harcum SW, Bentley WE. Response dynamics of 26-, 34-, 39-, 54-, and 80-kDa proteases in induced cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 42:675-85. [PMID: 18613100 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several researchers have demonstrated that the presence of a heterologous protein in recombinant Escherichia coli elicits a response similar to the heat-shock response, which includes enhanced protease expression. The present work detects, quantifies, and characterizes intracellular protease activity in E. coli that are "shocked" by the induction of a recombinant protein, CAT, which is an endogenous protein in some E. coli strains. A novel, sodium dodecyl sulfate gelatin poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-GPAGE) method is used to detect, quantify, and characterize the presence of these proteases. A hypothesis is proposed which links the amplified protease activity to a temporary depletion of specific amino acid pools, and a stringent-like stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Harcum
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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7
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Li J, Jiang M, Chen K, Shang L, Wei P, Ying H, Ye Q, Ouyang P, Chang H. Enhanced production of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes with reductive carbon source. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Valdez-Cruz NA, Caspeta L, Pérez NO, Ramírez OT, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Production of recombinant proteins in E. coli by the heat inducible expression system based on the phage lambda pL and/or pR promoters. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:18. [PMID: 20298615 PMCID: PMC2848208 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature inducible expression system, based on the pL and/or pR phage lambda promoters regulated by the thermolabile cI857 repressor has been widely use to produce recombinant proteins in prokaryotic cells. In this expression system, induction of heterologous protein is achieved by increasing the culture temperature, generally above 37 degrees C. Concomitant to the overexpression of heterologous protein, the increase in temperature also causes a variety of complex stress responses. Many studies have reported the use of such temperature inducible expression system, however only few discuss the simultaneous stress effects caused by recombinant protein production and the up-shift in temperature. Understanding the integral effect of such responses should be useful to develop improved strategies for high yield protein production and recovery. Here, we describe the current status of the heat inducible expression system based on the pL and/or pR lambda phage promoters, focusing on recent developments on expression vehicles, the stress responses at the molecular and physiological level that occur after heat induction, and bioprocessing factors that affect protein overexpression, including culture operation variables and induction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Unidad de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
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9
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Luo YE, Fan DD, Shang LA, Shi HJ, Ma XX, Mi Y, Zhao GF. Analysis of metabolic flux in Escherichia coli expressing human-like collagen in fed-batch culture. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:637-43. [PMID: 17989923 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic flux distributions of recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 expressing human-like collagen were determined by means of a stoichiometric network and metabolic balancing. At the batch growth stage, the fluxes of the pentose phosphate pathway were higher than the fluxes of the fed-batch growth phase and the production stage. After the temperature was increased, there was a substantially elevated energy demand for synthesizing human-like collagen and heat-shock proteins, which resulted in changes in metabolic fluxes. The activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly enhanced, leading to a reduction in the fluxes of the pentose phosphate pathway and other anabolic pathways. The temperature upshift also caused an increase in NADPH production by isocitrate dehydrogenase in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The metabolic model predicted the involvement of a transhydrogenase that generates additional NADH from NADPH, thereby increasing ATP regeneration in the respiratory chain. These data indicated that the maintenance energy for cellular activity increased with the increase in biomass in fed-batch culture, and that cell growth and synthesis of human-like collagen could clearly represent the changes in metabolic fluxes. At the production stage, more NADPH was used to synthesize human-like collagen than for maintaining cellular activity, cell growth, and cell propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan E Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University/Shaanxi Source and Application chemical Engineering Center, Xi'an 710068, China
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10
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Looser V, Hammes F, Keller M, Berney M, Kovar K, Egli T. Flow-cytometric detection of changes in the physiological state of E. coli expressing a heterologous membrane protein during carbon-limited fedbatch cultivation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 92:69-78. [PMID: 16142799 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The key to optimizing productivity during industrial fermentations is the ability to rapidly monitor and interpret the physiological state of single microbial cells in a population and to recognize and characterize different sub-populations. Here, a flow cytometry-based method for the reproducible detection of changes in membrane function and/or structure of recombinant E. coli JM101 (pSPZ3) expressing xylene monooxygenase (XMO), was developed. XMO expression led to compromised but not permeabilized cell membranes. This was deduced from the fact that recombinant cells only stained with ethidium bromide (EB) and not with propidium iodide (PI). During the glucose-limited fedbatch cultivation, an increase from 25% to 95% of EB-stained cells was observed, occurring between 2 and 5 h after induction. Control experiments confirmed that this increase was due to the recombinant protein production and not caused by any possible effects of varying substrate availability, high cell density, plasmid replication or the presence of the inducing agent. We hypothesize that the integration of the recombinant protein into the cell membrane physically disrupted the functionality of the efflux pumps, thus resulting in EB-staining of the recombinant cells. This method enabled us to detect changes in the physiological state of single cells 2-4 h before other indications of partial cell damage, such as unbalanced growth, acetate accumulation and an increased CO(2) production rate, were observed. This method therefore shows promise with respect to the further development of an early-warning system to prevent sudden productivity decreases in processes with recombinant E. coli expressing heterologous membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Looser
- University of Applied Sciences Zürich (HSW ZFH), Grüental, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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11
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Junker BH. Scale-up methodologies for Escherichia coli and yeast fermentation processes. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 97:347-64. [PMID: 16233642 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scale-up techniques from the literature have been compiled and reviewed for applicability to Escherichia coli and yeast processes. The consistency of design and operating parameters for the pilot scale vessels in an existing fermentation pilot plant, ranging in nominal volume from 100 l to 19,000 l, was established and compared favorably with approaches found in the literature. Differences were noted as a function of parameters such as fermentor scale, vessel geometry, agitator type/size and ungassed/gassed power input. Further analysis was conducted using actual fermentation data for historical and recent development processes collected over a 10-year-period, focussing on operating conditions at peak culture oxygen uptake rates. Scale-up estimates were performed based on geometric similarity, agitator tip speed, gassed power per unit volume and mixing time. Generally, scale-up calculations from the 280 l scale were most similar to the parameters of installed equipment. Scale-up from the 30 l laboratory scale typically underpredicted parameters with scale-up from the 280 l scale being most appropriate. The 19,000 l fermentor installation was notably different in geometric similarity from the 280 l-1900 l scales since its design was meant to accommodate a wide range of operating volumes. Analysis of historical and recent processing performance was conducted for single cell bacterial or yeast fermentations which challenged peak operating conditions of the fermentors. Identification of key issues associated with scale-up for these specific pilot plant vessels was believed to be critical to efficient process development, clinical material production, and expected process transfer to a manufacturing facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Helene Junker
- Merck Research Laboratories, Bldg. 810-127, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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12
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Lin H, Hoffmann F, Rozkov A, Enfors SO, Rinas U, Neubauer P. Change of extracellular cAMP concentration is a sensitive reporter for bacterial fitness in high-cell-density cultures of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 87:602-13. [PMID: 15352058 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine-3',5'-tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and sigmaS, two regulators of the starvation response of Escherichia coli, have received increasing attention for monitoring cell physiological changes in production processes, although both are difficult to quantify. The kinetics of cAMP formation and degradation were not yet investigated in such processes, although the complex regulation of cAMP by synthesis, release, and degradation in connection with straightforward methods for analysis renders it a highly informative target. Therefore, we followed the cAMP concentration in various nonrecombinant and in four different recombinant glucose-limited fed-batch processes in different production scales. The intracellular cAMP concentration increases strongly at the end of the batch phase. Most cAMP is released to the cultivation medium. The rates of accumulation and degradation of extracellular cAMP are growth-rate-dependent and show a distinct maximum at a growth rate of about 0.35 h(-1). At very low growth rates, below 0.05 h(-1), extracellular cAMP is not produced but rather degraded, independent of whether this low growth rate is caused by glucose limitation or by the high metabolic load of recombinant protein production. In contrast to intracellular cAMP, which is highly unstable, analysis of extracellular cAMP is simpler and the kinetics of accumulation and degradation reflect well the physiological situation, including unlimited growth, limitation, and severe starvation of a production host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Lin
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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13
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Özkan P, Sariyar B, Ütkür FÖ, Akman U, Hortaçsu A. Metabolic flux analysis of recombinant protein overproduction in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Ramírez DM, Bentley WE. Fed-batch feeding and induction policies that improve foreign protein synthesis and stability by avoiding stress responses. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 47:596-608. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260470512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Weber J, Hoffmann F, Rinas U. Metabolic adaptation of Escherichia coli during temperature-induced recombinant protein production: 2. Redirection of metabolic fluxes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:320-30. [PMID: 12226865 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of temperature-induced synthesis of human basic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF-2) in high-cell-density cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli was studied by estimating metabolic flux variations. Metabolic flux distributions in E. coli were calculated by means of a stoichiometric network and linear programming. After the temperature upshift, a substantially elevated energy demand for synthesis of hFGF-2 and heat shock proteins resulted in a redirection of metabolic fluxes. Catabolic pathways like the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle showed significantly enhanced activities, leading to reduced flux to growth-associated pathways like the pentose phosphate pathway and other anabolic pathways. Upon temperature upshift, an excess of NADPH was produced in the TCA cycle by isocitrate dehydrogenase. The metabolic model predicted the involvement of a transhydrogenase generating additional NADH from NADPH, thereby increasing ATP regeneration in the respiratory chain. The influence of the temperature upshift on the host's metabolism was investigated by means of a control strain harboring the "empty" parental expression vector. The metabolic fluxes after the temperature upshift were redirected similarly to the production strain; the effects, however, were observed to a lesser extent and with different time profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Weber
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Abstract
The idea that plasmids replicate within hosts at the expense of cell metabolic energy and preformed cellular blocks depicts plasmids as a kind of molecular parasites that, even when they may eventually provide plasmid-carrying strains with growth advantages over plasmid-free strains, doom hosts to bear an unavoidable metabolic burden. Due to the consistency with experimental data, this idea was rapidly adopted and used as a basis of different hypotheses to explain plasmid-host interactions. In this article we critically discuss current ideas about plasmid effects on host metabolism, and present evidence suggesting that the complex interaction between plasmids and hosts is related to the alteration of the cellular regulatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Diaz Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (UNT-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Tucuman, Argentina.
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17
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Berríos-Rivera SJ, Yang YT, Bennett GN, San KY. Effect of glucose analog supplementation on metabolic flux distribution in anaerobic chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2000; 2:149-54. [PMID: 10935730 DOI: 10.1006/mben.1999.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work in our laboratories investigated the use of methyl alpha-glucoside (alpha-MG), a glucose analog that shares a phosphotransferase system with glucose, to modulate glucose uptake and therefore reduce acetate accumulation. The results of that study showed a significant improvement in batch culture performance and a reduction in acetate excretion without any significant effect on the growth rate in complex medium. The current study investigates the effect of supplementing the culture medium with the glucose analog alpha-MG on the metabolic fluxes of Escherichia coli under anaerobic chemostat conditions at two different dilution rates. Anaerobic chemostat studies utilizing complex media supplemented with glucose or glucose and alpha-MG at dilution rates of 0.1 and 0.4 h(-1), were performed, and the metabolic fluxes were analyzed. It was found that the addition of the glucose analog alpha-MG has an effect on the specific production rate of various extracellular metabolites. This effect is slightly greater at the higher dilution rate of 0.4 h(-1). However, the glucose analog does not cause any major shift in the central metabolic patterns. It was further observed that alpha-MG supplementation does not result in the reduction in specific acetate synthesis rate in anaerobic chemostat cultures. These results emphasize the importance of testing different strategies for metabolic manipulation under the actual operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Berríos-Rivera
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
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Shiloach J, Kaufman J, Guillard AS, Fass R. Effect of glucose supply strategy on acetate accumulation, growth, and recombinant protein production by Escherichia coli BL21 (λDE3) and Escherichia coli JM109. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 49:421-8. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19960220)49:4<421::aid-bit9>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Panda AK, Khan RH, Rao KB, Totey SM. Kinetics of inclusion body production in batch and high cell density fed-batch culture of Escherichia coli expressing ovine growth hormone. J Biotechnol 1999; 75:161-72. [PMID: 10553655 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A process for maximizing the volumetric productivity of recombinant ovine growth hormone (r-oGH) expressed in Escherichia coli during high cell density fermentation process has been devised. Kinetics of r-oGH expression as inclusion bodies and its effect on specific growth rates of E. coli cells were monitored during batch fermentation process. It was observed that during r-oGH expression in E. coli, the specific growth rate of the culture became an intrinsic property of the cells which reduced in a programmed manner upon induction. Nutrient feeding during protein expression phase of the fed-batch process was designed according to the reduction in specific growth rate of the culture. By feeding yeast extract along with glucose during fed-batch operation, high cell growth with very little accumulation of acetic acid was observed. Use of yeast extract helped in maintaining high specific cellular protein yield which resulted in high volumetric productivity of r-oGH. In 16 h of fed-batch fermentation, 3.2 g l-1 of r-oGH were produced at a cell OD of 124. This is the highest concentration of r-oGH reported to date using E. coli expression system. The volumetric productivity of r-oGH was 0.2 g l-1 h-1, which is also the highest value reported for any therapeutic protein using IPTG inducible expression system in a single stage fed-batch process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Panda
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
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Schmidt M, Viaplana E, Hoffmann F, Marten S, Villaverde A, Rinas U. Secretion-dependent proteolysis of heterologous protein by recombinantEscherichia coli is connected to an increased activity of the energy-generating dissimilatory pathway. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(1999)66:1<61::aid-bit6>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effects of dissolved oxygen and oxygen mass transfer on overexpression of target gene in recombinant E. coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Maximizing the expression of recombinant Kringle 1 (Streptokinase) synthesized in Escherichia coli. Influence of culture and induction conditions. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00129951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sanyal G, Marquis-Omer D, Middaugh CR. Biophysical characterization and formulation of TP40: A chimeric protein that requires a pH-dependent conformational change for its biological activity. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1996; 9:365-92. [PMID: 8914199 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47452-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Sanyal
- Department of Vaccine Pharmaceutical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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Aristidou AA, San KY, Bennett GN. Modification of central metabolic pathway inescherichia coli to reduce acetate accumulation by heterologous expression of thebacillus subtilis acetolactate synthase gene. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 44:944-51. [PMID: 18618912 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260440810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Aristidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892
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A study of the effect of specific growth rate and acetate on recombinant protein production of Escherichia coli JM107. Biotechnol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00128620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The instability of cell cultures containing plasmid vectors is a major problem in the commercial exploitation of molecular cloning techniques. Plasmid stability is influenced by the nature of the host cell, the type of plasmid and/or environmental conditions. Plasmid encoded properties may confer a selective advantage on the host cell but can be an energy drain due to replication and expression. Stability of recombinant cultures ultimately may be determined by the cost to benefit ratio of plasmid carriage. The relative competition between plasmid containing and plasmid-free or indigenous populations can determine the degree of dominance of recombinant cultures. The use of inocula in biotechnological processes in which dynamic environmental conditions dominate may also result in instabilities resulting from the characteristics of the ecosystem. In such dynamic conditions plasmid stability is just one contribution to culture stability. Strategies to enhance plasmid stability, within such environments, based on manipulation of physiological state of host cells, must consider the responsiveness or plasticity of both cells and populations. The robustness of cells or the responses to stresses or transient environmental conditions can influence the levels of instability detected; for example, instability or mutation in the host genome may lead to enhanced plasmid stability. Competition among subpopulations arising from unstable copy number control may determine the levels of recombinant cells in open versus closed fermenter systems. Thus the ecological competence (ability to survive and compete) of recombinant cells in dynamic or transient environments is fundamental to the understanding of the ultimate dominance or survival of such recombinant cultures and may form the basis of a strategy to enhance or control stability either in fermenter systems or dynamic process environments. The creation of microniches in time and/or space can enhance plasmid stability. Transient operation based on defined environmental stresses or perturbations in fermenter systems or in heterogeneous or dynamic environments found in gel immobilized cultures have resulted in enhanced stability. Spatial organization resulting from immobilization has the additional advantage of regulated cell protection within defined microenvironments and controlled release, depending on the nature of the gel, from these microenvironments or microcosms. This regulation of ecological competence allied to the advantages of microbial cell growth in gel microenvironments combined with the spatial organization (or juxtapositioning of cells, selective agents, nutrients, protectants, etc.) possible through immobilization technology offers new strategies to enhance plasmid and culture stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McLoughlin
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, University College Dublin, Ireland
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