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Martier A, Chen Z, Schaps H, Mondrinos MJ, Fang JS. Capturing physiological hemodynamic flow and mechanosensitive cell signaling in vessel-on-a-chip platforms. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1425618. [PMID: 39135710 PMCID: PMC11317428 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1425618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in organ chip (or, "organ-on-a-chip") technologies and microphysiological systems (MPS) have enabled in vitro investigation of endothelial cell function in biomimetic three-dimensional environments under controlled fluid flow conditions. Many current organ chip models include a vascular compartment; however, the design and implementation of these vessel-on-a-chip components varies, with consequently varied impact on their ability to capture and reproduce hemodynamic flow and associated mechanosensitive signaling that regulates key characteristics of healthy, intact vasculature. In this review, we introduce organ chip and vessel-on-a-chip technology in the context of existing in vitro and in vivo vascular models. We then briefly discuss the importance of mechanosensitive signaling for vascular development and function, with focus on the major mechanosensitive signaling pathways involved. Next, we summarize recent advances in MPS and organ chips with an integrated vascular component, with an emphasis on comparing both the biomimicry and adaptability of the diverse approaches used for supporting and integrating intravascular flow. We review current data showing how intravascular flow and fluid shear stress impacts vessel development and function in MPS platforms and relate this to existing work in cell culture and animal models. Lastly, we highlight new insights obtained from MPS and organ chip models of mechanosensitive signaling in endothelial cells, and how this contributes to a deeper understanding of vessel growth and function in vivo. We expect this review will be of broad interest to vascular biologists, physiologists, and cardiovascular physicians as an introduction to organ chip platforms that can serve as viable model systems for investigating mechanosensitive signaling and other aspects of vascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Martier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - H. Schaps
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - M. J. Mondrinos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - J. S. Fang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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2
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Keeling NM, Wallisch M, Johnson J, Le HH, Vu HH, Jordan KR, Puy C, Tucker EI, Nguyen KP, McCarty OJT, Aslan JE, Hinds MT, Anderson DEJ. Pharmacologic targeting of coagulation factors XII and XI by monoclonal antibodies reduces thrombosis in nitinol stents under flow. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1433-1446. [PMID: 38331196 PMCID: PMC11055672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular implantable devices, such as vascular stents, are critical for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, their success is dependent on robust and often long-term antithrombotic therapies. Yet, the current standard-of-care therapies often pose significant bleeding risks to patients. Coagulation factor (F)XI and FXII have emerged as potentially safe and efficacious targets to safely reduce pathologic thrombin generation in medical devices. OBJECTIVES To study the efficacy of monoclonal antibody-targeting FXII and FXI of the contact pathway in preventing vascular device-related thrombosis. METHODS The effects of inhibition of FXII and FXI using function-blocking monoclonal antibodies were examined in a nonhuman primate model of nitinol stent-related thrombosis under arterial and venous flow conditions. RESULTS We found that function-blocking antibodies of FXII and FXI reduced markers of stent-induced thrombosis in vitro and ex vivo. However, FXI inhibition resulted in more effective mitigation of thrombosis markers under varied flow conditions. CONCLUSION This work provides further support for the translation of contact pathway of coagulation inhibitors for their adjunctive clinical use with cardiovascular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novella M Keeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
| | - Michael Wallisch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Aronora Inc, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hillary H Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Helen H Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kelley R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Cristina Puy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Erik I Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Aronora Inc, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Khanh P Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Monica T Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Deirdre E J Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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3
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Soto Veliz D, Lin K, Sahlgren C. Organ-on-a-chip technologies for biomedical research and drug development: A focus on the vasculature. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20220030. [PMID: 37089706 PMCID: PMC7614466 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Current biomedical models fail to replicate the complexity of human biology. Consequently, almost 90% of drug candidates fail during clinical trials after decades of research and billions of investments in drug development. Despite their physiological similarities, animal models often misrepresent human responses, and instead, trigger ethical and societal debates regarding their use. The overall aim across regulatory entities worldwide is to replace, reduce, and refine the use of animal experimentation, a concept known as the Three Rs principle. In response, researchers develop experimental alternatives to improve the biological relevance of in vitro models through interdisciplinary approaches. This article highlights the emerging organ-on-a-chip technologies, also known as microphysiological systems, with a focus on models of the vasculature. The cardiovascular system transports all necessary substances, including drugs, throughout the body while in charge of thermal regulation and communication between other organ systems. In addition, we discuss the benefits, limitations, and challenges in the widespread use of new biomedical models. Coupled with patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, organ-on-a-chip technologies are the future of drug discovery, development, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diosangeles Soto Veliz
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringCell Biology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship CenterÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Bioscience CenterÅbo Akademi University and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Kai‐Lan Lin
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringCell Biology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship CenterÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Bioscience CenterÅbo Akademi University and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringCell Biology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship CenterÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
- Turku Bioscience CenterÅbo Akademi University and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoventhe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoventhe Netherlands
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4
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Halvorson BD, Menon NJ, Goldman D, Frisbee SJ, Goodwill AG, Butcher JT, Stapleton PA, Brooks SD, d'Audiffret AC, Wiseman RW, Lombard JH, Brock RW, Olfert IM, Chantler PD, Frisbee JC. The development of peripheral microvasculopathy with chronic metabolic disease in obese Zucker rats: a retrograde emergence? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H475-H489. [PMID: 35904886 PMCID: PMC9448278 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00264.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of peripheral vasculopathy with chronic metabolic disease is challenged by divergent contributions from spatial (the level of resolution or specific tissue being studied) and temporal origins (evolution of the developing impairments in time). Over many years of studying the development of skeletal muscle vasculopathy and its functional implications, we may be at the point of presenting an integrated conceptual model that addresses these challenges within the obese Zucker rat (OZR) model. At the early stages of metabolic disease, where systemic markers of elevated cardiovascular disease risk are present, the only evidence of vascular dysfunction is at postcapillary and collecting venules, where leukocyte adhesion/rolling is elevated with impaired venular endothelial function. As metabolic disease severity and duration increases, reduced microvessel density becomes evident as well as increased variability in microvascular hematocrit. Subsequently, hemodynamic impairments to distal arteriolar networks emerge, manifesting as increasing perfusion heterogeneity and impaired arteriolar reactivity. This retrograde "wave of dysfunction" continues, creating a condition wherein deficiencies to the distal arteriolar, capillary, and venular microcirculation stabilize and impairments to proximal arteriolar reactivity, wall mechanics, and perfusion distribution evolve. This proximal arteriolar dysfunction parallels increasing failure in fatigue resistance, hyperemic responses, and O2 uptake within self-perfused skeletal muscle. Taken together, these results present a conceptual model for the retrograde development of peripheral vasculopathy with chronic metabolic disease and provide insight into the timing and targeting of interventional strategies to improve health outcomes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Working from an established database spanning multiple scales and times, we studied progression of peripheral microvascular dysfunction in chronic metabolic disease. The data implicate the postcapillary venular endothelium as the initiating site for vasculopathy. Indicators of dysfunction, spanning network structures, hemodynamics, vascular reactivity, and perfusion progress in an insidious retrograde manner to present as functional impairments to muscle blood flow and performance much later. The silent vasculopathy progression may provide insight into clinical treatment challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden D Halvorson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nithin J Menon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie J Frisbee
- Department Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Joshua T Butcher
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Phoebe A Stapleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Steven D Brooks
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Physiology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Robert W Wiseman
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Julian H Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert W Brock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - I Mark Olfert
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jefferson C Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Ye T, Zhang X, Li G, Wang S. Biomechanics in thrombus formation from direct cellular simulations. Phys Rev E 2021; 102:042410. [PMID: 33212741 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.042410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Numerically reproducing the process of thrombus formation is highly desired for understanding its mechanism but still remains challenging due to the polydisperse feature of blood components and their multiple biochemical or biomechanical behaviors involved. We numerically implemented a simplified version of the process from the perspective of biomechanics, using a mesoscale particle-based method, smoothed dissipative particle dynamics-immersed boundary method. This version covers the adhesion and aggregation of platelets (PLTs), the deformation and aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs), and the interaction between PLTs and RBCs, as well as the blockage of microvessels. Four critical factors that can affect thrombus formation were investigated: the velocity of blood flow, the adhesive ability of PLTs, the interaction strength between PLTs and RBCs, and the deformability of RBCs. Increasing the velocity of blood flow was found to be the most effective way to reduce the microvessel blockage, and reducing the adhesive ability of PLTs is also a direct and efficient way. However, decreasing the interaction strength between PLTs and RBCs sometimes does not alleviate thrombus formation, and similarly, increasing the deformability of RBCs does not have a significant improvement for the severely blocked microvessel. These results imply that maintaining high-rate blood flow plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis, which is even more effective than antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. The drugs or treatments concentrating on reducing the PLT-RBC interaction or softening the RBCs may not have a significant effect on the thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guansheng Li
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sitong Wang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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6
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Link KG, Stobb MT, Monroe DM, Fogelson AL, Neeves KB, Sindi SS, Leiderman K. Computationally Driven Discovery in Coagulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:79-86. [PMID: 33115272 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bleeding frequency and severity within clinical categories of hemophilia A are highly variable and the origin of this variation is unknown. Solving this mystery in coagulation requires the generation and analysis of large data sets comprised of experimental outputs or patient samples, both of which are subject to limited availability. In this review, we describe how a computationally driven approach bypasses such limitations by generating large synthetic patient data sets. These data sets were created with a mechanistic mathematical model, by varying the model inputs, clotting factor, and inhibitor concentrations, within normal physiological ranges. Specific mathematical metrics were chosen from the model output, used as a surrogate measure for bleeding severity, and statistically analyzed for further exploration and hypothesis generation. We highlight results from our recent study that employed this computationally driven approach to identify FV (factor V) as a key modifier of thrombin generation in mild to moderate hemophilia A, which was confirmed with complementary experimental assays. The mathematical model was used further to propose a potential mechanism for these observations whereby thrombin generation is rescued in FVIII-deficient plasma due to reduced substrate competition between FV and FVIII for FXa (activated factor X).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Link
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Davis (K.G.L.)
| | - Michael T Stobb
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, IA (M.T.S.)
| | - Dougald M Monroe
- Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (D.M.M.)
| | - Aaron L Fogelson
- Departments of Mathematics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.L.F.)
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Departments of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Denver (K.B.N.)
| | - Suzanne S Sindi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced (S.S.S.)
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden (K.L.)
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7
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Bouchnita A, Terekhov K, Nony P, Vassilevski Y, Volpert V. A mathematical model to quantify the effects of platelet count, shear rate, and injury size on the initiation of blood coagulation under venous flow conditions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235392. [PMID: 32726315 PMCID: PMC7390270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets upregulate the generation of thrombin and reinforce the fibrin clot which increases the incidence risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of venous cardiovascular diseases remains hard to quantify. An experimentally validated model of thrombin generation dynamics is formulated. The model predicts that a high platelet count increases the peak value of generated thrombin as well as the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) as reported in experimental data. To investigate the effects of platelets density, shear rate, and wound size on the initiation of blood coagulation, we calibrate a previously developed model of venous thrombus formation and implement it in 3D using a novel cell-centered finite-volume solver. We conduct numerical simulations to reproduce in vitro experiments of blood coagulation in microfluidic capillaries. Then, we derive a reduced one-equation model of thrombin distribution from the previous model under simplifying hypotheses and we use it to determine the conditions of clotting initiation on the platelet count, the shear rate, and the plasma composition. The initiation of clotting also exhibits a threshold response to the size of the wounded region in good agreement with the reported experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Terekhov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Patrice Nony
- Services de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yuri Vassilevski
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institut Camille Jordan, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- INRIA team Dracula, INRIA Lyon La Doua, Villeurbanne, France
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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8
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Trevisan BM, Porada CD, Atala A, Almeida-Porada G. Microfluidic devices for studying coagulation biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:1-7. [PMID: 32563678 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to study the behavior of cells, proteins, and cell-cell or cell-protein interactions under dynamic forces such as shear stress under fluid flow, provides a more accurate understanding of the physiopathology of hemostasis. This review touches upon the traditional methods for studying blood coagulation and platelet aggregation and provides an overview on cellular and protein response to shear stress. We also elaborate on the biological aspects of how cells recognize mechanical forces and convert them into biochemical signals that can drive various signaling pathways. We give a detailed description of the various types of microfluidic devices that are employed to study the complex processes of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation under flow conditions as well as to investigate endothelial shear-response. We also highlight works mimicking artificial vessels as platforms to study the mechanisms of coagulation, and finish our review by describing anticipated clinical uses of microfluidics devices and their standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady M Trevisan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Christopher D Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Graça Almeida-Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Fetal Research and Therapy Program Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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9
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Ye T, Shi H, Phan-Thien N, Lim CT. The key events of thrombus formation: platelet adhesion and aggregation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:943-955. [PMID: 31754949 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thrombus formation is a complex, dynamic and multistep process, involving biochemical reactions, mechanical stimulation, hemodynamics, and so on. In this study, we concentrate on its two crucial steps: (i) platelets adhered to a vessel wall, or simply platelet adhesion, and (ii) platelets clumping and arrested to the adherent platelets, named platelet aggregation. We report the first direct simulation of three modes of platelet adhesion, detachment, rolling adhesion and firm adhesion, as well as the formation, disintegration, arrestment and consolidation of platelet plugs. The results show that the bond dissociation in the detachment mode is mainly attributed to a high probability of rupturing bonds, such that any existing bond can be quickly ruptured and all bonds would be completely broken. In the rolling adhesion, however, it is mainly attributed to the strong traction from the shear flow or erythrocytes, causing that the bonds are ruptured at the trailing edge of the platelet. The erythrocytes play an important role in platelet activities, such as the formation, disintegration, arrestment and consolidation of platelet plugs. They exert an aggregate force on platelets, a repulsion at a near distance but an attraction at a far distance to the platelets. This aggregate force can promote platelets to form a plug and/or bring along a part of a platelet plug causing its disintegration. It also greatly influences the arrestment and consolidation of platelet plugs, together with the adhesive force from the thrombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Qianjin Ave. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Huixin Shi
- School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Qianjin Ave. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Nhan Phan-Thien
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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10
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Danes N, Leiderman K. A density-dependent FEM-FCT algorithm with application to modeling platelet aggregation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 35:e3212. [PMID: 31117155 PMCID: PMC6718345 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Upon injury to a blood vessel, flowing platelets will aggregate at the injury site, forming a plug to prevent blood loss. Through a complex system of biochemical reactions, a stabilizing mesh forms around the platelet aggregate forming a blood clot that further seals the injury. Computational models of clot formation have been developed to a study intravascular thrombosis, where a vessel injury does not cause blood leakage outside the blood vessel but blocks blood flow. To model scenarios in which blood leaks from a main vessel out into the extravascular space, new computational tools need to be developed to handle the complex geometries that represent the injury. We have previously modeled intravascular clot formation under flow using a continuum approach wherein the transport of platelet densities into some spatial location is limited by the platelet fraction that already reside in that location, i.e., the densities satisfy a maximum packing constraint through the use of a hindered transport coefficient. To extend this notion to extravascular injury geometries, we have modified a finite element method flux-corrected transport (FEM-FCT) scheme by prelimiting antidiffusive nodal fluxes. We show that our modified scheme, under a variety of test problems, including mesh refinement, structured vs unstructured meshes, and for a range of reaction rates, produces numerical results that satisfy a maximum platelet-density packing constraint.
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11
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Hanke J, Ranke C, Perego E, Köster S. Human blood platelets contract in perpendicular direction to shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2009-2019. [PMID: 30724316 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In their physiological environment, blood platelets are permanently exposed to shear forces caused by blood flow. Within this surrounding, they generate contractile forces that eventually lead to a compaction of the blood clot. Here, we present a microfluidic chamber that combines hydrogel-based traction force microscopy with a controlled shear environment, and investigate the force fields platelets generate when exposed to shear flow in a spatio-temporally resolved manner. We find that for shear rates between 14 s-1 to 33 s-1, the general contraction behavior in terms of force distribution and magnitude does not differ from no-flow conditions. The main direction of contraction, however, does respond to the externally applied stress. At high shear stress, we observe an angle of about 90° between flow direction and main contraction axis. We explain this observation by the distribution of the stress acting on the adherent cell: the observed angle provides the most stable situation for the cell experiencing the shear flow, as supported by a finite element method simulation of the stresses along the platelet boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hanke
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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12
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Hedayat M, Borazjani I. Comparison of platelet activation through hinge vs bulk flow in bileaflet mechanical heart valves. J Biomech 2019; 83:280-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Hosseinzadegan H, Tafti DK. A Predictive Model of Thrombus Growth in Stenosed Vessels with Dynamic Geometries. J Med Biol Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-018-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Brazilek RJ, Tovar-Lopez FJ, Wong AKT, Tran H, Davis AS, McFadyen JD, Kaplan Z, Chunilal S, Jackson SP, Nandurkar H, Mitchell A, Nesbitt WS. Application of a strain rate gradient microfluidic device to von Willebrand's disease screening. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2595-2608. [PMID: 28660968 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00498b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Von Willebrand's disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder caused by either quantitative or qualitative defects of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Current tests for VWD require relatively large blood volumes, have low throughput, are time-consuming, and do not incorporate the physiologically relevant effects of haemodynamic forces. We developed a microfluidic device incorporating micro-contractions that harnesses well-defined haemodynamic strain gradients to initiate platelet aggregation in citrated whole blood. The microchannel architecture has been specifically designed to allow for continuous real-time imaging of platelet aggregation dynamics. Subjects aged ≥18 years with previously diagnosed VWD or who presented for evaluation of a bleeding disorder, where the possible diagnosis included VWD, were tested. Samples were obtained for device characterization as well as for pathology-based testing. Platelet aggregation in the microfluidic device is independent of platelet amplification loops but dependent on low-level platelet activation, GPIb/IX/V and integrin αIIbβ3 engagement. Microfluidic output directly correlates with VWF antigen levels and is able to sensitively detect aggregation defects associated with VWD subtypes. Testing demonstrated a strong correlation with standard clinical laboratory-based tests. Head-to-head comparison with PFA100® demonstrated equivalent, if not improved, sensitivity for screening aggregation defects associated with VWD. This strain rate gradient microfluidic prototype has the potential to be a clinically useful, rapid and high throughput-screening tool for VWD as well as other strain-dependent platelet disorders. In addition, the microfluidic device represents a novel approach to examine the effects of high magnitude/short duration (ms) strain rate gradients on platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose J Brazilek
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Educational Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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