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Butch E, Prideaux M, Holland M, Phan JT, Trent C, Soon V, Hutchins G, Smith L. The 'bIUreactor': An Open-Source 3D Tissue Research Platform. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1678-1692. [PMID: 38532173 PMCID: PMC11082015 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
We developed the open-source bIUreactor research platform for studying 3D structured tissues. The versatile and modular platform allows a researcher to generate 3D tissues, culture them with oxygenated perfusion, and provide cyclic loading, all in their own lab (in laboratorium) for an all in cost of $8,000 including 3D printer, printing resin, and electronics. We achieved this by applying a design philosophy that leverages 3D printing, open-source software and hardware, and practical techniques to produce the following: 1. perfusible 3D tissues, 2. a bioreactor chamber for tissue culture, 3. a module for applying cyclic compression, 4. a peristaltic pump for providing oxygenated perfusion to 3D tissues, 5. motor control units, and 6. open-source code for running the control units. By making it widely available for researchers to investigate 3D tissue models and easy for them to use, we intend for the bIUreactor to democratize 3D tissue research, therefore increasing the pace and scale of biomedical research discoveries using 3D tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Butch
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark Holland
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Justin-Thuy Phan
- Smith BioFab Lab, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cole Trent
- Smith BioFab Lab, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Victor Soon
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gary Hutchins
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lester Smith
- Smith BioFab Lab, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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2
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Fareez UNM, Naqvi SAA, Mahmud M, Temirel M. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400643. [PMID: 38648623 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has evolved with the rise of tissue engineering due to advancements in healthcare and technology. In recent years, bioprinting has been an upcoming approach to traditional tissue engineering practices, through the fabrication of functional tissue by its layer-by-layer deposition process. This overcomes challenges such as irregular cell distribution and limited cell density, and it can potentially address organ shortages, increasing transplant options. Bioprinting fully functional organs is a long stretch but the advancement is rapidly growing due to its precision and compatibility with complex geometries. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a carestone of computer-aided engineering, has been instrumental in assisting bioprinting research and development by cutting costs and saving time. CFD optimizes bioprinting by testing parameters such as shear stress, diffusivity, and cell viability, reducing repetitive experiments and aiding in material selection and bioprinter nozzle design. This review discusses the current application of CFD in bioprinting and its potential to enhance the technology that can contribute to the evolution of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Naseef Mohamed Fareez
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Syed Ali Arsal Naqvi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Makame Mahmud
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Mikail Temirel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
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3
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Cross-Najafi AA, Farag K, Chen AM, Smith LJ, Zhang W, Li P, Ekser B. The Long Road to Develop Custom-built Livers: Current Status of 3D Liver Bioprinting. Transplantation 2024; 108:357-368. [PMID: 37322580 PMCID: PMC10724374 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although liver transplantation is the gold-standard therapy for end-stage liver disease, the shortage of suitable organs results in only 25% of waitlisted patients undergoing transplants. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging technology and a potential solution for personalized medicine applications. This review highlights existing 3D bioprinting technologies of liver tissues, current anatomical and physiological limitations to 3D bioprinting of a whole liver, and recent progress bringing this innovation closer to clinical use. We reviewed updated literature across multiple facets in 3D bioprinting, comparing laser, inkjet, and extrusion-based printing modalities, scaffolded versus scaffold-free systems, development of an oxygenated bioreactor, and challenges in establishing long-term viability of hepatic parenchyma and incorporating structurally and functionally robust vasculature and biliary systems. Advancements in liver organoid models have also increased their complexity and utility for liver disease modeling, pharmacologic testing, and regenerative medicine. Recent developments in 3D bioprinting techniques have improved the speed, anatomical, and physiological accuracy, and viability of 3D-bioprinted liver tissues. Optimization focusing on 3D bioprinting of the vascular system and bile duct has improved both the structural and functional accuracy of these models, which will be critical in the successful expansion of 3D-bioprinted liver tissues toward transplantable organs. With further dedicated research, patients with end-stage liver disease may soon be recipients of customized 3D-bioprinted livers, reducing or eliminating the need for immunosuppressive regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A. Cross-Najafi
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kristine Farag
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Angela M. Chen
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lester J. Smith
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University of School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- 3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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4
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Sego TJ, Sluka JP, Sauro HM, Glazier JA. Tissue Forge: Interactive biological and biophysics simulation environment. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010768. [PMID: 37871133 PMCID: PMC10621971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue Forge is an open-source interactive environment for particle-based physics, chemistry and biology modeling and simulation. Tissue Forge allows users to create, simulate and explore models and virtual experiments based on soft condensed matter physics at multiple scales, from the molecular to the multicellular, using a simple, consistent interface. While Tissue Forge is designed to simplify solving problems in complex subcellular, cellular and tissue biophysics, it supports applications ranging from classic molecular dynamics to agent-based multicellular systems with dynamic populations. Tissue Forge users can build and interact with models and simulations in real-time and change simulation details during execution, or execute simulations off-screen and/or remotely in high-performance computing environments. Tissue Forge provides a growing library of built-in model components along with support for user-specified models during the development and application of custom, agent-based models. Tissue Forge includes an extensive Python API for model and simulation specification via Python scripts, an IPython console and a Jupyter Notebook, as well as C and C++ APIs for integrated applications with other software tools. Tissue Forge supports installations on 64-bit Windows, Linux and MacOS systems and is available for local installation via conda.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Sego
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - James P. Sluka
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Herbert M. Sauro
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James A. Glazier
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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5
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Large-scale perfused tissues via synthetic 3D soft microfluidics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:193. [PMID: 36635264 PMCID: PMC9837048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascularization of engineered tissues and organoids has remained a major unresolved challenge in regenerative medicine. While multiple approaches have been developed to vascularize in vitro tissues, it has thus far not been possible to generate sufficiently dense networks of small-scale vessels to perfuse large de novo tissues. Here, we achieve the perfusion of multi-mm3 tissue constructs by generating networks of synthetic capillary-scale 3D vessels. Our 3D soft microfluidic strategy is uniquely enabled by a 3D-printable 2-photon-polymerizable hydrogel formulation, which allows for precise microvessel printing at scales below the diffusion limit of living tissues. We demonstrate that these large-scale engineered tissues are viable, proliferative and exhibit complex morphogenesis during long-term in-vitro culture, while avoiding hypoxia and necrosis. We show by scRNAseq and immunohistochemistry that neural differentiation is significantly accelerated in perfused neural constructs. Additionally, we illustrate the versatility of this platform by demonstrating long-term perfusion of developing neural and liver tissue. This fully synthetic vascularization platform opens the door to the generation of human tissue models at unprecedented scale and complexity.
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Darshna, Kumar R, Srivastava P, Chandra P. Bioengineering of bone tissues using bioreactors for modulation of mechano-sensitivity in bone. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-41. [PMID: 36596226 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the last decade, significant developments have been made in the area of bone tissue engineering associated with the emergence of novel biomaterials as well as techniques of scaffold fabrication. Despite all these developments, the translation from research findings to clinical applications is still very limited. Manufacturing the designed tissue constructs in a scalable manner remains the most challenging aspect. This bottleneck could be overcome by using bioreactors for the manufacture of these tissue constructs. In this review, a current scenario of bone injuries/defects and the cause of the translational gap between laboratory research and clinical use has been emphasized. Furthermore, various bioreactors being used in the area of bone tissue regeneration in recent studies have been highlighted along with their advantages and limitations. A vivid literature survey on the ideal attributes of bioreactors has been accounted, viz. dynamic, versatile, automated, reproducible and commercialization aspects. Additionally, the illustration of computational approaches that should be combined with bone tissue engineering experiments using bioreactors to simulate and optimize cellular growth in bone tissue constructs has also been done extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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Choi J, Mathew S, Oerter S, Appelt-Menzel A, Hansmann J, Schmitz T. Online Measurement System for Dynamic Flow Bioreactors to Study Barrier Integrity of hiPSC-Based Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro Models. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9010039. [PMID: 35049748 PMCID: PMC8773345 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a noninvasive, reliable, and efficient method to analyze the barrier integrity of in vitro tissue models. This well-established tool is used most widely to quantify the transendothelial/epithelial resistance (TEER) of Transwell-based models cultured under static conditions. However, dynamic culture in bioreactors can achieve advanced cell culture conditions that mimic a more tissue-specific environment and stimulation. This requires the development of culture systems that also allow for the assessment of barrier integrity under dynamic conditions. Here, we present a bioreactor system that is capable of the automated, continuous, and non-invasive online monitoring of cellular barrier integrity during dynamic culture. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) casting and 3D printing were used for the fabrication of the bioreactors. Additionally, attachable electrodes based on titanium nitride (TiN)-coated steel tubes were developed to perform EIS measurements. In order to test the monitored bioreactor system, blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro models derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) were cultured for up to 7 days. We applied equivalent electrical circuit fitting to quantify the electrical parameters of the cell layer and observed that TEER gradually decreased over time from 2513 Ω·cm2 to 285 Ω·cm2, as also specified in the static control culture. Our versatile system offers the possibility to be used for various dynamic tissue cultures that require a non-invasive monitoring system for barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyoung Choi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (S.M.); (J.H.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (A.A.-M.)
| | - Sanjana Mathew
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (S.M.); (J.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (S.M.); (J.H.); (T.S.)
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (A.A.-M.)
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (S.M.); (J.H.); (T.S.)
- Faculty of Electronics, University of Applied Science Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Ignaz-Schön-Straße 11, 97421 Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmitz
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (S.M.); (J.H.); (T.S.)
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8
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Ajalik RE, Alenchery RG, Cognetti JS, Zhang VZ, McGrath JL, Miller BL, Awad HA. Human Organ-on-a-Chip Microphysiological Systems to Model Musculoskeletal Pathologies and Accelerate Therapeutic Discovery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:846230. [PMID: 35360391 PMCID: PMC8964284 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.846230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Microphysiological Systems (hMPS), otherwise known as organ- and tissue-on-a-chip models, are an emerging technology with the potential to replace in vivo animal studies with in vitro models that emulate human physiology at basic levels. hMPS platforms are designed to overcome limitations of two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems by mimicking 3D tissue organization and microenvironmental cues that are physiologically and clinically relevant. Unlike animal studies, hMPS models can be configured for high content or high throughput screening in preclinical drug development. Applications in modeling acute and chronic injuries in the musculoskeletal system are slowly developing. However, the complexity and load bearing nature of musculoskeletal tissues and joints present unique challenges related to our limited understanding of disease mechanisms and the lack of consensus biomarkers to guide biological therapy development. With emphasis on examples of modeling musculoskeletal tissues, joints on chips, and organoids, this review highlights current trends of microphysiological systems technology. The review surveys state-of-the-art design and fabrication considerations inspired by lessons from bioreactors and biological variables emphasizing the role of induced pluripotent stem cells and genetic engineering in creating isogenic, patient-specific multicellular hMPS. The major challenges in modeling musculoskeletal tissues using hMPS chips are identified, including incorporating biological barriers, simulating joint compartments and heterogenous tissue interfaces, simulating immune interactions and inflammatory factors, simulating effects of in vivo loading, recording nociceptors responses as surrogates for pain outcomes, modeling the dynamic injury and healing responses by monitoring secreted proteins in real time, and creating arrayed formats for robotic high throughput screens. Overcoming these barriers will revolutionize musculoskeletal research by enabling physiologically relevant, predictive models of human tissues and joint diseases to accelerate and de-risk therapeutic discovery and translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E. Ajalik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rahul G. Alenchery
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - John S. Cognetti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Victor Z. Zhang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Hani A. Awad,
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9
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Dua R, Jones H, Noble PC. Designing and validation of an automated ex-vivo bioreactor system for long term culture of bone. Bone Rep 2021; 14:101074. [PMID: 33997151 PMCID: PMC8102406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different bioreactors have been developed to study bone biology. Keeping a bone viable for long-term studies is still a challenge. We have developed an ex-vivo bone bioreactor that can keep the ex-vivo live bone viable for more than 4 weeks. Keeping a bone viable for over a month can be used as an alternative model for in-vivo experiments in animals. We hypothesize that the perfusion flow and mechanical load on the bone provide a real-time environment for the bone to survive. Cancellous bones were harvested from the bovine metatarsals and were placed in the dynamic culture with cyclic loading at regular intervals. After a period of week 4, the bone cores were retrieved from the bioreactor and tested for viability using calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer -1 fluorescent dyes and were compared with the cores that were placed in static culture with and without any loads on them and Day 0 bone core that acted as a positive control. The bone blocks were then fixed in 10% formalin, and bone mineral density was evaluated using a DXA scanner before staining them for H&E to study the morphological changes. Results revealed that the bone cultured in the bioreactor was viable as compared to the one in the static culture with and without constant load. Bone cores cultured in our ex-vivo bioreactor system also maintained their morphology and no statistical difference was found in the bone mineral density compared to positive controls and the statistical difference was found when compared with the cores cultured in static culture. This tool can be used to study bone biology for various applications such as bone ingrowth studies, to study the effect of drugs, hormones, or any growth factors, and much more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Dua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Hugh Jones
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Innovation and Training, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip C Noble
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Innovation and Training, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Carbonaro D, Putame G, Castaldo C, Meglio FD, Siciliano K, Belviso I, Romano V, Sacco AM, Schonauer F, Montagnani S, Audenino AL, Morbiducci U, Gallo D, Massai D. A low-cost scalable 3D-printed sample-holder for agitation-based decellularization of biological tissues. Med Eng Phys 2020; 85:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Chen AM, Lashmet M, Isidan A, Sterner JL, Walsh J, Koehler C, Li P, Ekser B, Smith L. Oxygenation Profiles of Human Blood, Cell Culture Medium, and Water for Perfusion of 3D-Bioprinted Tissues using the FABRICA Bioreactor Platform. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7237. [PMID: 32350358 PMCID: PMC7190847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent and saturated oxygen distribution from perfusion media (i.e., blood, or cell culture media) to cells within cell-dense, metabolically-active biofabricated tissues is required to keep them viable. Improper or poor oxygen supply to cells within the tissue bulk severely limits the tissue culturing potential of many bioreactors. We added an oxygenator module to our modular FABRICA bioreactor in order to provide stable oxygenation to biofabricated tissues during culture. In this proof of concept study of an oxygenated and perfused bioreactor, we characterized the oxygenation of water, cell culture medium, and human blood in the FABRICA as functions of augmenting vacuum (air inlet) pressure, perfusion (volumetric flow) rate, and tubing/oxygenator components. The mean oxygen levels for water and cell culture media were 27.7 ± 2.1% and 27.6 ± 4.1%, respectively. The mean oxygen level for human blood was 197.0 ± 90.0 mmHg, with near-physiologic levels achieved with low-permeability PharMed tubing alone (128.0 ± 14.0 mmHg). Hematologic values pre- and post-oxygenation, respectively were (median ± IQR): Red blood cell: 6.0 ± 0.5 (106/μL) and 6.5 ± 0.4 (106/μL); Hemoglobin: 17.5 ± 1.2 g/dL and 19.2 ± 3.0 g/dL; and Hematocrit: 56.7 ± 2.4% and 61.4 ± 7.5%. The relative stability of the hematologic parameters indicates that blood function and thus blood cell integrity were maintained throughout oxygenation. Already a versatile research tool, the now oxygenated FABRICA provides easy-to-implement, in vivo-like perfusion and stable oxygenation culture conditions in vitro semi-independently of one another, which means the bioreactor has the potential to serve as a platform for investigating the behavior of 3D tissue models (regardless of biofabrication method), performing drug toxicity-testing, and testing pharmaceutical efficacy/safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Chen
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Lashmet
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abdulkadir Isidan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jane L Sterner
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University of School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julia Walsh
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cutter Koehler
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lester Smith
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University of School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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12
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Sego TJ, Prideaux M, Sterner J, McCarthy BP, Li P, Bonewald LF, Ekser B, Tovar A, Jeshua Smith L. Computational fluid dynamic analysis of bioprinted self-supporting perfused tissue models. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:798-815. [PMID: 31788785 PMCID: PMC7015804 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural tissues are incorporated with vasculature, which is further integrated with a cardiovascular system responsible for driving perfusion of nutrient‐rich oxygenated blood through the vasculature to support cell metabolism within most cell‐dense tissues. Since scaffold‐free biofabricated tissues being developed into clinical implants, research models, and pharmaceutical testing platforms should similarly exhibit perfused tissue‐like structures, we generated a generalizable biofabrication method resulting in self‐supporting perfused (SSuPer) tissue constructs incorporated with perfusible microchannels and integrated with the modular FABRICA perfusion bioreactor. As proof of concept, we perfused an MLO‐A5 osteoblast‐based SSuPer tissue in the FABRICA. Although our resulting SSuPer tissue replicated vascularization and perfusion observed in situ, supported its own weight, and stained positively for mineral using Von Kossa staining, our in vitro results indicated that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) should be used to drive future construct design and flow application before further tissue biofabrication and perfusion. We built a CFD model of the SSuPer tissue integrated in the FABRICA and analyzed flow characteristics (net force, pressure distribution, shear stress, and oxygen distribution) through five SSuPer tissue microchannel patterns in two flow directions and at increasing flow rates. Important flow parameters include flow direction, fully developed flow, and tissue microchannel diameters matched and aligned with bioreactor flow channels. We observed that the SSuPer tissue platform is capable of providing direct perfusion to tissue constructs and proper culture conditions (oxygenation, with controllable shear and flow rates), indicating that our approach can be used to biofabricate tissue representing primary tissues and that we can model the system in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Sego
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jane Sterner
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brian Paul McCarthy
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andres Tovar
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lester Jeshua Smith
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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