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Zeh N, Schmidt M, Schulz P, Fischer S. The new frontier in CHO cell line development: From random to targeted transgene integration technologies. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 75:108402. [PMID: 38950872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Cell line development represents a crucial step in the development process of a therapeutic glycoprotein. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most frequently employed mammalian host cell system for the industrial manufacturing of biologics. The predominant application of CHO cells for heterologous recombinant protein expression lies in the relative simplicity of stably introducing ectopic DNA into the CHO host cell genome. Since CHO cells were first used as expression host for the industrial production of biologics in the late 1980s, stable genomic transgene integration has been achieved almost exclusively by random integration. Since then, random transgene integration had become the gold standard for generating stable CHO production cell lines due to a lack of viable alternatives. However, it was eventually demonstrated that this approach poses significant challenges on the cell line development process such as an increased risk of inducing cell line instability. In recent years, significant discoveries of new and highly potent (semi)-targeted transgene integration systems have paved the way for a technological revolution in the cell line development sector. These advanced methodologies comprise the application of transposase-, recombinase- or Cas9 nuclease-mediated site-specific genomic integration techniques, which enable a scarless transfer of the transgene expression cassette into transcriptionally active loci within the host cell genome. This review summarizes recent advancements in the field of transgene integration technologies for CHO cell line development and compare them to the established random integration approach. Moreover, advantages and limitations of (semi)-targeted integration techniques are discussed, and benefits and opportunities for the biopharmaceutical industry are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Zeh
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmidt
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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Cheng J, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Cao L, Liu X, Miao S, Zhao L, Ye Q, Zhou Y, Tan WS. Development of a novel tyrosine-based selection system for generation of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:221-229. [PMID: 38220502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Efficiently expanding Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which serve as the primary host cells for recombinant protein production, have gained increasing industrial significance. A significant hurdle in stable cell line development is the low efficiency of the target gene integrated into the host genome, implying the necessity for an effective screening and selection procedure to separate these stable cells. In this study, the genes of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and pterin 4 alpha carbinolamine dehydratase 1 (PCBD1), which are key enzymes in the tyrosine synthesis pathway, were utilized as selection markers and transduced into host cells together with the target genes. This research investigated the enrichment effect of this system and advanced further in understanding its benefits for cell line development and rCHO cell culture. A novel tyrosine-based selection system that only used PCBD1 as a selection marker was designed to promote the enrichment effect. Post 9 days of starvation, positive transductants in the cell pool approached 100%. Applied the novel tyrosine-based selection system, rCHO cells expressing E2 protein were generated and named CHO TS cells. It could continue to grow, and the yield of E2 achieved 95.95 mg/L in a tyrosine-free and chemically-defined (CD) medium. Herein, we introduced an alternative to antibiotic-based selections for the establishment of CHO cell lines and provided useful insights for the design and development of CD medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuping Liu
- Shanghai BioEngine Sci-Tech Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiwei Miao
- Hangzhou Sumgen Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Amiri S, Adibzadeh S, Ghanbari S, Rahmani B, Kheirandish MH, Farokhi-Fard A, Dastjerdeh MS, Davami F. CRISPR-interceded CHO cell line development approaches. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:865-902. [PMID: 36597180 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For industrial production of recombinant protein biopharmaceuticals, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells represent the most widely adopted host cell system, owing to their capacity to produce high-quality biologics with human-like posttranslational modifications. As opposed to random integration, targeted genome editing in genomic safe harbor sites has offered CHO cell line engineering a new perspective, ensuring production consistency in long-term culture and high biotherapeutic expression levels. Corresponding the remarkable advancements in knowledge of CRISPR-Cas systems, the use of CRISPR-Cas technology along with the donor design strategies has been pushed into increasing novel scenarios in cell line engineering, allowing scientists to modify mammalian genomes such as CHO cell line quickly, readily, and efficiently. Depending on the strategies and production requirements, the gene of interest can also be incorporated at single or multiple loci. This review will give a gist of all the most fundamental recent advancements in CHO cell line development, such as different cell line engineering approaches along with donor design strategies for targeted integration of the desired construct into genomic hot spots, which could ultimately lead to the fast-track product development process with consistent, improved product yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Amiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setare Adibzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Rahmani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Kheirandish
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Farokhi-Fard
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh S Dastjerdeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Davami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Ha TK, Òdena A, Karottki KJLC, Kim CL, Hefzi H, Lee GM, Faustrup Kildegaard H, Nielsen LK, Grav LM, Lewis NE. Enhancing CHO cell productivity through a dual selection system using Aspg and Gs in glutamine free medium. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1159-1166. [PMID: 36562657 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The dominant method for generating Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines that produce high titers of biotherapeutic proteins utilizes selectable markers such as dihydrofolate reductase (Dhfr) or glutamine synthetase (Gs), alongside inhibitory compounds like methotrexate or methionine sulfoximine, respectively. Recent work has shown the importance of asparaginase (Aspg) for growth in media lacking glutamine-the selection medium for Gs-based selection systems. We generated a Gs/Aspg double knockout CHO cell line and evaluated its utility as a novel dual selectable system via co-transfection of Gs-Enbrel and Aspg-Enbrel plasmids. Using the same selection conditions as the standard Gs system, the resulting cells from the Gs/Aspg dual selection showed substantially improved specific productivity and titer compared to the standard Gs selection method, however, with reduced growth rate and viability. Following adaptation in the selection medium, the cells improved viability and growth while still achieving ~5-fold higher specific productivity and ~3-fold higher titer than Gs selection alone. We anticipate that with further optimization of culture medium and selection conditions, this approach would serve as an effective addition to workflows for the industrial production of recombinant biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kwang Ha
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreu Òdena
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karen Julie la Cour Karottki
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Che Lin Kim
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hooman Hefzi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lise Marie Grav
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Yang W, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Li W, Wang T. Screening Strategies for High-Yield Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Clones. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:858478. [PMID: 35782513 PMCID: PMC9247297 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.858478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are by far the most commonly used mammalian expression system for recombinant expression of therapeutic proteins in the pharmaceutical industry. The development of high-yield stable cell lines requires processes of transfection, selection, screening and adaptation, among which the screening process requires tremendous time and determines the level of forming highly productive monoclonal cell lines. Therefore, how to achieve productive cell lines is a major question prior to industrial manufacturing. Cell line development (CLD) is one of the most critical steps in the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Generation of high-yield cell clones is mainly based on the time-consuming, laborious process of selection and screening. With the increase in recombinant therapeutic proteins expressed by CHO cells, CLD has become a major bottleneck in obtaining cell lines for manufacturing. The basic principles for CLD include preliminary screening for high-yield cell pool, single-cell isolation and improvement of productivity, clonality and stability. With the development of modern analysis and testing technologies, various screening methods have been used for CLD to enhance the selection efficiency of high-yield clonal cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview on preliminary screening methods for high-yield cell pool based on drug selective pressure. Moreover, we focus on high throughput methods for isolating high-yield cell clones and increasing the productivity and stability, as well as new screening strategies used for the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyun Wang, ; Junhe Zhang,
| | - Yunxi Xiao
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyun Wang, ; Junhe Zhang,
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Zhang Q, Jiang B, Nelson L, Huhn S, Du Z, Chasin LA. A multi‐auxotrophic CHO cell line for the rapid isolation of producers of diverse or high levels of recombinant proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1392-1404. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - Bo Jiang
- Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ USA
- Gilead Sciences, Inc
| | | | | | - Zhimei Du
- Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ USA
- Atara Biotherapeutics, Inc
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A proline metabolism selection system and its application to the engineering of lipid biosynthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 13:e00179. [PMID: 34386349 PMCID: PMC8346673 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the leading mammalian cell host employed to produce complex secreted recombinant biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Metabolic selection marker technologies (e.g. glutamine synthetase (GS) or dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)) are routinely employed to generate such recombinant mammalian cell lines. Here we describe the development of a selection marker system based on the metabolic requirement of CHO cells to produce proline, and that uses pyrroline-5-carboxylase synthetase (P5CS) to complement this auxotrophy. Firstly, we showed the system can be used to generate cells that have growth kinetics in proline-free medium similar to those of the parent CHO cell line, CHOK1SV GS-KO™ grown in proline-containing medium. As we have previously described how engineering lipid metabolism can be harnessed to enhance recombinant protein productivity in CHO cells, we then used the P5CS selection system to re-engineer lipid metabolism by over-expression of either sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBF1) or stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). The cells with re-engineered proline and lipid metabolism showed consistent growth and P5CS, SCD1 and SREBF1 expression across 100 cell generations. Finally, we show that the P5CS and GS selection systems can be used together. A GS vector containing the light and heavy chains for a mAb was super-transfected into a CHOK1SV GS-KO™ host over-expressing SCD1 from a P5CS vector. The resulting stable transfectant pools achieved a higher concentration at harvest for a model difficult to express mAb than the CHOK1SV GS-KO™ host. This demonstrates that the P5CS and GS selection systems can be used concomitantly to enable CHO cell line genetic engineering and recombinant protein expression. We have engineered a proline P5CS metabolism selection system in CHO cells P5CS proline selection was used to engineer lipid metabolism in CHO cells P5CS selection was stable for at least 100 generations P5CS and GS selection systems were used together to engineer lipid and mAb expression Lipid metabolism P5CS engineered CHO cells give enhanced recombinant protein expression
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Huhn SC, Ou Y, Tang X, Jiang B, Liu R, Lin H, Du Z. Improvement of the efficiency and quality in developing a new CHO host cell line. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3185. [PMID: 34142466 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are a ubiquitous tool for industrial therapeutic recombinant protein production. However, consistently generating high-producing clones remains a major challenge during the cell line development process. The glutamine synthetase (GS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) selection systems are commonly used CHO expression platforms based on controlling the balance of expression between the transgenic and endogenous GS or DHFR genes. Since the expression of the endogenous selection gene in CHO hosts can interfere with selection, generating a corresponding null CHO cell line is required to improve selection stringency, productivity, and stability. However, the efficiency of generating bi-allelic genetic knockouts using conventional protocols is very low (<5%). This significantly affects clone screening efficiency and reduces the chance of identifying robust knockout host cell lines. In this study, we use the GS expression system as an example to improve the genome editing process with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), resulting in improved GS-knockout efficiency of up to 46.8%. Furthermore, we demonstrate a process capable of enriching knockout CHO hosts with robust bioprocess traits. This integrated host development process yields a larger number of GS-knockout hosts with desired growth and recombinant protein expression characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Huhn
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yang Ou
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA.,MRL Postdoctoral Research Program, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bo Jiang
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ren Liu
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Henry Lin
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhimei Du
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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Arifin MA, Mel M, Swan SY, Samsudin N, Hashim YZHY, Salleh HM. Optimization of ultraviolet/ozone (UVO 3) process conditions for the preparation of gelatin coated polystyrene (PS) microcarriers. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:181-196. [PMID: 34010098 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1923031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop gelatin coated polystyrene (PS) microcarriers with good cell adhesion and proliferation properties. PS microspheres, prepared using oil-in water (o/w) solvent evaporation method, were loaded with oxygen containing functional groups using an ultraviolet/ozone (UVO3) system. Using water-soluble carbodiimide chemistry, gelatin was subsequently immobilized on UVO3 treated PS microspheres. The amount of immobilized gelatin was found to be directly proportional to the surface carboxyl (COOH) concentration on PS microspheres. Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCD) was employed to optimize the process conditions of UVO3 treatment to maximize the surface COOH concentration on PS microspheres for allowing higher gelatin immobilization. Statistical results revealed that, the optimized process conditions were ozone flow rate of ∼64,603 ppm, exposure time of ∼60 minutes and sample amount of 5.05 g. Under these conditions, the surface COOH concentration on PS microspheres was ∼1,505 nmol/g with the corresponding amount of immobilized gelatin was ∼2,725 µg/g. Characterization analyses strongly suggest that the optimized UVO3 treatment and successive gelatin immobilization have successfully improved surface wettability and dispersion stability of PS microspheres. Moreover, gelatin coated PS microcarriers were also proven as able to support the growth of CHO-K1 cells in high cell density culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Azmir Arifin
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Maizirwan Mel
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia Kulliyyah of Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sia Yiik Swan
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurhusna Samsudin
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yumi Zuhanis Has-Yun Hashim
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamzah Mohd Salleh
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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