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Pinnetta G, Adamini A, Severina F, Fagioli F, Zanini C, Ferrero I. Evaluating Ecological Impact and Sustainability in the Manufacturing of Advanced Therapies: Comparative Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Production of ATMPs in Open and Closed Systems. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1047. [PMID: 37760149 PMCID: PMC10525939 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this systematic analysis is to highlight opportunities to improve the environmental impact of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) manufacturing. We have compared the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions expressed in CO2eq of a classic clean room open system (AinB) Cell Factory versus a comparable closed system equipped with isolators (AinD). We have therefore outlined a theoretical situation to simulate the use of a closed system with an equivalent production output to that obtained in the Cell Factory (CF) of the Regina Margherita Children's Hospital. Open and closed systems for ATMPs have been compared as regards energy requirements, ecological footprints, and costs by analyzing a hypothetic cell production cycle of 21 days. The results demonstrate energy saving and a reduction of 52% in GHG emissions using closed systems per process cycle. Moreover, a reduction in production costs in an isolator setting is also evident. This study shows that the closed system solution has evident advantages compared with the open one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pinnetta
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Aloe Adamini
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.); (F.F.)
| | - Franco Severina
- BIOAIR S.p.A. Scientific Department & Training Centre, Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (C.Z.)
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.); (F.F.)
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Zanini
- BIOAIR S.p.A. Scientific Department & Training Centre, Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy (C.Z.)
| | - Ivana Ferrero
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.); (F.F.)
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Kropp M, Harmening N, Bascuas T, Johnen S, De Clerck E, Fernández V, Ronchetti M, Cadossi R, Zanini C, Scherman D, Ivics Z, Marie C, Izsvák Z, Thumann G. GMP-Grade Manufacturing and Quality Control of a Non-Virally Engineered Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product for Personalized Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2777. [PMID: 36359296 PMCID: PMC9687277 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of new therapeutics requires validation of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-grade manufacturing including suitable quality controls. This is challenging for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) with personalized batches. We have developed a person-alized, cell-based gene therapy to treat age-related macular degeneration and established a vali-dation strategy of the GMP-grade manufacture for the ATMP; manufacturing and quality control were challenging due to a low cell number, batch-to-batch variability and short production duration. Instead of patient iris pigment epithelial cells, human donor tissue was used to produce the transfected cell product ("tIPE"). We implemented an extended validation of 104 tIPE productions. Procedure, operators and devices have been validated and qualified by determining cell number, viability, extracellular DNA, sterility, duration, temperature and volume. Transfected autologous cells were transplanted to rabbits verifying feasibility of the treatment. A container has been engineered to ensure a safe transport from the production to the surgery site. Criteria for successful validation and qualification were based on tIPE's Critical Quality Attributes and Process Parameters, its manufacture and release criteria. The validated process and qualified operators are essential to bring the ATMP into clinic and offer a general strategy for the transfer to other manufacture centers and personalized ATMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kropp
- Group of Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nina Harmening
- Group of Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thais Bascuas
- Group of Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Johnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eline De Clerck
- Group of Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Scherman
- CNRS, Inserm, UTCBS, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Corinne Marie
- CNRS, Inserm, UTCBS, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Thumann
- Group of Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Quality by design to define critical process parameters for mesenchymal stem cell expansion. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107765. [PMID: 33961977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapeutic products could be the key to treat the deadliest current pathologies, ranging from neuro-degenerative to respiratory diseases. However, in order to bring these innovative therapeutics to a commercialization stage, reproducible manufacturing of high quality cell products is required. Although advances in cell culture techniques have led to more robust production processes and dramatically accelerated the development of early-phase clinical studies, challenges remain before regulatory approval, particularly to define and implement science-based quality standards (essential pre-requisites for national health agencies). In this regard, using new methodologies, such as Quality By Design (QBD), to build the production process around drug quality, could significantly reduce the chance of product rejection. This review-based work aims to perform a QBD approach to Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) manufacturing in standard two-dimensional flasks, using published studies which have determined the impact of individual process parameters on defined Critical Quality Attributes (CQA). Along with this bibliographic analysis, parameter criticality was determined during the two main manufacturing stages (cell extraction and cell amplification) along with an overall classification in view of identifying the Critical Process Parameters (CPP). The analysis was performed in view of an improved standardization between research teams, and should contribute to reduce the gap towards compliant Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) manufacturing.
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