1
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Liu Y, Wang D, Li J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Qiu C, Sun Y, Pan C. Research progress on the functions and biosynthesis of theaflavins. Food Chem 2024; 450:139285. [PMID: 38631203 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Theaflavins are beneficial to human health due to various bioactivities. Biosynthesis of theaflavins using polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is advantageous due to cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness. In this review, studies on the mechanism of theaflavins formation, the procedures to screen and prepare PPOs, optimization of reaction systems and immobilization of PPOs were described. The challenges associated with the mass biosynthesis of theaflavins, such as poor enzyme activity, undesirable subproducts and inclusion bodies of recombinant PPOs were presented. Further strategies to solve these challenges and improve theaflavins production, including enzyme engineering, immobilization enzyme technology, water-immiscible solvent-water biphasic systems and recombinant enzyme technology, were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering (Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering (Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering (Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering (Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yali Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering (Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chenxi Qiu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering (Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yujiao Sun
- College of Food and Biological Engineering (Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chunmei Pan
- College of Food and Biological Engineering (Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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2
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Mohammadi MA, Alizadeh AM, Mousavi M, Hashempour-Baltork F, Kooki S, Shadan MR, Hosseini SM, McClements DJ. Advances and applications of crosslinked electrospun biomacromolecular nanofibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132743. [PMID: 38821308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a technology for fabricating ultrafine fibers from natural or synthetic polymers that have novel or enhanced functional properties. These fibers have found applications in a diverse range of fields, including the food, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and chemical industries. However, the tendency for electrospun nanofibers to dissociate when exposed to certain environmental conditions limits many of their practical applications. The structural integrity and functional attributes of these nanofibers can be improved using physical and/or chemical crosslinking methods. This review article discusses the formation of polymeric nanofibers using electrospinning and then describes how different crosslinking methods can be used to enhance their mechanical, thermal, and biological attributes. Methods for optimizing the crosslinking reactions are discussed, including proper selection of crosslinker type and reaction conditions. Then, food, medical, and separation applications of crosslinked electrospun fibers are assessed, including in bone and skin tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, air filtration, water filtration, oil removal, food packaging, food preservation, and bioactive delivery. Finally, areas where future research are needed are highlighted, as well as possible future applications of crosslinked nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Aman Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Malihe Mousavi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Safa Kooki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shadan
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Seyede Marzieh Hosseini
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Nutritional, and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Califano D, Schoevaart R, Barnard KE, Callaghan C, Mattia D, Edler KJ. Diaminated Cellulose Beads as a Sustainable Support for Industrially Relevant Lipases. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:7703-7712. [PMID: 38783841 PMCID: PMC11110057 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent polystyrene or polyacrylic beads are used as supports in enzyme large-scale bioprocesses, including conversion glucose isomerization for high-fructose corn syrup production, hydrolysis of lactose, and synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In this paper, we report the development of a novel sustainable and scalable method to produce diaminated cellulose beads (DAB) as highly efficient alternative supports for industrially relevant lipases. Regenerated cellulose beads were grafted with diaminated aliphatic hydrocarbons via periodate oxidation and reductive amination. The oxidation step indicated that aldehyde content can be easily tuned through the reaction time and concentration of reactants. Reductive amination of dialdehyde cellulose was more efficient as the length of the diaminated hydrocarbon compound increased. Morphological analysis of DAB showed that cellulose chemical grafting enabled the preservation of the bead shape and internal structure upon freeze-drying. Enzymatic degradability studies demonstrated that chemical functionalization did not undermine enzyme cellulose hydrolysis. The addition of aminated moieties on cellulose dramatically increased absorption efficiency for all industrially relevant lipases used, reaching 100% for Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL). Storage and recyclability experiments demonstrated that enzymes were retained and recyclable for at least nine cycles, although the activity gradually declined after each cycle. Medium chain triacylglycerol hydrolysis in a SpinChem reactor using TLL immobilized on 1,6 DAB exhibited higher activity compared to acrylic beads (588 vs 459 U/g) suggesting that biodegradable cellulose-based materials could be a valid and attractive alternative to plastics carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob Schoevaart
- ChiralVision, 44 Hoog-Harnasch, 2635 DL Den Hoorn, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ciarán Callaghan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, U.K.
| | - Davide Mattia
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, U.K.
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, U.K.
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4
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Xu L, Qi Q, Liu H, Li Q, Geng X, Liu X, Chen S, Wang X, Suo H. Tailoring the interfacial microenvironment of magnetic metal-organic frameworks using amino-acid-based ionic liquids for lipase immobilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131500. [PMID: 38614179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Modifying the carrier interface is a promising method to improve the microenvironment of immobilized enzymes and enhance their activity and stability. In this work, using proline as amino acid, magnetic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were modified with an amino-acid-based ionic liquid (AAIL) with two hydroxyl groups followed by adsorption of porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). The activity recovery of the prepared immobilized lipase (MMOF-AAIL/PPL) was up to 162 % higher than that of MMOF-PPL (70.8 %). The Michaelis constant of MMOF-AAIL/PPL was 0.0742 mM lower than that of MMOF-PPL, but the catalytic efficiency was 0.0223 min-1 which was higher than MMOF-PPL. Furthermore, MMOF-AAIL/PPL maintained 85.6 % residual activity after stored for 40 days and its residual activity was 71.9 % while that for MMOF-PPL was 58.8 % after incubated in 6 M urea for 2 h. Particularly, after ten consecutive cycles, the residual activity of MMOF-AAIL/PPL still reached 84.4 %. In addition, the magnetic properties of the support facilitate the separation process which improves the utilization efficiency of immobilized enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Huanruo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Xinyue Geng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Xiangnan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Shu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Xuekun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
| | - Hongbo Suo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
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5
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Serbent MP, Magario I, Saux C. Immobilizing white-rot fungi laccase: Toward bio-derived supports as a circular economy approach in organochlorine removal. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:434-455. [PMID: 37990982 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite their high persistence in the environment, organochlorines (OC) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, in plastics, and in the manufacture of pesticides, among other applications. These compounds and the byproducts of their decomposition deserve attention and efficient proposals for their treatment. Among sustainable alternatives, the use of ligninolytic enzymes (LEs) from fungi stands out, as these molecules can catalyze the transformation of a wide range of pollutants. Among LEs, laccases (Lac) are known for their efficiency as biocatalysts in the conversion of organic pollutants. Their application in biotechnological processes is possible, but the enzymes are often unstable and difficult to recover after use, driving up costs. Immobilization of enzymes on a matrix (support or solid carrier) allows recovery and stabilization of this catalytic capacity. Agricultural residual biomass is a passive environmental asset. Although underestimated and still treated as an undesirable component, residual biomass can be used as a low-cost adsorbent and as a support for the immobilization of enzymes. In this review, the adsorption capacity and immobilization of fungal Lac on supports made from residual biomass, including compounds such as biochar, for the removal of OC compounds are analyzed and compared with the use of synthetic supports. A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the reported results was made. In this context, the use of peanut shells is highlighted in view of the increasing peanut production worldwide. The linkage of methods with circular economy approaches that can be applied in practice is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilar Serbent
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química (CITeQ), Facultad Regional Córdoba, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCAMB), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Ivana Magario
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Clara Saux
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química (CITeQ), Facultad Regional Córdoba, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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6
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Bilal M, Qamar SA, Carballares D, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Proteases immobilized on nanomaterials for biocatalytic, environmental and biomedical applications: Advantages and drawbacks. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108304. [PMID: 38135131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteases have gained significant scientific and industrial interest due to their unique biocatalytic characteristics and broad-spectrum applications in different industries. The development of robust nanobiocatalytic systems by attaching proteases onto various nanostructured materials as fascinating and novel nanocarriers has demonstrated exceptional biocatalytic performance, substantial stability, and ease of recyclability over multiple reaction cycles under different chemical and physical conditions. Proteases immobilized on nanocarriers may be much more resistant to denaturation caused by extreme temperatures or pH values, detergents, organic solvents, and other protein denaturants than free enzymes. Immobilized proteases may present a lower inhibition. The use of non-porous materials in the immobilization prevents diffusion and steric hindrances during the binding of the substrate to the active sites of enzymes compared to immobilization onto porous materials; when using very large or solid substrates, orientation of the enzyme must always be adequate. The advantages and problems of the immobilization of proteases on nanoparticles are discussed in this review. The continuous and batch reactor operations of nanocarrier-immobilized proteases have been successfully investigated for a variety of applications in the leather, detergent, biomedical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Information about immobilized proteases on various nanocarriers and nanomaterials has been systematically compiled here. Furthermore, different industrial applications of immobilized proteases have also been highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; Advanced Materials Center, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- Department of Environmental, Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Diego Carballares
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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7
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Christ HA, Daniel NP, Solarczek J, Fresenborg LS, Schallmey A, Menzel H. Application of electrospun chitosan-based nanofibers as immobilization matrix for biomolecules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7071-7087. [PMID: 37755509 PMCID: PMC10638201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiber meshes from electrospun chitosan, highly modified with biotin and arylazides, are well-suited for application as enzyme immobilization matrices. To test this, catalytically active biomolecules were immobilized onto photocrosslinked nanofibrous nonwovens consisting mainly of biotinylated fungal chitosan and a small amount (10 w%) of poly ethylene oxide. In this study, we show that over 10 μg eugenol oxidase per milligram dry polymer matrix can be loaded on UV-crosslinked chitosan nanofibers. We further demonstrate that bound enzyme activity can be fully retained for over 7 days of storage at ambient conditions in aqueous buffer. Samples loaded at maximum enzyme carrying capacity were tested in a custom-made plug-flow reactor system with online UV-VIS spectroscopy for activity determination. High wettability and durability of the hydrophilic chitosan support matrix enabled continuous oxidation of model substrate vanillyl alcohol into vanillin with constant turnover at flow rates of up to 0.24 L/h for over 6 h. This proves the above hypothesis and enables further application of the fibers as stacked microfluidic membranes, biosensors, or structural starting points for affinity crosslinked enzyme gels. KEY POINTS: • Biotinylated chitosan-based nanofibers retain enzymes via mild affinity interactions • Immobilized eugenol oxidase shows high activity and resists continuous washing • Nanofiber matrix material tolerated high flow rates in a continuous-flow setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik-Alexander Christ
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nils Peter Daniel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Solarczek
- Institute for Biochemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leonard Sebastian Fresenborg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anett Schallmey
- Institute for Biochemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henning Menzel
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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8
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Xu C, Tong S, Sun L, Gu X. Cellulase immobilization to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: An all-inclusive review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121319. [PMID: 37739542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery plays a crucial role in the production of high-value biofuels and chemicals, with enzymatic hydrolysis being an essential component. The advent of cellulase immobilization has revolutionized this process, significantly enhancing the efficiency, stability, and reusability of cellulase enzymes. This review offers a thorough analysis of the fundamental principles underlying immobilization, encompassing various immobilization approaches such as physical adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking. Furthermore, it explores a diverse range of carrier materials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid/composite materials. The review also focuses on emerging approaches like multi-enzyme co-immobilization, oriented immobilization, immobilized enzyme microreactors, and enzyme engineering for immobilization. Additionally, it delves into novel carrier technologies like 3D printing carriers, stimuli-responsive carriers, artificial cellulosomes, and biomimetic carriers. Moreover, the review addresses recent obstacles in cellulase immobilization, including molecular-level immobilization mechanism, diffusion limitations, loss of cellulase activity, cellulase leaching, and considerations of cost-effectiveness and scalability. The knowledge derived from this review is anticipated to catalyze the evolution of more efficient and sustainable biocatalytic systems for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, representing the current state-of-the-art in cellulase immobilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Tong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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9
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Henych J, Ryšánek P, Št’astný M, Němečková Z, Adamec S, Kormunda M, Kamínková S, Hamalová K, Tolasz J, Janoš P. Electrospun PA6 Nanofibers Bearing the CeO 2 Dephosphorylation Catalyst. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26610-26618. [PMID: 37521625 PMCID: PMC10373190 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Two types of CeO2 nanoparticles (CeNPs) prepared by low-temperature (<100 °C) precipitation methods in water were successfully immobilized in a matrix of electrospun PA6 nanofibers. The colloidal solutions of CeNPs in AcOH were directly mixed with the polymer solution before the needle electrospinning process, thereby achieving their good dispersion in the nanofibers. CeNPs embedded in the structure and on the surface of nanofibers exposing their reactive surfaces showed robust dephosphorylation catalytic activity, as demonstrated by monitoring the hydrolytic cleavage of three phosphodiester molecules (p-NP-TMP, p-NPPC, BNPP) in water by the HPLC method. This procedure allowed us to study the kinetics and mechanism of the hydrolytic cleavage and the ability of immobilized CeNPs to cleave different types of P-O bonds. One of the main hydrolysis products, p-nitrophenol, was effectively adsorbed on PA6 nanofibers, which may allow the selective separation of the degradation products after hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Henych
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czechia
- Faculty
of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czechia
| | - Petr Ryšánek
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czechia
| | - Martin Št’astný
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Němečková
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czechia
| | - Slavomír Adamec
- Faculty
of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czechia
| | - Martin Kormunda
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czechia
| | - Simona Kamínková
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Hamalová
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czechia
| | - Jakub Tolasz
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež 250 68, Czechia
| | - Pavel Janoš
- Faculty
of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czechia
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10
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Korsa G, Konwarh R, Masi C, Ayele A, Haile S. Microbial cellulase production and its potential application for textile industries. ANN MICROBIOL 2023; 73:13. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-023-01715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The textile industry’s previous chemical use resulted in thousands of practical particulate emissions, such as machine component damage and drainage system blockage, both of which have practical implications. Enzyme-based textile processing is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, non-hazardous, and water-saving. The purpose of this review is to give evidence on the potential activity of microbial cellulase in the textile industry, which is mostly confined to the realm of research.
Methods
This review was progressive by considering peer-reviewed papers linked to microbial cellulase production, and its prospective application for textile industries was appraised and produced to develop this assessment. Articles were divided into two categories based on the results of trustworthy educational journals: methods used to produce the diversity of microorganisms through fermentation processes and such approaches used to produce the diversity of microbes through microbial fermentation. Submerged fermentation (SMF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) techniques are currently being used to meet industrial demand for microbial cellulase production in the bio textile industry.
Results
Microbial cellulase is vital for increasing day to day due to its no side effect on the environment and human health becoming increasingly important. In conventional textile processing, the gray cloth was subjected to a series of chemical treatments that involved breaking the dye molecule’s amino group with Cl − , which started and accelerated dye(-resistant) bond cracking. A cellulase enzyme is primarily derived from a variety of microbial species found in various ecological settings as a biotextile/bio-based product technology for future needs in industrial applications.
Conclusion
Cellulase has been produced for its advantages in cellulose-based textiles, as well as for quality enhancement and fabric maintenance over traditional approaches. Cellulase’s role in the industry was microbial fermentation processes in textile processing which was chosen as an appropriate and environmentally sound solution for a long and healthy lifestyle.
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Balogh-Weiser D, Molnár A, Tóth GD, Koplányi G, Szemes J, Decsi B, Katona G, Salamah M, Ender F, Kovács A, Berkó S, Budai-Szűcs M, Balogh GT. Combined Nanofibrous Face Mask: Co-Formulation of Lipases and Antibiotic Agent by Electrospinning Technique. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041174. [PMID: 37111659 PMCID: PMC10143802 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of enzyme-based therapies has received significant attention in modern drug development. Lipases are one of the most versatile enzymes that can be used as therapeutic agents in basic skin care and medical treatment related to excessive sebum production, acne, and inflammation. The traditional formulations available for skin treatment, such as creams, ointments or gels, are widely applied; however, their use is not always accompanied by good drug penetration properties, stability, or patient adherence. Nanoformulated drugs offer the possibility of combining enzymatic and small molecule formulations, making them a new and exciting alternative in this field. In this study polymeric nanofibrous matrices made of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polylactic acid were developed, entrapping lipases from Candida rugosa and Rizomucor miehei and antibiotic compound nadifloxacin. The effect of the type of polymers and lipases were investigated, and the nanofiber formation process was optimized to provide a promising alternative in topical treatment. Our experiments have shown that entrapment by electrospinning induced two orders of magnitude increase in the specific enzyme activity of lipases. Permeability investigations indicated that all lipase-loaded nanofibrous masks were capable of delivering nadifloxacin to the human epidermis, confirming the viability of electrospinning as a formulation method for topical skin medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diána Balogh-Weiser
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Molnár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő D Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Koplányi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Szemes
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Decsi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Katona
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maryana Salamah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Istitute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Ender
- Department of Electron Devices, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- SpinSplit LLC, Vend u. 17, H-1025 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - György T Balogh
- Istitute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Graphene in Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes—Current State and Progress. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One important application of polymer/graphene nanocomposites is in membrane technology. In this context, promising polymer/graphene nanocomposites have been developed and applied in the production of high-performance membranes. This review basically highlights the designs, properties, and use of polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes in the field of gas separation and purification. Various polymer matrices (polysulfone, poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyimide, etc.), have been reinforced with graphene to develop nanocomposite membranes. Various facile strategies, such as solution casting, phase separation, infiltration, self-assembly, etc., have been employed in the design of gas separation polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes. The inclusion of graphene in polymeric membranes affects their morphology, physical properties, gas permeability, selectivity, and separation processes. Furthermore, the final membrane properties are affected by the nanofiller content, modification, dispersion, and processing conditions. Moreover, the development of polymer/graphene nanofibrous membranes has introduced novelty in the field of gas separation membranes. These high-performance membranes have the potential to overcome challenges arising from gas separation conditions. Hence, this overview provides up-to-date coverage of advances in polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes, especially for gas separation applications. The separation processes of polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes (in parting gases) are dependent upon variations in the structural design and processing techniques used. Current challenges and future opportunities related to polymer/graphene nanocomposite membranes are also discussed.
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13
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Wang K, Zhao L, Li T, Wang Q, Ding Z, Dong W. Selective Immobilization of His-Tagged Enzyme on Ni-Chelated Ion Exchange Resin and Its Application in Protein Purification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043864. [PMID: 36835274 PMCID: PMC9960010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion exchange resins are suitable as carriers for immobilized enzymes because of their stable physicochemical properties, appropriate particle size and pore structure, and lower loss in continuous operation. In this paper, we report the application of the Ni-chelated ion exchange resin in the immobilization of His-tagged enzyme and protein purification. Acrylic weak acid cation exchange resin (D113H) was selected from four cationic macroporous resins that could chelate the transition metal ion Ni. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ni was ~198 mg/g. Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) can be successfully immobilized on Ni-chelated D113H from crude enzyme solution through chelation of transition metal ions with the His-tag on the enzyme. The maximum amount of immobilized PMI on the resin was ~143 mg/g. Notably, the immobilized enzyme showed excellent reusability and maintained 92% of its initial activity with 10 cycles of catalytic reaction. In addition, PMI was successfully purified using an affinity chromatography column prepared by Ni-chelated D113H, which showed the potential for the immobilization and purification process to be realized in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (W.D.)
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (W.D.)
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14
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Co-Immobilization of D-Amino Acid Oxidase, Catalase, and Transketolase for One-Pot, Two-Step Synthesis of L-Erythrulose. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present an immobilized enzyme cascade in a basket-type reactor allowing a one-pot, two-step enzymatic synthesis of L-erythrulose from D-serine and glycolaldehyde. Three enzymes, D-amino acid oxidase from Rhodotorula gracilis (DAAORg), catalase from bovine liver (CAT), and transketolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (TKgst) were covalently immobilized on silica monolithic pellets, characterized by an open structure of interconnected macropores and a specific surface area of up to 300 m2/g. Three strategies were considered: (i) separate immobilization of enzymes on silica supports ([DAAO][CAT][TK]), (ii) co-immobilization of two of the three enzymes followed by the third ([DAAO+CAT][TK]), and (iii) co-immobilization of all three enzymes ([DAAO+CAT+TK]). The highest L-erythrulose concentrations were observed for the co-immobilization protocols (ii) and (iii) (30.7 mM and 29.1 mM, respectively). The reusability study showed that the best combination was [DAAO + CAT][TK], which led to the same level of L-erythrulose formation after two reuse cycles. The described process paves the way for the effective synthesis of a wide range of α-hydroxyketones from D-serine and suitable aldehydes.
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15
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Immobilization of lipase on spent coffee grounds by physical and covalent methods: a comparison study. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Enzyme immobilization: Implementation of nanoparticles and an insight into polystyrene as the contemporary immobilization matrix. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Electrospinning of Natural Biopolymers for Innovative Food Applications: A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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18
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Morellon-Sterling R, Bolivar JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Switch off/switch on of a cysteinyl protease as a way to preserve the active catalytic group by modification with a reversible covalent thiol modifier: Immobilization of ficin on vinyl-sulfone activated supports. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1155-1162. [PMID: 36037909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of ficin (a cysteinyl proteases) on vinyl sulfone agarose produced its almost full inactivation. It was observed that the incubation of the free and immobilized enzyme in β-mercaptoethanol produced a 20 % of enzyme activity recovery, suggesting that the inactivation due to the immobilization could be a consequence of the modification of the catalytic Cys. To prevent the enzyme inactivation during the immobilization, switching off of ficin via Cys reaction with dipyridyl-disulfide was implemented, giving a reversible disulfide bond that produced a fully inactive enzyme. The switch on of ficin activity was implemented by incubation in 1 M β-mercaptoethanol. Using this strategy to immobilize the enzyme on vinyl sulfone agarose beads, the expressed activity of the immobilized ficin could be boosted up to 80 %. The immobilized enzyme presented a thermal stabilization similar to that obtained using ficin-glyoxyl-agarose beads. This procedure may be extended to many enzymes containing critical Cys, to permit their immobilization or chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Medina-Castillo AL, Ruzic L, Nidetzky B, Bolivar JM. Hydrophilic Nonwoven Nanofiber Membranes as Nanostructured Supports for Enzyme Immobilization. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:6054-6066. [PMID: 35991305 PMCID: PMC9379912 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The high porosity, interconnected pore structure, and high surface area-to-volume ratio make the hydrophilic nonwoven nanofiber membranes (NV-NF-Ms) promising nanostructured supports for enzyme immobilization in different biotechnological applications. In this work, NV-NF-Ms with excellent mechanical and chemical properties were designed and fabricated by electrospinning in one step without using additives or complicated crosslinking processes after electrospinning. To do so, two types of ultrahigh-molecular-weight linear copolymers with very different mechanical properties were used. Methyl methacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (p(MMA)-co-p(HEMA)) and methyl acrylate-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate (p(MA)-co-p(HEA)) were designed and synthesized by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (reverse-ATRP) and copper-mediated living radical polymerization (Cu0-MC-LRP), respectively. The copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and by triple detection gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The polarity, topology, and molecular weight of the copolymers were perfectly adjusted. The polymeric blend formed by (MMA)1002-co-(HEMA)1002 (M w = 230,855 ± 7418 Da; M n = 115,748 ± 35,567 Da; PDI = 2.00) and (MA)11709-co-(HEA)7806 (M w = 1.972 × 106 ± 33,729 Da; M n = 1.395 × 106 ± 35,019 Da; PDI = 1.41) was used to manufacture (without additives or chemical crosslinking processes) hydroxylated nonwoven nanofiber membranes (NV-NF-Ms-OH; 300 nm in fiber diameter) with excellent mechanical and chemical properties. The morphology of NV-NF-Ms-OH was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The suitability for enzyme binding was proven by designing a palette of different surface functionalization to enable both reversible and irreversible enzyme immobilization. NV-NF-Ms-OH were successfully functionalized with vinyl sulfone (281 ± 20 μmol/g), carboxyl (560 ± 50 μmol/g), and amine groups (281 ± 20 μmol/g) and applied for the immobilization of two enzymes of biotechnological interest. Galactose oxidase was immobilized on vinyl sulfone-activated materials and carboxyl-activated materials, while laccase was immobilized onto amine-activated materials. These preliminary results are a promising basis for the application of nonwoven membranes in enzyme technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L. Medina-Castillo
- Nanomateriales
y Polimeros S.L. (NanoMyP®), Spin-Off Company of the University
of Granada, BIC Building,
Avd. Innovacion 1, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucija Ruzic
- Nanomateriales
y Polimeros S.L. (NanoMyP®), Spin-Off Company of the University
of Granada, BIC Building,
Avd. Innovacion 1, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- FQPIMA
Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical
Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- FQPIMA
Group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical
Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Liao Q, Liu W, Meng Z. Strategies for overcoming the limitations of enzymatic carbon dioxide reduction. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108024. [PMID: 35907470 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The overexploitation of fossil fuels has led to a significant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, thereby causing problems, such as the greenhouse effect. Rapid global climate change has caused researchers to focus on utilizing CO2 in a green and efficient manner. One of the ways to achieve this is by converting CO2 into valuable chemicals via chemical, photochemical, electrochemical, or enzymatic methods. Among these, the enzymatic method is advantageous because of its high specificity and selectivity as well as the mild reaction conditions required. The reduction of CO2 to formate, formaldehyde, and methanol using formate dehydrogenase (FDH), formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FaldDH), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) are attractive routes, respectively. In this review, strategies for overcoming the common limitations of enzymatic CO2 reduction are discussed. First, we present a brief background on the importance of minimizing of CO2 emissions and introduce the three bottlenecks limiting enzymatic CO2 reduction. Thereafter, we explore the different strategies for enzyme immobilization on various support materials. To solve the problem of cofactor consumption, different state-of-the-art cofactor regeneration strategies as well as research on the development of cofactor substitutes and cofactor-free systems are extensively discussed. Moreover, aiming at improving CO2 solubility, biological, physical, and engineering measures are reviewed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyong Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Liangxiang Higher Education Park, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Liangxiang Higher Education Park, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, PR China.
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Liangxiang Higher Education Park, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, PR China
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