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Tamo AK. Nanocellulose-based hydrogels as versatile materials with interesting functional properties for tissue engineering applications. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38805188 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has emerged as a remarkable field aiming to restore or replace damaged tissues through the use of biomimetic constructs. Among the diverse materials investigated for this purpose, nanocellulose-based hydrogels have garnered attention due to their intriguing biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and sustainability. Over the past few years, numerous research works have been published focusing on the successful use of nanocellulose-based hydrogels as artificial extracellular matrices for regenerating various types of tissues. The review emphasizes the importance of tissue engineering, highlighting hydrogels as biomimetic scaffolds, and specifically focuses on the role of nanocellulose in composites that mimic the structures, properties, and functions of the native extracellular matrix for regenerating damaged tissues. It also summarizes the types of nanocellulose, as well as their structural, mechanical, and biological properties, and their contributions to enhancing the properties and characteristics of functional hydrogels for tissue engineering of skin, bone, cartilage, heart, nerves and blood vessels. Additionally, recent advancements in the application of nanocellulose-based hydrogels for tissue engineering have been evaluated and documented. The review also addresses the challenges encountered in their fabrication while exploring the potential future prospects of these hydrogel matrices for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France
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2
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Rathna RP, Kulandhaivel M. Advancements in wound healing: integrating biomolecules, drug delivery carriers, and targeted therapeutics for enhanced tissue repair. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:199. [PMID: 38563993 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing, a critical biological process vital for tissue restoration, has spurred a global market exceeding $15 billion for wound care products and $12 billion for scar treatment. Chronic wounds lead to delayed or impaired wound healing. Natural bioactive compounds, prized for minimal side effects, stand out as promising candidates for effective wound healing. In response, researchers are turning to nanotechnology, employing the encapsulation of these agents into drug delivery carriers. Drug delivery system will play a crucial role in enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to promote tissue regeneration and address underlying issues such as inflammation, infection, and impaired angiogenesis in chronic wound healing. Drug delivery carriers offer distinct advantages, exhibiting a substantial ratio of surface area to volume and altered physical and chemical properties. These carriers facilitate sustained and controlled release, proving particularly advantageous for the extended process of wound healing, that typically comprise a diverse range of components, integrating both natural and synthetic polymers. Additionally, they often incorporate bioactive molecules. Despite their properties, including poor solubility, rapid degradation, and limited bioavailability, various natural bioactive agents face challenges in clinical applications. With a global research, emphasis on harnessing nanomaterial for wound healing application, this research overview engages advancing drug delivery technologies to augment the effectiveness of tissue regeneration using bioactive molecules. Recent progress in drug delivery has poised to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of natural compounds in wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Preethi Rathna
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641021, India
| | - M Kulandhaivel
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641021, India.
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Chen C, Li Z, Xu C, Kang M, Lee CS, Aghaloo T, Lee M. Self-Assembled Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Carriers for Demineralized Bone Matrix Particles and Enhanced Bone Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303592. [PMID: 38275216 PMCID: PMC11023793 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) has been widely used as an allogeneic alternative to autologous bone graft for bone repair. However, more extensive use of DBM is limited due to its particulate nature after demineralization and rapid particle dispersion following irrigation, resulting in unpredictable osteoinductivity. Here, a new design of injectable hydrogel carriers for DBM that combine self-healing ability and osteogenic properties based on the self-assembly of guanidinylated hyaluronic acid and silica-rich nanoclays is reported. The nanoclays serve as reversible linkages to form a dynamic hydrogel network with the guanidine moieties on the polymer chains. Gelation kinetics and mechanical properties can be controlled by altering nanoclay content in the hydrogel. The resulting hydrogel exerts self-healing ability due to its dynamic crosslinks and well retains its overall performance with high DBM loading. The hydrogel exhibits great cytocompatibility and osteogenic effects mediated by the nanoclays. In vivo delivery of DBM using the nanocomposite hydrogel further demonstrates robust bone regeneration in a mouse calvarial defect model in comparison to DBM delivered with aqueous HA. This work suggests a promising hydrogel platform for many applications including therapeutic delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhi Li
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Changlu Xu
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Minjee Kang
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chung-Sung Lee
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Tara Aghaloo
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Angolkar M, Paramshetti S, Gahtani RM, Al Shahrani M, Hani U, Talath S, Osmani RAM, Spandana A, Gangadharappa HV, Gundawar R. Pioneering a paradigm shift in tissue engineering and regeneration with polysaccharides and proteins-based scaffolds: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130643. [PMID: 38467225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of modern medicine, tissue engineering and regeneration stands as a beacon of hope, offering the promise of restoring form and function to damaged or diseased organs and tissues. Central to this revolutionary field are biological macromolecules-nature's own blueprints for regeneration. The growing interest in bio-derived macromolecules and their composites is driven by their environmentally friendly qualities, renewable nature, minimal carbon footprint, and widespread availability in our ecosystem. Capitalizing on these unique attributes, specific composites can be tailored and enhanced for potential utilization in the realm of tissue engineering (TE). This review predominantly concentrates on the present research trends involving TE scaffolds constructed from polysaccharides, proteins and glycosaminoglycans. It provides an overview of the prerequisites, production methods, and TE applications associated with a range of biological macromolecules. Furthermore, it tackles the challenges and opportunities arising from the adoption of these biomaterials in the field of TE. This review also presents a novel perspective on the development of functional biomaterials with broad applicability across various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Angolkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanya Paramshetti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mesfer Al Shahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sirajunisa Talath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Asha Spandana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Ravi Gundawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Rana AK, Gupta VK, Hart P, Thakur VK. Cellulose-alginate hydrogels and their nanocomposites for water remediation and biomedical applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117889. [PMID: 38086501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, both cellulose and alginate polysaccharides have been extensively utilized for the synthesis of biocompatible hydrogels because of their alluring characteristics like low cost, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, ease of availability and non-toxicity. The presence of abundant hydrophilic functional groups (like carboxyl and hydroxyl) on the surface of cellulose and alginate or their derivatives makes these materials promising candidates for the preparation of hydrogels with appealing structures and characteristics, leading to growing research in water treatment and biomedical fields. These two polysaccharides are typically blended together to improve hydrogels' desired qualities (mechanical strength, adsorption properties, cellulose/alginate yield). So, keeping in view their extensive applicability, in the present review article, recent advances in the development of cellulose/nanocellulose-alginate-based hydrogels and their relevance in water treatment (adsorption of dyes, heavy metals, etc.) and biomedical field (wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery) has been reviewed. Further, impact of other inorganic/organic additives in cellulose/nanocellulose-alginate-based hydrogels properties like contaminants adsorption, drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc., has also been studied. Moreover, the current difficulties and future prospects of nanocellulose-alginate-based hydrogels regarding their water purification and biomedical applications are also discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashvinder K Rana
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Phil Hart
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Research Centre, Technology Innovation Institute, P.O. Box 9639, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
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Yang Y, Liang Z, Zhang R, Zhou S, Yang H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yin H, Yu D. Research Advances in Superabsorbent Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:501. [PMID: 38399879 PMCID: PMC10892691 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers are new functional polymeric materials that can absorb and retain liquids thousands of times their masses. This paper reviews the synthesis and modification methods of different superabsorbent polymers, summarizes the processing methods for different forms of superabsorbent polymers, and organizes the applications and research progress of superabsorbent polymers in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical industries. Synthetic polymers like polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinyl alcohol exhibit superior water absorption properties compared to natural polymers such as cellulose, chitosan, and starch, but they also do not degrade easily. Consequently, it is often necessary to modify synthetic polymers or graft superabsorbent functional groups onto natural polymers, and then crosslink them to balance the properties of material. Compared to the widely used superabsorbent nanoparticles, research on superabsorbent fibers and gels is on the rise, and they are particularly notable in biomedical fields like drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dengguang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.)
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Keklikian A, de Barros NR, Rashad A, Chen Y, Tan J, Sheng R, Sun D, Liu H, Thankam FG. Chitosan-Polyethylene Glycol Inspired Polyelectrolyte Complex Hydrogel Templates Favoring NEO-Tissue Formation for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Gels 2024; 10:46. [PMID: 38247769 PMCID: PMC10815274 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neo-tissue formation and host tissue regeneration determine the success of cardiac tissue engineering where functional hydrogel scaffolds act as cardiac (extracellular matrix) ECM mimic. Translationally, the hydrogel templates promoting neo-cardiac tissue formation are currently limited; however, they are highly demanding in cardiac tissue engineering. The current study focused on the development of a panel of four chitosan-based polyelectrolyte hydrogels as cardiac scaffolds facilitating neo-cardiac tissue formation to promote cardiac regeneration. Chitosan-PEG (CP), gelatin-chitosan-PEG (GCP), hyaluronic acid-chitosan-PEG (HACP), and combined CP (CoCP) polyelectrolyte hydrogels were engineered by solvent casting and assessed for physiochemical, thermal, electrical, biodegradable, mechanical, and biological properties. The CP, GCP, HACP, and CoCP hydrogels exhibited excellent porosity (4.24 ± 0.18, 13.089 ± 1.13, 12.53 ± 1.30 and 15.88 ± 1.10 for CP, GCP, HACP and CoCP, respectively), water profile, mechanical strength, and amphiphilicity suitable for cardiac tissue engineering. The hydrogels were hemocompatible as evident from the negligible hemolysis and RBC aggregation and increased adsorption of plasma albumin. The hydrogels were cytocompatible as evident from the increased viability by MTT (>94% for all the four hydrogels) assay and direct contact assay. Also, the hydrogels supported the adhesion, growth, spreading, and proliferation of H9c2 cells as unveiled by rhodamine staining. The hydrogels promoted neo-tissue formation that was proven using rat and swine myocardial tissue explant culture. Compared to GCP and CoCP, CP and HACP were superior owing to the cell viability, hemocompatibility, and conductance, resulting in the highest degree of cytoskeletal organization and neo-tissue formation. The physiochemical and biological performance of these hydrogels supported neo-cardiac tissue formation. Overall, the CP, GCP, HACP, and CoCP hydrogel systems promise novel translational opportunities in regenerative cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Keklikian
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific and Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; (N.R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Ahmad Rashad
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA; (N.R.d.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (Y.C.); (R.S.); (D.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Jinrui Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (Y.C.); (R.S.); (D.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Ruoyu Sheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (Y.C.); (R.S.); (D.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Dongwei Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (Y.C.); (R.S.); (D.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Huinan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (Y.C.); (R.S.); (D.S.); (H.L.)
| | - Finosh G. Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific and Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
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Er M, Orakdogen N. Structure-property relationships of epoxy functionalized enoate ester-based tailored hybrid gels doped with different polysaccharides. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:9435-9459. [PMID: 38018227 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01234d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymer-based cryogenically structured hybrid gels as support matrices were prepared by constructing synergistic multiple interactions among copolymer poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) and different polysaccharides; hyaluronic acid (HyA), dextrin (Dex), maltodextrin (MDex), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and xanthan gum (XG). Great improvement in thermal stability was achieved in the presence of CMC and MDex. In the as-prepared state, the highest modulus is observed in HyA-doped hydrogels, while in the swollen-state, CMC-doped hydrogels have a greater modulus. Hybrid cryogels showed higher swelling than hybrid hydrogels in all cases, while maximum swelling was obtained in HyA-doped hybrid cryogels. Solvent selection methodology based on solvent/polymer interaction was presented using 16 solvents with various solubility parameters. The PHG/XG network exhibited a more gradual swelling, whereas water uptake of hybrids doped with Dex and MDex were more pronounced dependent on temperature. The adsorption capacity of hybrid cryogels for methyl orange (MO) is both higher and faster compared to hydrogels, while a decrease in the adsorption capacity of hybrid cryogels at equilibrium was observed in the order of MDex > Dex > XG > CMC > HyA. This study provides a perspective on cryogenically structured hybrid material design by comparatively presenting the effectiveness of different polysaccharides that can be used for MO adsorption in water purification assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mertcan Er
- Department of Chemistry, Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nermin Orakdogen
- Department of Chemistry, Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Budharaju H, Sundaramurthi D, Sethuraman S. Efficient dual crosslinking of protein-in-polysaccharide bioink for biofabrication of cardiac tissue constructs. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 152:213486. [PMID: 37302210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a lethal cardiac disease that causes most of the mortality across the world. MI is a consequence of plaque in the arterial walls of heart, which eventually result in occlusion and ischemia to the myocardial tissues due to inadequate nutrient and oxygen supply. As an efficient alternative to the existing treatment strategies for MI, 3D bioprinting has evolved as an advanced tissue fabrication technique where the cell-laden bioinks are printed layer-by-layer to create functional cardiac patches. In this study, a dual crosslinking strategy has been utilized towards 3D bioprinting of myocardial constructs by using a combination of alginate and fibrinogen. Herein, pre-crosslinking of the physically blended alginate-fibrinogen bioinks with CaCl2 enhanced the shape fidelity and printability of the printed structures. Physicochemical properties of the bioinks such as rheology, fibrin distribution, swelling ratio and degradation behaviour, were determined post-printing for only ionically crosslinked & dual crosslinked constructs and found to be ideal for bioprinting of cardiac constructs. Human ventricular cardiomyocytes (AC 16) exhibited a significant increase in cell proliferation on day 7 and 14 in AF-DMEM-20 mM CaCl2 bioink when compared to A-DMEM-20 mM CaCl2 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, myocardial patches containing neonatal ventricular rat myocytes (NVRM) showed >80 % viability and also expressed sarcomeric alpha actinin & connexin 43. These results indicate that the dual crosslinking strategy was cytocompatible and also possess the potential to be used for biofabrication of thick myocardial constructs for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Budharaju
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
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